ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2006. Advocacy, Communication and Social Mobilization to Fight TB: A 10-Year Framework for Action. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
2.
World Health Organization, 2007. Advocacy, Communication and Social Mobilization (ACSM) for Tuberculosis Control; A Handbook for Country Programmes. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press.
-
3.
Akpan GO, Adejumo PO, Oladepo O, 2020. The role of advocacy, communication and social mobilization in the control of COVID-19 in Nigeria. BMJ Global Health 5: e003188.
-
4.
Guignard A, Praet N, Jusot V, Bakker M, Baril L, 2019. Introducing new vaccines in low- and middle-income countries: Challenges and approaches. Expert Rev Vaccines 18: 119–131.
-
5.
Porat T, Nyrup R, Calvo RA, Paudyal P, Ford E, 2020. Public health and risk communication during COVID-19-enhancing psychological needs to promote sustainable behavior change. Front Public Health 8: 573397.
-
6.
Hyland-Wood B, Gardner J, Leask J, Ecker UKH, 2021. Toward effective government communication strategies in the era of COVID-19. Humanit Soc Sci Commun 8: 30.
-
7.
Haq Z, Khan W, Rizwan S, 2013. Advocacy, communication and social mobilisation for tuberculosis control in Pakistan: A qualitative case study. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 17: 394–399.
-
8.
Marquam N, Irby A, Swigonski N, Casavan K, Turman J, 2022. NEEDED: Grassroots leaders to lead systems change efforts that reduce infant mortality. Hum Society 46: 110–127.
-
9.
UNICEF, 2010. Monitoring and Evaluating Advocacy—Companion to the Advocacy Toolkit. Available at: https://resources.peopleinneed.net/documents/22-unicef-advocacy-toolkit-companion.pdf. Accessed February 5, 2024.
-
10.
Carvalho AF, 2018. Advocacy for stronger immunization programs. Andrus JK, ed.Vaccinology in Latin America: A Resource for Immunization Managers. Washington, DC: Sabin Vaccine Institute, 248–258.
-
11.
Baleta AF, van den Heever J, Burnett RJ, 2012. Meeting the need for advocacy, social mobilisation and communication in the introduction of three new vaccines in South Africa—Successes and challenges. Vaccine 30 (Suppl 3 ):C66–C71.
-
12.
World Health Organization (WHO), 2005. A Brief History of Vaccines. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/history-of-vaccination/a-brief-history-of-vaccination?topicsurvey=ht7j2q)&gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjw7s20BhBFEiwABVIMrT_AUDwGH1yH-He_kSiBk6fcRB-vA0ETeKgraCy1wsemJWD-G_09DRoCG7MQAvD_BwE. Accessed June 28, 2024.
-
13.
Nayyar A, Privor-Dumm L, 2020. Cholera control and prevention: Role of evidence-based advocacy and communications. Vaccine 38 (Suppl 1 ):A178–A180.
-
14.
Jalloh MF, Wilhelm E, Abad N, Prybylski D, 2020. Mobilize to vaccinate: Lessons learned from social mobilization for immunization in low and middle-income countries. Hum Vaccin Immunother 16: 1208–1214.
-
15.
Rogers T, Goldstein NJ, Fox CR, 2018. Social mobilization. Annu Rev Psychol 69: 357–381.
-
16.
Paul S, Akter R, Aftab A, Khan AM, Barua M, Islam S, Islam A, Husain A, Sarker M, 2015. Knowledge and attitude of key community members towards tuberculosis: Mixed method study from BRAC TB control areas in Bangladesh. BMC Public Health 15: 52.
-
17.
Deutsch N, Singh P, Singh V, Curtis R, Siddique AR, 2017. Legacy of polio—Use of India’s social mobilization network for strengthening of the universal immunization program in India.J Infect Dis 216: S260–S266.
-
18.
Mazige FM, Kalwani JD, Kakoko DC, 2016. Social determinants of immunization services uptake in developing countries: A systematic review. Pan African Med J 24: 197.
-
19.
Wittet S et al., 2017. Advocacy, communication, and partnerships: Mobilizing for effective, widespread cervical cancer prevention. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 138 (Suppl 1 ):57–62.
-
20.
Malik MN, Awan MS, Saleem T, 2020. Social mobilization campaign to tackle immunization hesitancy in Sargodha and Khushab districts of Pakistan. J Glob Health 10: 021302.
-
21.
Haider M, 2005. Global Public Health Communication: Challenges, Perspectives, and Strategies. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc.
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22.
Parks W et al., 2005. International experiences in social mobilization and communication for dengue prevention and control. Dengue Bull 28 (Suppl ):1–7. Accessed November 2, 2024.
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23.
Waisbord S, 2003 . Fifty years of development communication: What works. The CHANGE Project Academy for Educational Development. IDB Forum on the Americas, July 1, 2003.
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24.
Westoff CF, Bankole A, 1995. Unmet Need: 1990–1994. Demographic and Health Surveys Comparative Studies No. 16. Calverton, MD: Macro International, Inc.
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25.
Bankole A, Rodriguez G, Westoff CF, 1993. The Mass Media and Reproductive Behaviour in Nigeria. Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Cincinnati, Ohio, April 1–3, 1993.
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Oku A et al., 2016. Communication strategies to promote the uptake of childhood vaccination in Nigeria: A systematic map. Glob Health Action 9: 30337.
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Adesina MA, Olufadewa II, Oladele RI, Solagbade A, Olaoyo C, 2023. Determinants of childhood immunization among rural mothers in Nigeria.Popul Med 5: 1–7.
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Mahachi K et al., 2022. Zero- or missed-dose children in Nigeria: Contributing factors and interventions to overcome immunization service delivery challenges. Vaccine 40: 5433–5444.
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Essoh TA, Adeyanju GC, Adamu AA, Ahawo AK, Aka D, Tall H, Aplogan A, Wiysonge CS, 2022. Early impact of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on immunization services in Nigeria. Vaccines (Basel) 10: 1107.
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30.
Roberton T, Carter ED, Chou VB, Stegmuller AR, Jackson BD, Tam Y, Sawadogo-Lewis T, Walker N, 2020. Early estimates of the indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and child mortality in low-income and middle-income countries: A modelling study. Lancet Glob Health 8: e901–e908.
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Babatunde OA, Olatunji MB, Omotajo OR, Ikwunne OI, Babatunde AM, Nihinlola ET, Patrick GF, Dairo DM, 2022. Impact of COVID-19 on routine immunization in Oyo State, Nigeria: Trend analysis of immunization data in the pre- and post-index case period; 2019–2020. Pan Afr Med J 41: 54.
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32.
Prodan M, Prodan A, Purcarea AA, 2015. Three new dimensions to people, process, technology improvement model. Rocha A, Correia A, Costanzo S & Reis L New Contributions in Information Systems and Technologies. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 353. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-16486-1_47.
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Rozario SD, Venkatraman S, Marimuthu M, Khaksar SMS, Subramani G, 2021. Creating smart cities: A review for holistic approach.Appl Syst Innov 4: 70.
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Simon B, 2019. Everything You Need to Know about the People, Process, Technology Framework. Available at: https://www.smartsheet.com/content/people-process-technology. Accessed February 6, 2024.
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Etokidem A, Nkpoyen F, Ekanem C, Mpama E, Isika A, 2021. Potential barriers to and facilitators of civil society organization engagement in increasing immunization coverage in Odukpani Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria: An implementation research. Health Res Policy Syst 19: 46.
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36.
Akwataghibe NN, Ogunsola EA, Popoola OA, Agbo AI, Dieleman MA, 2021. Using participatory action research to improve immunization utilization in areas with pockets of unimmunized children in Nigeria. Health Res Policy Syst 19: 88.
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37.
Chimpololo A, Burrowes V, 2019. Use of social mobilization and community mobilizers by non-governmental health organizations in Malawi to support the eradication of polio, improve routine immunization coverage, and control measles and neonatal tetanus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 101: 85–90.
-
38.
Abad N, Uba BV, Patel P, Barau DN, Ugochukwu O, Aliyu N, Ayanleke HB, Franka R, Waziri NE, Bolu O, 2021. A rapid qualitative assessment of barriers associated with demand and uptake of health facility-based childhood immunizations and recommendations to improve immunization service delivery in Sokoto State, Northwest Nigeria, 2017. Pan Afr Med J 40: 10.
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39.
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Wonodi C et al., 2023. Country ownership as a guiding principle for IA2030: A case study of the measles and rubella elimination programs in Nepal and Nigeria. Vaccine 42 (Suppl 1 ):S107–S117.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 3025 | 3025 | 1520 |
| Full Text Views | 33 | 33 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 43 | 43 | 0 |
Understanding the Challenges of Advocacy Communication, Social Mobilization, and Operationalization for COVID-19 and Routine Immunization in Nigeria
Saheed Isiaka
saheed.isiaka@sydani.org
Saheed Isiaka
Sydani Institute for Research and Innovation, Abuja, Nigeria;
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Stephen Asaolu
Stephen Asaolu
Sydani Institute for Research and Innovation, Abuja, Nigeria;
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Shiva Gab-Deedam
Shiva Gab-Deedam
Sydani Initiative for International Development, Abuja, Nigeria;
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Akolade Jimoh
Akolade Jimoh
Sydani Initiative for International Development, Abuja, Nigeria;
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Olugbemisola Samuel
Olugbemisola Samuel
Sydani Institute for Research and Innovation, Abuja, Nigeria;
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Sidney Sampson
Sidney Sampson
Sydani Initiative for International Development, Abuja, Nigeria;
Sydani Group, Abuja, Nigeria
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Sydani Group, Abuja, Nigeria
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Grace Odey
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Sydani Initiative for International Development, Abuja, Nigeria;
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Sunday Atobatele
Sunday Atobatele
Sydani Initiative for International Development, Abuja, Nigeria;
Sydani Group, Abuja, Nigeria
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Sydani Group, Abuja, Nigeria
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Irene Okoye
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ABSTRACT.
The primary goal of program communication in public health is to influence behaviors. It also aims to raise awareness and ultimately improve health outcomes. Under the umbrella of program communication exist three interconnected, interrelated, and mutually supportive communication aspects: advocacy, communication, and social mobilization (ACSM). While advocacy involves promoting political dedication and holding authorities accountable for fulfilling commitments and achieving success, social mobilization brings together various sectors and individuals to raise awareness and demand for a specific program. This study aimed to understand the operationalization and challenges of ACSM activities among health workers addressing COVID-19 and routine immunization in Nigeria. The study used a qualitative study design. In-depth interviews were conducted among health workers in the ACSM unit of the state’s primary health care system, using a two-tier approach. The recorded interviews were transcribed in Microsoft Word format by professional transcribers and coded using Dedoose. A total of 38 health care workers across six states were selected to participate in this study. Our study found that ACSM coordination structures existed across the six states. Routine ACSM activities were either funded by the government or local development partners implementing programs. Lack of technological devices, unavailability of funds, unavailability of data tools, and lack of technological skills are major barriers to ACSM operationalization. This study highlighted the critical role of government and agency funding in sustaining ACSM activities. However, barriers that hinder the effective operationalization of ACSM efforts remain. Therefore, the results support the need for strategic investment in technology, staff capacity building, and appropriate resource allocation to overcome these barriers.
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 288.23 KB)
Author Notes
Financial support: This study did not receive any external funding or grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or nonprofit sectors.
Disclosures: The research adhered to the principles outlined in the Helsinki Declaration concerning studies involving human subjects. Participants provided both written and verbal consent at the commencement of the in-depth interviews. Confidentiality of information was assured, and the discussions were conducted anonymously. The study protocol received approval from the National Health Research Ethics Committee (NHREC) at the Federal Ministry of Health (FMoH) in Abuja, under reference number NHREC/01/01/2007-02/06/2023.
Authors’ contributions: The article was conceptualized by S. Isiaka and S. Asaolu. S. Isiaka, S. Asaolu, and I. Okoye conducted the qualitative analysis and drafted the manuscript. S. Asaolu and O. Samuel reviewed the manuscript and made direct edits on the manuscript. S. Asaolu and S. Gab-Deedam conducted a programmatic review of the paper to approve any program discussions from the paper. S. Sampson oversaw the intervention support provided to the state. A. Jimoh, S. Gab-Deedam, G. Odey, and I. Okoye participated in project implementation across the six selected states (Benue, Ekiti, Niger, Lagos, Kano, Enugu, and Bayelsa states).
Data availability: The data supporting the findings are available from the corresponding author upon request. Requests will be examined and considered on a case-by-case basis.
Current contact information: Saheed Isiaka, Stephen Asaolu, Olugbemisola Samuel, and Sunday Atobatele, Sydani Institute for Research and Innovation, Abuja, Nigeria, E-mails: saheed.isiaka@sydani.org, stephen.asaolu@sydani.org, olugbemisola.samuel@sydani.org, and sunday.atobatele@sydani.org. Shiva Gab-Deedam, Akolade Jimoh, Sidney Sampson, Grace Odey, and Irene Okoye, Sydani Inititative for International Development, Abuja, Nigeria, E-mails: shiva.gab-deedam@sydani.org, akolade.jimoh@sydani.org, sidney.sampson@sydani.org, and irene.okoye@sydani.org.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2006. Advocacy, Communication and Social Mobilization to Fight TB: A 10-Year Framework for Action. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
2.
World Health Organization, 2007. Advocacy, Communication and Social Mobilization (ACSM) for Tuberculosis Control; A Handbook for Country Programmes. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press.
-
3.
Akpan GO, Adejumo PO, Oladepo O, 2020. The role of advocacy, communication and social mobilization in the control of COVID-19 in Nigeria. BMJ Global Health 5: e003188.
-
4.
Guignard A, Praet N, Jusot V, Bakker M, Baril L, 2019. Introducing new vaccines in low- and middle-income countries: Challenges and approaches. Expert Rev Vaccines 18: 119–131.
-
5.
Porat T, Nyrup R, Calvo RA, Paudyal P, Ford E, 2020. Public health and risk communication during COVID-19-enhancing psychological needs to promote sustainable behavior change. Front Public Health 8: 573397.
-
6.
Hyland-Wood B, Gardner J, Leask J, Ecker UKH, 2021. Toward effective government communication strategies in the era of COVID-19. Humanit Soc Sci Commun 8: 30.
-
7.
Haq Z, Khan W, Rizwan S, 2013. Advocacy, communication and social mobilisation for tuberculosis control in Pakistan: A qualitative case study. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 17: 394–399.
-
8.
Marquam N, Irby A, Swigonski N, Casavan K, Turman J, 2022. NEEDED: Grassroots leaders to lead systems change efforts that reduce infant mortality. Hum Society 46: 110–127.
-
9.
UNICEF, 2010. Monitoring and Evaluating Advocacy—Companion to the Advocacy Toolkit. Available at: https://resources.peopleinneed.net/documents/22-unicef-advocacy-toolkit-companion.pdf. Accessed February 5, 2024.
-
10.
Carvalho AF, 2018. Advocacy for stronger immunization programs. Andrus JK, ed.Vaccinology in Latin America: A Resource for Immunization Managers. Washington, DC: Sabin Vaccine Institute, 248–258.
-
11.
Baleta AF, van den Heever J, Burnett RJ, 2012. Meeting the need for advocacy, social mobilisation and communication in the introduction of three new vaccines in South Africa—Successes and challenges. Vaccine 30 (Suppl 3 ):C66–C71.
-
12.
World Health Organization (WHO), 2005. A Brief History of Vaccines. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/history-of-vaccination/a-brief-history-of-vaccination?topicsurvey=ht7j2q)&gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjw7s20BhBFEiwABVIMrT_AUDwGH1yH-He_kSiBk6fcRB-vA0ETeKgraCy1wsemJWD-G_09DRoCG7MQAvD_BwE. Accessed June 28, 2024.
-
13.
Nayyar A, Privor-Dumm L, 2020. Cholera control and prevention: Role of evidence-based advocacy and communications. Vaccine 38 (Suppl 1 ):A178–A180.
-
14.
Jalloh MF, Wilhelm E, Abad N, Prybylski D, 2020. Mobilize to vaccinate: Lessons learned from social mobilization for immunization in low and middle-income countries. Hum Vaccin Immunother 16: 1208–1214.
-
15.
Rogers T, Goldstein NJ, Fox CR, 2018. Social mobilization. Annu Rev Psychol 69: 357–381.
-
16.
Paul S, Akter R, Aftab A, Khan AM, Barua M, Islam S, Islam A, Husain A, Sarker M, 2015. Knowledge and attitude of key community members towards tuberculosis: Mixed method study from BRAC TB control areas in Bangladesh. BMC Public Health 15: 52.
-
17.
Deutsch N, Singh P, Singh V, Curtis R, Siddique AR, 2017. Legacy of polio—Use of India’s social mobilization network for strengthening of the universal immunization program in India.J Infect Dis 216: S260–S266.
-
18.
Mazige FM, Kalwani JD, Kakoko DC, 2016. Social determinants of immunization services uptake in developing countries: A systematic review. Pan African Med J 24: 197.
-
19.
Wittet S et al., 2017. Advocacy, communication, and partnerships: Mobilizing for effective, widespread cervical cancer prevention. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 138 (Suppl 1 ):57–62.
-
20.
Malik MN, Awan MS, Saleem T, 2020. Social mobilization campaign to tackle immunization hesitancy in Sargodha and Khushab districts of Pakistan. J Glob Health 10: 021302.
-
21.
Haider M, 2005. Global Public Health Communication: Challenges, Perspectives, and Strategies. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc.
-
22.
Parks W et al., 2005. International experiences in social mobilization and communication for dengue prevention and control. Dengue Bull 28 (Suppl ):1–7. Accessed November 2, 2024.
-
23.
Waisbord S, 2003 . Fifty years of development communication: What works. The CHANGE Project Academy for Educational Development. IDB Forum on the Americas, July 1, 2003.
-
24.
Westoff CF, Bankole A, 1995. Unmet Need: 1990–1994. Demographic and Health Surveys Comparative Studies No. 16. Calverton, MD: Macro International, Inc.
-
25.
Bankole A, Rodriguez G, Westoff CF, 1993. The Mass Media and Reproductive Behaviour in Nigeria. Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Cincinnati, Ohio, April 1–3, 1993.
-
26.
Oku A et al., 2016. Communication strategies to promote the uptake of childhood vaccination in Nigeria: A systematic map. Glob Health Action 9: 30337.
-
27.
Adesina MA, Olufadewa II, Oladele RI, Solagbade A, Olaoyo C, 2023. Determinants of childhood immunization among rural mothers in Nigeria.Popul Med 5: 1–7.
-
28.
Mahachi K et al., 2022. Zero- or missed-dose children in Nigeria: Contributing factors and interventions to overcome immunization service delivery challenges. Vaccine 40: 5433–5444.
-
29.
Essoh TA, Adeyanju GC, Adamu AA, Ahawo AK, Aka D, Tall H, Aplogan A, Wiysonge CS, 2022. Early impact of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on immunization services in Nigeria. Vaccines (Basel) 10: 1107.
-
30.
Roberton T, Carter ED, Chou VB, Stegmuller AR, Jackson BD, Tam Y, Sawadogo-Lewis T, Walker N, 2020. Early estimates of the indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and child mortality in low-income and middle-income countries: A modelling study. Lancet Glob Health 8: e901–e908.
-
31.
Babatunde OA, Olatunji MB, Omotajo OR, Ikwunne OI, Babatunde AM, Nihinlola ET, Patrick GF, Dairo DM, 2022. Impact of COVID-19 on routine immunization in Oyo State, Nigeria: Trend analysis of immunization data in the pre- and post-index case period; 2019–2020. Pan Afr Med J 41: 54.
-
32.
Prodan M, Prodan A, Purcarea AA, 2015. Three new dimensions to people, process, technology improvement model. Rocha A, Correia A, Costanzo S & Reis L New Contributions in Information Systems and Technologies. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 353. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-16486-1_47.
-
33.
Rozario SD, Venkatraman S, Marimuthu M, Khaksar SMS, Subramani G, 2021. Creating smart cities: A review for holistic approach.Appl Syst Innov 4: 70.
-
34.
Simon B, 2019. Everything You Need to Know about the People, Process, Technology Framework. Available at: https://www.smartsheet.com/content/people-process-technology. Accessed February 6, 2024.
-
35.
Etokidem A, Nkpoyen F, Ekanem C, Mpama E, Isika A, 2021. Potential barriers to and facilitators of civil society organization engagement in increasing immunization coverage in Odukpani Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria: An implementation research. Health Res Policy Syst 19: 46.
-
36.
Akwataghibe NN, Ogunsola EA, Popoola OA, Agbo AI, Dieleman MA, 2021. Using participatory action research to improve immunization utilization in areas with pockets of unimmunized children in Nigeria. Health Res Policy Syst 19: 88.
-
37.
Chimpololo A, Burrowes V, 2019. Use of social mobilization and community mobilizers by non-governmental health organizations in Malawi to support the eradication of polio, improve routine immunization coverage, and control measles and neonatal tetanus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 101: 85–90.
-
38.
Abad N, Uba BV, Patel P, Barau DN, Ugochukwu O, Aliyu N, Ayanleke HB, Franka R, Waziri NE, Bolu O, 2021. A rapid qualitative assessment of barriers associated with demand and uptake of health facility-based childhood immunizations and recommendations to improve immunization service delivery in Sokoto State, Northwest Nigeria, 2017. Pan Afr Med J 40: 10.
-
39.
Omoniyi OS, Williams I, 2020. Realist synthesis of the international theory and evidence on strategies to improve childhood vaccination in low- and middle-income countries: Developing strategies for the Nigerian healthcare system. Int J Health Policy Manag 9: 274–285.
-
40.
Wonodi C et al., 2023. Country ownership as a guiding principle for IA2030: A case study of the measles and rubella elimination programs in Nepal and Nigeria. Vaccine 42 (Suppl 1 ):S107–S117.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 3025 | 3025 | 1520 |
| Full Text Views | 33 | 33 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 43 | 43 | 0 |