ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Hviid L, Jensen AR, Deitsch KW, 2024. PfEMP1 and var genes—Still of key importance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria pathogenesis and immunity. Adv Parasitol 125: 53–103.
-
2.
Salanti A, Staalsoe T, Lavstsen T, Jensen AT, Sowa MP, Arnot DE, Hviid L, Theander TG, 2003. Selective upregulation of a single distinctly structured var gene in chondroitin sulphate A-adhering Plasmodium falciparum involved in pregnancy-associated malaria. Mol Microbiol 49: 179–191.
-
3.
Salanti A et al., 2004. Evidence for the involvement of VAR2CSA in pregnancy-associated malaria. J Exp Med 200: 1197–1203.
-
4.
Hviid L, Jensen AR, 2015. PfEMP1—A parasite protein family of key importance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria immunity and pathogenesis. Adv Parasitol 88: 51–84.
-
5.
Rogerson SJ, Hviid L, Duffy PE, Leke RF, Taylor DW, 2007. Malaria in pregnancy: Pathogenesis and immunity. Lancet Infect Dis 7: 105–117.
-
6.
Bockhorst J, Luc F, Janes JH, Keebler J, Gamain B, Awadalla P, Su X-Z, Samudrala R, Jojic N, Smith JD, 2007. Structural polymorphism and diversifying selection on the pregnancy malaria vaccine candidate VAR2CSA. Mol Biochem Parasitol 155: 103–112.
-
7.
Doritchamou JYA, Morrison R, Renn JP, Ribeiro J, Duan J, Fried M, Duffy PE, 2019. Placental malaria vaccine candidate antigen VAR2CSA displays atypical domain architecture in some Plasmodium falciparum strains. Commun Biol 2: 457.
-
8.
Sander AF, Salanti A, Lavstsen T, Nielsen MA, Magistrado P, Lusingu J, Ndam NT, Arnot DE, 2009. Multiple var2csa-type PfEMP1 genes located at different chromosomal loci occur in many Plasmodium falciparum isolates. PLoS One 4: e6667.
-
9.
Sander AF, Salanti A, Lavstsen T, Nielsen MA, Theander TG, Leke RG, Lo YY, Bobbili N, Arnot DE, Taylor DW, 2011. Positive selection of Plasmodium falciparum parasites with multiple var2csa-type PfEMP1 genes during the course of infection in pregnant women. J Infect Dis 203: 1679–1685.
-
10.
Beeson JG et al., 2007. Antibodies among men and children to placental-binding Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes that express var2csa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 22–28.
-
11.
Oleinikov AV, Voronkova VV, Frye IT, Amos E, Morrison R, Fried M, Duffy PE, 2012. A plasma survey using 38 PfEMP1 domains reveals frequent recognition of the Plasmodium falciparum antigen VAR2CSA among young Tanzanian children. PLoS One 7: e31011.
-
12.
Babakhanyan A, Leke RGF, Salanti A, Bobbili N, Gwanmesia P, Leke RJI, Quakyi IA, Chen JJ, Taylor DW, 2014. The antibody response of pregnant Cameroonian women to VAR2CSA ID1-ID2a, a small recombinant protein containing the CSA-binding site. PLoS One 9: e88173.
-
13.
Gnidehou S, Doritchamou J, Arango EM, Cabrera A, Arroyo MI, Kain KC, Tuikue Ndam N, Maestre A, Yanow SK, 2014. Functional antibodies against VAR2CSA in nonpregnant populations from Colombia exposed to Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. Infect Immun 82: 2565–2573.
-
14.
Fodjo BAY et al., 2016. Antibody responses to the full-length VAR2CSA and its DBL domains in Cameroonian children and teenagers. Malar J 15: 532.
-
15.
Putaporntip C, Kuamsab N, Pattanawong U, Yanmanee S, Seethamchai S, Jongwutiwes S, 2021. Plasmodium cynomolgi co-infections among symptomatic malaria patients, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis 27: 590–593.
-
16.
Putaporntip C, Kuamsab N, Seethamchai S, Pattanawong U, Rojrung R, Yanmanee S, Cheng CW, Jongwutiwes S, 2022. Cryptic Plasmodium inui and Plasmodium fieldi infections among symptomatic malaria patients in Thailand. Clin Infect Dis 75: 805–812.
-
17.
Buppan P, Seethamchai S, Kuamsab N, Harnyuttanakorn P, Putaporntip C, Jongwutiwes S, 2018. Multiple novel mutations in Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter gene during implementation of artemisinin combination therapy in Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 99: 987–994.
-
18.
Seethamchai S, Buppan P, Kuamsab N, Teeranaipong P, Putaporntip C, Jongwutiwes S, 2018. Variation in intronic microsatellites and exon 2 of the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter gene during modification of artemisinin combination therapy in Thailand. Infect Genet Evol 65: 35–42.
-
19.
Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jeanmougin F, Higgins DG, 1997. The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: Flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res 25: 4876–4882.
-
20.
Librado P, Rozas J, 2009. DnaSP v5: A software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data. Bioinformatics 25: 1451–1452.
-
21.
Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD, 2001. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2-ΔΔCT method. Methods 25: 402–408.
-
22.
Lloyd YM, Fang R, Bobbili N, Vanda K, Ngati E, Sanchez-Quintero MJ, Salanti A, Chen JJ, Leke RGF, Taylor DW, 2018. Association of antibodies to VAR2CSA and merozoite antigens with pregnancy outcomes in women living in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Infect Immun 86: e00166-18.
-
23.
Oleinikov AV, Rossnagle E, Francis S, Mutabingwa TK, Fried M, Duffy PE, 2007. Effects of sex, parity, and sequence variation on seroreactivity to candidate pregnancy malaria vaccine antigens. J Infect Dis 196: 155–164.
-
24.
McLean ARD, Opi DH, Stanisic DI, Cutts JC, Feng G, Ura A, Mueller I, Rogerson SJ, Beeson JG, Fowkes FJI, 2021. High antibodies to VAR2CSA in response to malaria infection are associated with improved birth weight in a longitudinal study of pregnant women. Front Immunol 12: 644563.
-
25.
Lopez-Perez M, Larsen MD, Bayarri-Olmos R, Ampomah P, Stevenson L, Arévalo-Herrera M, Herrera S, Hviid L, 2018. IgG Responses to the Plasmodium falciparum antigen VAR2CSA in Colombia are restricted to pregnancy and are not induced by exposure to Plasmodium vivax. Infect Immun 86: e00136-18.
-
26.
Rask TS, Hansen DA, Theander TG, Gorm Pedersen A, Lavstsen T, 2010. Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 diversity in seven genomes: Divide and conquer. PLOS Comput Biol 6: e1000933.
-
27.
Rojrung R, Kuamsab N, Putaporntip C, Jongwutiwes S, 2023. Analysis of sequence diversity in Plasmodium falciparum glutamic acid-rich protein (PfGARP), an asexual blood stage vaccine candidate. Sci Rep 13: 3951.
-
28.
Rovira-Vallbona E et al., 2011. Transcription of var genes other than var2csa in Plasmodium falciparum parasites infecting Mozambican pregnant women. J Infect Dis 204: 27–35.
-
29.
Duffy MF et al., 2006. Transcribed var genes associated with placental malaria in Malawian women. Infect Immun 74: 4875–4883.
-
30.
Tuikue Ndam NG, Salanti A, Bertin G, Dahlbäck M, Fievet N, Turner L, Gaye A, Theander T, Deloron P, 2005. High level of var2csa transcription by Plasmodium falciparum isolated from the placenta. J Infect Dis 192: 331–335.
-
31.
Andradi-Brown C et al., 2024. A novel computational pipeline for var gene expression augments the discovery of changes in the Plasmodium falciparum transcriptome during transition from in vivo to short-term in vitro culture. eLife 12: RP87726.
-
32.
Wang CW, Hermsen CC, Sauerwein RW, Arnot DE, Theander TG, Lavstsen T, 2009. The Plasmodium falciparum var gene transcription strategy at the onset of blood stage infection in a human volunteer. Parasitol Int 58: 478–480.
-
33.
Brolin KJ, Ribacke U, Nilsson S, Ankarklev J, Moll K, Wahlgren M, Chen Q, 2009. Simultaneous transcription of duplicated var2csa gene copies in individual Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Genome Biol 10: R117.
-
34.
Mok BW, Ribacke U, Rasti N, Kironde F, Chen Q, Nilsson P, Wahlgren M, 2008. Default pathway of var2csa switching and translational repression in Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS One 3: e1982.
-
35.
Amulic B, Salanti A, Lavstsen T, Nielsen MA, Deitsch KW, 2009. An upstream open reading frame controls translation of var2csa, a gene implicated in placental malaria. PLoS Pathog 5: e1000256.
-
36.
Bancells C, Deitsch KW, 2013. A molecular switch in the efficiency of translation reinitiation controls expression of var2csa, a gene implicated in pregnancy-associated malaria. Mol Microbiol 90: 472–488.
-
37.
Chan S et al., 2017. Regulation of PfEMP1-VAR2CSA translation by a Plasmodium translation-enhancing factor. Nat Microbiol 2: 17068.
-
38.
Benavente ED et al., 2018. Global genetic diversity of var2csa in Plasmodium falciparum with implications for malaria in pregnancy and vaccine development. Sci Rep 8: 15429.
-
39.
Preston MD et al., 2014. A barcode of organellar genome polymorphisms identifies the geographic origin of Plasmodium falciparum strains. Nat Commun 5: 4052.
-
40.
Renn JP et al., 2021. Allelic variants of full-length VAR2CSA, the placental malaria vaccine candidate, differ in antigenicity and receptor binding affinity. Commun Biol 4: 1309.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1619 | 1619 | 288 |
| Full Text Views | 72 | 72 | 6 |
| PDF Downloads | 91 | 91 | 9 |
Transcription and Copy Number Variation of Plasmodium falciparum var2csa among Nonpregnant Malaria Patients in Thailand
Sethawud Chaikitgosiyakul
Sethawud Chaikitgosiyakul
Molecular Biology of Malaria and Opportunistic Parasites Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand;
Inter-Department Program of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand;
Search for other papers by Sethawud Chaikitgosiyakul in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Inter-Department Program of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand;
Search for other papers by Sethawud Chaikitgosiyakul in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Napaporn Kuamsab
Napaporn Kuamsab
Molecular Biology of Malaria and Opportunistic Parasites Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand;
Community Public Health Program, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, Southern College of Technology, Nakorn Si Thammarat, Thailand
Search for other papers by Napaporn Kuamsab in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Community Public Health Program, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, Southern College of Technology, Nakorn Si Thammarat, Thailand
Search for other papers by Napaporn Kuamsab in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Taweesak Tia
Taweesak Tia
Molecular Biology of Malaria and Opportunistic Parasites Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand;
Search for other papers by Taweesak Tia in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Taweesak Tia in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Chaturong Putaporntip
p.chaturong@gmail.com
Chaturong Putaporntip
Molecular Biology of Malaria and Opportunistic Parasites Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand;
Search for other papers by Chaturong Putaporntip in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Chaturong Putaporntip in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Somchai Jongwutiwes
Somchai Jongwutiwes
Molecular Biology of Malaria and Opportunistic Parasites Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand;
Search for other papers by Somchai Jongwutiwes in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Somchai Jongwutiwes in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
ABSTRACT.
Placental malaria is an important cause of fetomaternal morbidity and mortality among pregnant women infected with Plasmodium falciparum. The pathogenesis involves the binding of VAR2CSA on the surface of infected erythrocytes to chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans on syncytiotrophoblasts in the intervillous space of the placenta. Anti-VAR2CSA antibodies confer protection from adverse pregnancy outcomes in falciparum malaria; therefore, VAR2CSA is a strong vaccine candidate against placental malaria. To date, little is known about transcription of var2csa among isolates from male and nonpregnant patients in low transmission areas. In this study, transcription and copy number variation of var2csa were analyzed in 55 P. falciparum isolates from nonpregnant women, men and children with symptomatic malaria in five endemic provinces of Thailand. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detected var2csa transcripts in 43 (78.2%) blood samples. Multiple copies of var2csa were identified in 16 of 55 (29.1%) isolates by quantitative real-time PCR. Copy number variation of var2csa was not associated with the patients’ sex, age group, ethnicity, parasite genotypes, parasite density, and geographic origins. These data suggest that P. falciparum carrying multicopy var2csa had a wide geographic distribution in Thailand with a prevalence rate comparable to those observed in high transmission areas of Africa. The high prevalence of isolates from male and nonpregnant patients with var2csa transcription suggests that the transcription of this gene occurs naturally during blood stage infection. Whether VAR2CSA is expressed and immunogenic among nonpregnant falciparum malaria patients requires further study.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was funded by The 100th Anniversary Chulalongkorn University Fund for Doctoral Scholarship and the 90th Anniversary of Chulalongkorn University Fund (Ratchadaphiseksomphot Endowment Fund) to SC; and partial supports from the Thai Government Research Budgets to
Disclosure: The ethical aspects of this study were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board on Human Research of Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University (IRB No.007/60 and COA No. 217/2017). Informed consent was obtained from all patients or from their parents or guardians prior to blood sample collection. All procedures were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.
Current contact information: Sethawud Chaikitgosiyakul, Molecular Biology of Malaria and Opportunistic Parasites Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, and Inter-Department Program of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, E-mail: sethawud@hotmail.com. Chaturong Putaporntip, Taweesak Tia, and Somchai Jongwutiwes, Molecular Biology of Malaria and Opportunistic Parasites Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, E-mails: p.chaturong@gmail.com, tia.taweesak@gmail.com, and jongwutiwes@gmail.com. Napaporn Kuamsab, Molecular Biology of Malaria and Opportunistic Parasites Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok and Community Public Health Program, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, Southern College of Technology, Nakorn Si Thammarat, Thailand, E-mail: kuamsab@gmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Hviid L, Jensen AR, Deitsch KW, 2024. PfEMP1 and var genes—Still of key importance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria pathogenesis and immunity. Adv Parasitol 125: 53–103.
-
2.
Salanti A, Staalsoe T, Lavstsen T, Jensen AT, Sowa MP, Arnot DE, Hviid L, Theander TG, 2003. Selective upregulation of a single distinctly structured var gene in chondroitin sulphate A-adhering Plasmodium falciparum involved in pregnancy-associated malaria. Mol Microbiol 49: 179–191.
-
3.
Salanti A et al., 2004. Evidence for the involvement of VAR2CSA in pregnancy-associated malaria. J Exp Med 200: 1197–1203.
-
4.
Hviid L, Jensen AR, 2015. PfEMP1—A parasite protein family of key importance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria immunity and pathogenesis. Adv Parasitol 88: 51–84.
-
5.
Rogerson SJ, Hviid L, Duffy PE, Leke RF, Taylor DW, 2007. Malaria in pregnancy: Pathogenesis and immunity. Lancet Infect Dis 7: 105–117.
-
6.
Bockhorst J, Luc F, Janes JH, Keebler J, Gamain B, Awadalla P, Su X-Z, Samudrala R, Jojic N, Smith JD, 2007. Structural polymorphism and diversifying selection on the pregnancy malaria vaccine candidate VAR2CSA. Mol Biochem Parasitol 155: 103–112.
-
7.
Doritchamou JYA, Morrison R, Renn JP, Ribeiro J, Duan J, Fried M, Duffy PE, 2019. Placental malaria vaccine candidate antigen VAR2CSA displays atypical domain architecture in some Plasmodium falciparum strains. Commun Biol 2: 457.
-
8.
Sander AF, Salanti A, Lavstsen T, Nielsen MA, Magistrado P, Lusingu J, Ndam NT, Arnot DE, 2009. Multiple var2csa-type PfEMP1 genes located at different chromosomal loci occur in many Plasmodium falciparum isolates. PLoS One 4: e6667.
-
9.
Sander AF, Salanti A, Lavstsen T, Nielsen MA, Theander TG, Leke RG, Lo YY, Bobbili N, Arnot DE, Taylor DW, 2011. Positive selection of Plasmodium falciparum parasites with multiple var2csa-type PfEMP1 genes during the course of infection in pregnant women. J Infect Dis 203: 1679–1685.
-
10.
Beeson JG et al., 2007. Antibodies among men and children to placental-binding Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes that express var2csa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 22–28.
-
11.
Oleinikov AV, Voronkova VV, Frye IT, Amos E, Morrison R, Fried M, Duffy PE, 2012. A plasma survey using 38 PfEMP1 domains reveals frequent recognition of the Plasmodium falciparum antigen VAR2CSA among young Tanzanian children. PLoS One 7: e31011.
-
12.
Babakhanyan A, Leke RGF, Salanti A, Bobbili N, Gwanmesia P, Leke RJI, Quakyi IA, Chen JJ, Taylor DW, 2014. The antibody response of pregnant Cameroonian women to VAR2CSA ID1-ID2a, a small recombinant protein containing the CSA-binding site. PLoS One 9: e88173.
-
13.
Gnidehou S, Doritchamou J, Arango EM, Cabrera A, Arroyo MI, Kain KC, Tuikue Ndam N, Maestre A, Yanow SK, 2014. Functional antibodies against VAR2CSA in nonpregnant populations from Colombia exposed to Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. Infect Immun 82: 2565–2573.
-
14.
Fodjo BAY et al., 2016. Antibody responses to the full-length VAR2CSA and its DBL domains in Cameroonian children and teenagers. Malar J 15: 532.
-
15.
Putaporntip C, Kuamsab N, Pattanawong U, Yanmanee S, Seethamchai S, Jongwutiwes S, 2021. Plasmodium cynomolgi co-infections among symptomatic malaria patients, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis 27: 590–593.
-
16.
Putaporntip C, Kuamsab N, Seethamchai S, Pattanawong U, Rojrung R, Yanmanee S, Cheng CW, Jongwutiwes S, 2022. Cryptic Plasmodium inui and Plasmodium fieldi infections among symptomatic malaria patients in Thailand. Clin Infect Dis 75: 805–812.
-
17.
Buppan P, Seethamchai S, Kuamsab N, Harnyuttanakorn P, Putaporntip C, Jongwutiwes S, 2018. Multiple novel mutations in Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter gene during implementation of artemisinin combination therapy in Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 99: 987–994.
-
18.
Seethamchai S, Buppan P, Kuamsab N, Teeranaipong P, Putaporntip C, Jongwutiwes S, 2018. Variation in intronic microsatellites and exon 2 of the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter gene during modification of artemisinin combination therapy in Thailand. Infect Genet Evol 65: 35–42.
-
19.
Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jeanmougin F, Higgins DG, 1997. The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: Flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res 25: 4876–4882.
-
20.
Librado P, Rozas J, 2009. DnaSP v5: A software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data. Bioinformatics 25: 1451–1452.
-
21.
Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD, 2001. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2-ΔΔCT method. Methods 25: 402–408.
-
22.
Lloyd YM, Fang R, Bobbili N, Vanda K, Ngati E, Sanchez-Quintero MJ, Salanti A, Chen JJ, Leke RGF, Taylor DW, 2018. Association of antibodies to VAR2CSA and merozoite antigens with pregnancy outcomes in women living in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Infect Immun 86: e00166-18.
-
23.
Oleinikov AV, Rossnagle E, Francis S, Mutabingwa TK, Fried M, Duffy PE, 2007. Effects of sex, parity, and sequence variation on seroreactivity to candidate pregnancy malaria vaccine antigens. J Infect Dis 196: 155–164.
-
24.
McLean ARD, Opi DH, Stanisic DI, Cutts JC, Feng G, Ura A, Mueller I, Rogerson SJ, Beeson JG, Fowkes FJI, 2021. High antibodies to VAR2CSA in response to malaria infection are associated with improved birth weight in a longitudinal study of pregnant women. Front Immunol 12: 644563.
-
25.
Lopez-Perez M, Larsen MD, Bayarri-Olmos R, Ampomah P, Stevenson L, Arévalo-Herrera M, Herrera S, Hviid L, 2018. IgG Responses to the Plasmodium falciparum antigen VAR2CSA in Colombia are restricted to pregnancy and are not induced by exposure to Plasmodium vivax. Infect Immun 86: e00136-18.
-
26.
Rask TS, Hansen DA, Theander TG, Gorm Pedersen A, Lavstsen T, 2010. Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 diversity in seven genomes: Divide and conquer. PLOS Comput Biol 6: e1000933.
-
27.
Rojrung R, Kuamsab N, Putaporntip C, Jongwutiwes S, 2023. Analysis of sequence diversity in Plasmodium falciparum glutamic acid-rich protein (PfGARP), an asexual blood stage vaccine candidate. Sci Rep 13: 3951.
-
28.
Rovira-Vallbona E et al., 2011. Transcription of var genes other than var2csa in Plasmodium falciparum parasites infecting Mozambican pregnant women. J Infect Dis 204: 27–35.
-
29.
Duffy MF et al., 2006. Transcribed var genes associated with placental malaria in Malawian women. Infect Immun 74: 4875–4883.
-
30.
Tuikue Ndam NG, Salanti A, Bertin G, Dahlbäck M, Fievet N, Turner L, Gaye A, Theander T, Deloron P, 2005. High level of var2csa transcription by Plasmodium falciparum isolated from the placenta. J Infect Dis 192: 331–335.
-
31.
Andradi-Brown C et al., 2024. A novel computational pipeline for var gene expression augments the discovery of changes in the Plasmodium falciparum transcriptome during transition from in vivo to short-term in vitro culture. eLife 12: RP87726.
-
32.
Wang CW, Hermsen CC, Sauerwein RW, Arnot DE, Theander TG, Lavstsen T, 2009. The Plasmodium falciparum var gene transcription strategy at the onset of blood stage infection in a human volunteer. Parasitol Int 58: 478–480.
-
33.
Brolin KJ, Ribacke U, Nilsson S, Ankarklev J, Moll K, Wahlgren M, Chen Q, 2009. Simultaneous transcription of duplicated var2csa gene copies in individual Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Genome Biol 10: R117.
-
34.
Mok BW, Ribacke U, Rasti N, Kironde F, Chen Q, Nilsson P, Wahlgren M, 2008. Default pathway of var2csa switching and translational repression in Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS One 3: e1982.
-
35.
Amulic B, Salanti A, Lavstsen T, Nielsen MA, Deitsch KW, 2009. An upstream open reading frame controls translation of var2csa, a gene implicated in placental malaria. PLoS Pathog 5: e1000256.
-
36.
Bancells C, Deitsch KW, 2013. A molecular switch in the efficiency of translation reinitiation controls expression of var2csa, a gene implicated in pregnancy-associated malaria. Mol Microbiol 90: 472–488.
-
37.
Chan S et al., 2017. Regulation of PfEMP1-VAR2CSA translation by a Plasmodium translation-enhancing factor. Nat Microbiol 2: 17068.
-
38.
Benavente ED et al., 2018. Global genetic diversity of var2csa in Plasmodium falciparum with implications for malaria in pregnancy and vaccine development. Sci Rep 8: 15429.
-
39.
Preston MD et al., 2014. A barcode of organellar genome polymorphisms identifies the geographic origin of Plasmodium falciparum strains. Nat Commun 5: 4052.
-
40.
Renn JP et al., 2021. Allelic variants of full-length VAR2CSA, the placental malaria vaccine candidate, differ in antigenicity and receptor binding affinity. Commun Biol 4: 1309.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1619 | 1619 | 288 |
| Full Text Views | 72 | 72 | 6 |
| PDF Downloads | 91 | 91 | 9 |