ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Viega M, Marshall B, 2016. Implementing Integrated Measures for Minimizing Mercury Releases from Artisanal Gold Mining in Ecuador . The United Nations Industrial Development Organization. Washington, DC: Global Environment Facility.
-
2.
Marshall BG, Veiga MM, da Silva HAM, Davée Guimarães JR, 2020. Cyanide contamination of the Puyango-Tumbes River caused by artisanal gold mining in Portovelo-Zaruma, Ecuador. Curr Environ Health Rep 7: 303–310.
-
3.
Telmer KH, Veiga MM, 2009. World emissions of mercury from artisanal and small scale gold mining. Mason R & Pirrone N Mercury Fate and Transport in the Global Atmosphere. Boston, MA: Springer US, 131–172.
-
4.
United Nations Environment Programme, 2018. Global Mercury Assessment 2018 Key Findings. Available at: https://www.unep.org/resources/publication/global-mercury-assessment-2018. Accessed October 10, 2024.
-
5.
Reuben A, Frischtak H, Berky A, Ortiz EJ, Morales AM, Hsu‐Kim H, Pendergast LL, Pan WK, 2020. Elevated hair mercury levels are associated with neurodevelopmental deficits in children living near artisanal and small‐scale gold mining in Peru. GeoHealth 4: e2019GH000222.
-
6.
Park J-D, Zheng W, 2012. Human exposure and health effects of inorganic and elemental mercury. J Prev Med Public Health 45: 344–352.
-
7.
Feingold BJ, Berky A, Hsu-Kim H, Rojas Jurado E, Pan WK, 2020. Population-based dietary exposure to mercury through fish consumption in the southern Peruvian Amazon. Environ Res 183: 108720.
-
8.
Gibb H, O’Leary KG, 2014. Mercury exposure and health impacts among individuals in the artisanal and small-scale gold mining community: A comprehensive review. Environ Health Perspect 122: 667–672.
-
9.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2022. Toxicological Profile for Mercury. Draft for Public Comment. Available at: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp46.pdf. Accessed October 10, 2024.
-
10.
Weinhouse C, et al., 2021. A population-based mercury exposure assessment near an artisanal and small-scale gold mining site in the Peruvian Amazon. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 31: 126–136.
-
11.
National Research Council (US) Committee on the Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury, 2000. Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
-
12.
Rothenberg SE, Yu X, Liu J, Biasini FJ, Hong C, Jiang X, Nong Y, Cheng Y, Korrick SA, 2016. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and offspring neurodevelopment: A prospective cohort study. Int J Hyg Environ Health 219: 832–842.
-
13.
Zareba G, Cernichiari E, Goldsmith LA, Clarkson TW, 2008. Validity of methyl mercury hair analysis: Mercury monitoring in human scalp/nude mouse model. J Appl Toxicol 28: 535–542.
-
14.
Bernhoft RA, 2012. Mercury toxicity and treatment: A review of the literature. J Environ Public Health 2012: 1–10.
-
15.
Kim Y-M, Chung J-Y, An H, Park S, Kim B-G, Bae J, Han M, Cho Y, Hong Y-S, 2015. Biomonitoring of lead, cadmium, total mercury, and methylmercury levels in maternal blood and in umbilical cord blood at birth in South Korea. Int J Environ Res Public Health 12: 13482–13493.
-
16.
Ashrap P, Watkins DJ, Mukherjee B, Boss J, Richards MJ, Rosario Z, Vélez-Vega CM, Alshawabkeh A, Cordero JF, Meeker JD, 2020. Maternal blood metal and metalloid concentrations in association with birth outcomes in northern Puerto Rico. Environ Int 138: 105606.
-
17.
Kobayashi S, et al., 2019. Association of blood mercury levels during pregnancy with infant birth size by blood selenium levels in the Japan Environment and Children’s Study: A prospective birth cohort. Environ Int 125: 418–429.
-
18.
Al-Saleh I, Shinwari N, Mashhour A, Rabah A, 2014. Birth outcome measures and maternal exposure to heavy metals (lead, cadmium and mercury) in Saudi Arabian population. Int J Hyg Environ Health 217: 205–218.
-
19.
Marques RC, Abreu L, Bernardi JVE, Dórea JG, 2016. Neurodevelopment of Amazonian children exposed to ethylmercury (from thimerosal in vaccines) and methylmercury (from fish). Environ Res 149: 259–265.
-
20.
Grandjean P, White RF, Nielsen A, Cleary D, de Oliveira Santos EC, 1999. Methylmercury neurotoxicity in Amazonian children downstream from gold mining. Environ Health Perspect 107: 587–591.
-
21.
Tavares LMB, Câmara VM, Malm O, Santos ECdO, 2005. Performance on neurological development tests by riverine children with moderate mercury exposure in Amazonia, Brazil. Cad Saude Publica 21: 1160–1167.
-
22.
Aschner M, Syversen T, Souza DO, Rocha JBT, Farina M, 2007. Involvement of glutamate and reactive oxygen species in methylmercury neurotoxicity. Braz J Med Biol Res Rev Bras Pesqui Medicas E Biol 40: 285–291.
-
23.
Dack K, Fell M, Taylor CM, Havdahl A, Lewis SJ, 2022. Prenatal mercury exposure and neurodevelopment up to the age of 5 years: A systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19: 1976.
-
24.
Puño N, 2014. Environmental management of the Puyango–Tumbes River Basin in Ecuador and Peru. Clark RM & Hakim S Securing Water and Wastewater Systems. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 161–187.
-
25.
Schudel G, Miserendino RA, Veiga MM, Velasquez-López PC, Lees PSJ, Winland-Gaetz S, Davée Guimarães JR, Bergquist BA, 2018. An investigation of mercury sources in the Puyango-Tumbes River: Using stable Hg isotopes to characterize transboundary Hg pollution. Chemosphere 202: 777–787.
-
26.
Gaudry K-H, Charro DM, Villacreses G, Castillo W, Shaban A, 2020. Estimating scales of gold ore production and processing in Zaruma and La Merced de Buenos Aires, Ecuador: Electrical power consumption as an indirect metric. Extr Ind Soc 7: 847–854.
-
27.
Marshall BG, Veiga MM, Kaplan RJ, Adler Miserendino R, Schudel G, Bergquist BA, Guimarães JRD, Sobral LGS, Gonzalez-Mueller C, 2018. Evidence of transboundary mercury and other pollutants in the Puyango-Tumbes River basin, Ecuador-Peru. Environ Sci Process Impacts 20: 632–641.
-
28.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, 2019. Resultados Definitivos de los Censos Nacionales 2017: XII de Población, VII de Vivienda y III de Comunidades Indígenas. Departamento de Tumbes. Available at: https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1565/. Accessed February 27, 2024.
-
29.
Dirección Regional de Salud (DIRESA) Población Tumbes - Población Tumbes - Diresa Tumbes. Available at: https://www.diresatumbes.gob.pe/index.php/estadisticas-de-salud/poblacion. Accessed March 2, 2024.
-
30.
Koenigsmark F, Weinhouse C, Berky A, Morales A, Ortiz E, Pierce E, Pan W, Hsu-Kim H, 2021. Efficacy of Hair Total Mercury Content as a Biomarker of Methylmercury Exposure to Communities in the Area of Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining in Madre de Dios, Peru. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18: 13350.
-
31.
World Health Organization (WHO) Guidance for Identifying Populations at Risk from Mercury Exposure. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/guidance-for-identifying-populations-at-risk-from-mercury-exposure. Accessed May 22, 2023.
-
32.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 1997. Mercury Study Report to Congress Volume VII: Characterization of Human Health and Wildlife Risks from Mercury Exposure in the United States. Available at: https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/volume7.pdf. Accessed October 22, 2024.
-
33.
World Health Organization, 2008. Anaemia. Available at: https://www.who.int/data/nutrition/nlis/info/anaemia. Accessed February 22, 2024.
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34.
Pearl J, 2000. Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference 2000. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
-
35.
Greenland S, Pearl J, Robins JM, 1999. Causal diagrams for epidemiologic research. Epidemiology 10: 37–48.
-
36.
Oliveira RBD, Silva DMD, Franco TSBS, Vasconcelos CRS, Sousa DJDAD, Sarrazin SLF, Sakamoto M, Bourdineaud J-P, 2022. Fish consumption habits of pregnant women in Itaituba, Tapajós River basin, Brazil: Risks of mercury contamination as assessed by measuring total mercury in highly consumed piscivore fish species and in hair of pregnant women. Arch Ind Hyg Toxicol 73: 131–142.
-
37.
Ortiz-Roque C, 2004. Mercury contamination in reproductive age women in a Caribbean island: Vieques. J Epidemiol Community Health 58: 756–757.
-
38.
Basu N, et al., 2014. Mercury levels in pregnant women, children, and seafood from Mexico City. Environ Res 135: 63–69.
-
39.
Wyatt L, Ortiz EJ, Feingold B, Berky A, Diringer S, Morales AM, Jurado ER, Hsu-Kim H, Pan W, 2017. Spatial, temporal, and dietary variables associated with elevated mercury exposure in Peruvian riverine communities upstream and downstream of artisanal and small-scale gold mining. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14: 1582.
-
40.
Ashe K, 2012. Elevated mercury concentrations in humans of Madre de Dios, Peru. PLoS One 7: e33305.
-
41.
Langeland A, Hardin R, Neitzel R, 2017. Mercury levels in human hair and farmed fish near artisanal and small-scale gold mining communities in the Madre de Dios River Basin, Peru. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14: 302.
-
42.
Díaz S, Muñoz-Guerrero M, Palma-Parra M, Becerra-Arias C, Fernández-Niño J, 2018. Exposure to mercury in workers and the population surrounding gold mining areas in the Mojana Region, Colombia. Int J Environ Res Public Health 15: 2337.
-
43.
Alae-Carew C, Scheelbeek P, Carrillo-Larco RM, Bernabé-Ortiz A, Checkley W, Miranda JJ, 2020. Analysis of dietary patterns and cross-sectional and longitudinal associations with hypertension, high BMI and type 2 diabetes in Peru. Public Health Nutr 23: 1009–1019.
-
44.
de Vasconcellos ACS, Hallwass G, Bezerra JG, Aciole ANS, Meneses HNdM, Lima MdO, de Jesus IM, Hacon SdS, Basta PC, 2021. Health risk assessment of mercury exposure from fish consumption in Munduruku indigenous communities in the Brazilian Amazon. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18: 7940.
-
45.
Rothenberg SE, Windham-Myers L, Creswell JE, 2014. Rice methylmercury exposure and mitigation: A comprehensive review. Environ Res 133: 407–423.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 281 | 281 | 86 |
| Full Text Views | 14 | 14 | 5 |
| PDF Downloads | 19 | 19 | 7 |
Mercury Levels in Hair of Pregnant Women in Tumbes, Peru: A Cross-Sectional Study
Sofia Chapela-Lara
chapelal@ohsu.edu
Sofia Chapela-Lara
School of Public Health, Oregon Health and Science University—Portland State University, Portland, Oregon;
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Olivia Arar
Olivia Arar
School of Public Health, Oregon Health and Science University—Portland State University, Portland, Oregon;
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Lauralee Fernandez
Lauralee Fernandez
School of Public Health, Oregon Health and Science University—Portland State University, Portland, Oregon;
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Denys Villarreal-Palacios
Denys Villarreal-Palacios
Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;
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Percy Vilchez-Barreto
Percy Vilchez-Barreto
Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;
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Ricardo Gamboa-Moran
Ricardo Gamboa-Moran
Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;
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Sarah E. Rothenberg
Sarah E. Rothenberg
College of Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon;
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William K. Pan
William K. Pan
Duke University Global Health Institute and Nicholas School of Environment, Durham, North Carolina
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Seth E. O’Neal
Seth E. O’Neal
School of Public Health, Oregon Health and Science University—Portland State University, Portland, Oregon;
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ABSTRACT.
Mercury, a potent toxin that poses serious risks to human health, particularly for pregnant women and young children, is widely present due to artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM), which impacts water quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate methylmercury exposure among pregnant women in communities downstream from ASGM sites. We characterized hair total mercury (THg) concentrations among 148 pregnant women across 24 communities in the Tumbes region of Peru, downstream from ASGM sites in Ecuador. Using purposeful sampling, we classified communities into three exposure risk zones: Puyango-Tumbes River watershed, Coast, and Zarumilla. The mean THg concentration was 2.08 µg/g ± 1.36, with 45% of participants (67/148) exceeding UNEP/WHO exposure limits (>2.0 µg/g). The median was 1.84 with an interquartile range (IQR) from 1.01 to 2.83. Median THg levels were significantly higher in the Puyango-Tumbes River region (2.72 µg/g; IQR: 1.66–3.55) compared with Zarumilla (1.61 µg/g; IQR: 0.67–2.63; P = 0.001) and to the Coast (1.71 µg/g; IQR: 1.13–2.50; P = 0.01), suggesting that living close to the Puyango-Tumbes River may be associated with a higher mercury exposure risk. After controlling for potential confounders, individuals in the Puyango-Tumbes watershed exhibited a significant 57% higher expected geometric mean of hair THg compared with Zarumilla (95% CI: 0.1–146.2%). These findings underscore the importance of identifying high-risk regional populations and ongoing biomonitoring of the Puyango-Tumbes River watershed.
Author Notes
Financial support: This research was funded by the
Disclosure: The research protocols were approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee for Humans at the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (inscription code 200724) and the Institutional Review Board at Oregon Health and Science University (ID number STUDY00021063).
Current contact information: Sofia Chapela-Lara, Olivia Arar, Lauralee Fernandez, and Seth E. O’Neal, School of Public Health, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland State University, Portland, OR, E-mails: chapelal@ohsu.edu, arar@ohsu.edu, lauralf2@pdx.edu, and oneals@ohsu.edu. Denys Villarreal-Palacios, Percy Vilchez-Barreto, and Ricardo Gamboa-Moran, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru, E-mails: denys.villareal@upch.pe, percy.vilchez.b@upch.pe, and ricardo.gamboa.m@upch.pe. Sarah E. Rothenberg, College of Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, E-mail: sarah.rothenberg@oregonstate.edu. William K. Pan, Duke University Global Health Institute and Nicholas School of Environment, Durham, NC, E-mail: william.pan@duke.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Viega M, Marshall B, 2016. Implementing Integrated Measures for Minimizing Mercury Releases from Artisanal Gold Mining in Ecuador . The United Nations Industrial Development Organization. Washington, DC: Global Environment Facility.
-
2.
Marshall BG, Veiga MM, da Silva HAM, Davée Guimarães JR, 2020. Cyanide contamination of the Puyango-Tumbes River caused by artisanal gold mining in Portovelo-Zaruma, Ecuador. Curr Environ Health Rep 7: 303–310.
-
3.
Telmer KH, Veiga MM, 2009. World emissions of mercury from artisanal and small scale gold mining. Mason R & Pirrone N Mercury Fate and Transport in the Global Atmosphere. Boston, MA: Springer US, 131–172.
-
4.
United Nations Environment Programme, 2018. Global Mercury Assessment 2018 Key Findings. Available at: https://www.unep.org/resources/publication/global-mercury-assessment-2018. Accessed October 10, 2024.
-
5.
Reuben A, Frischtak H, Berky A, Ortiz EJ, Morales AM, Hsu‐Kim H, Pendergast LL, Pan WK, 2020. Elevated hair mercury levels are associated with neurodevelopmental deficits in children living near artisanal and small‐scale gold mining in Peru. GeoHealth 4: e2019GH000222.
-
6.
Park J-D, Zheng W, 2012. Human exposure and health effects of inorganic and elemental mercury. J Prev Med Public Health 45: 344–352.
-
7.
Feingold BJ, Berky A, Hsu-Kim H, Rojas Jurado E, Pan WK, 2020. Population-based dietary exposure to mercury through fish consumption in the southern Peruvian Amazon. Environ Res 183: 108720.
-
8.
Gibb H, O’Leary KG, 2014. Mercury exposure and health impacts among individuals in the artisanal and small-scale gold mining community: A comprehensive review. Environ Health Perspect 122: 667–672.
-
9.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2022. Toxicological Profile for Mercury. Draft for Public Comment. Available at: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp46.pdf. Accessed October 10, 2024.
-
10.
Weinhouse C, et al., 2021. A population-based mercury exposure assessment near an artisanal and small-scale gold mining site in the Peruvian Amazon. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 31: 126–136.
-
11.
National Research Council (US) Committee on the Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury, 2000. Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
-
12.
Rothenberg SE, Yu X, Liu J, Biasini FJ, Hong C, Jiang X, Nong Y, Cheng Y, Korrick SA, 2016. Maternal methylmercury exposure through rice ingestion and offspring neurodevelopment: A prospective cohort study. Int J Hyg Environ Health 219: 832–842.
-
13.
Zareba G, Cernichiari E, Goldsmith LA, Clarkson TW, 2008. Validity of methyl mercury hair analysis: Mercury monitoring in human scalp/nude mouse model. J Appl Toxicol 28: 535–542.
-
14.
Bernhoft RA, 2012. Mercury toxicity and treatment: A review of the literature. J Environ Public Health 2012: 1–10.
-
15.
Kim Y-M, Chung J-Y, An H, Park S, Kim B-G, Bae J, Han M, Cho Y, Hong Y-S, 2015. Biomonitoring of lead, cadmium, total mercury, and methylmercury levels in maternal blood and in umbilical cord blood at birth in South Korea. Int J Environ Res Public Health 12: 13482–13493.
-
16.
Ashrap P, Watkins DJ, Mukherjee B, Boss J, Richards MJ, Rosario Z, Vélez-Vega CM, Alshawabkeh A, Cordero JF, Meeker JD, 2020. Maternal blood metal and metalloid concentrations in association with birth outcomes in northern Puerto Rico. Environ Int 138: 105606.
-
17.
Kobayashi S, et al., 2019. Association of blood mercury levels during pregnancy with infant birth size by blood selenium levels in the Japan Environment and Children’s Study: A prospective birth cohort. Environ Int 125: 418–429.
-
18.
Al-Saleh I, Shinwari N, Mashhour A, Rabah A, 2014. Birth outcome measures and maternal exposure to heavy metals (lead, cadmium and mercury) in Saudi Arabian population. Int J Hyg Environ Health 217: 205–218.
-
19.
Marques RC, Abreu L, Bernardi JVE, Dórea JG, 2016. Neurodevelopment of Amazonian children exposed to ethylmercury (from thimerosal in vaccines) and methylmercury (from fish). Environ Res 149: 259–265.
-
20.
Grandjean P, White RF, Nielsen A, Cleary D, de Oliveira Santos EC, 1999. Methylmercury neurotoxicity in Amazonian children downstream from gold mining. Environ Health Perspect 107: 587–591.
-
21.
Tavares LMB, Câmara VM, Malm O, Santos ECdO, 2005. Performance on neurological development tests by riverine children with moderate mercury exposure in Amazonia, Brazil. Cad Saude Publica 21: 1160–1167.
-
22.
Aschner M, Syversen T, Souza DO, Rocha JBT, Farina M, 2007. Involvement of glutamate and reactive oxygen species in methylmercury neurotoxicity. Braz J Med Biol Res Rev Bras Pesqui Medicas E Biol 40: 285–291.
-
23.
Dack K, Fell M, Taylor CM, Havdahl A, Lewis SJ, 2022. Prenatal mercury exposure and neurodevelopment up to the age of 5 years: A systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19: 1976.
-
24.
Puño N, 2014. Environmental management of the Puyango–Tumbes River Basin in Ecuador and Peru. Clark RM & Hakim S Securing Water and Wastewater Systems. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 161–187.
-
25.
Schudel G, Miserendino RA, Veiga MM, Velasquez-López PC, Lees PSJ, Winland-Gaetz S, Davée Guimarães JR, Bergquist BA, 2018. An investigation of mercury sources in the Puyango-Tumbes River: Using stable Hg isotopes to characterize transboundary Hg pollution. Chemosphere 202: 777–787.
-
26.
Gaudry K-H, Charro DM, Villacreses G, Castillo W, Shaban A, 2020. Estimating scales of gold ore production and processing in Zaruma and La Merced de Buenos Aires, Ecuador: Electrical power consumption as an indirect metric. Extr Ind Soc 7: 847–854.
-
27.
Marshall BG, Veiga MM, Kaplan RJ, Adler Miserendino R, Schudel G, Bergquist BA, Guimarães JRD, Sobral LGS, Gonzalez-Mueller C, 2018. Evidence of transboundary mercury and other pollutants in the Puyango-Tumbes River basin, Ecuador-Peru. Environ Sci Process Impacts 20: 632–641.
-
28.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, 2019. Resultados Definitivos de los Censos Nacionales 2017: XII de Población, VII de Vivienda y III de Comunidades Indígenas. Departamento de Tumbes. Available at: https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1565/. Accessed February 27, 2024.
-
29.
Dirección Regional de Salud (DIRESA) Población Tumbes - Población Tumbes - Diresa Tumbes. Available at: https://www.diresatumbes.gob.pe/index.php/estadisticas-de-salud/poblacion. Accessed March 2, 2024.
-
30.
Koenigsmark F, Weinhouse C, Berky A, Morales A, Ortiz E, Pierce E, Pan W, Hsu-Kim H, 2021. Efficacy of Hair Total Mercury Content as a Biomarker of Methylmercury Exposure to Communities in the Area of Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining in Madre de Dios, Peru. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18: 13350.
-
31.
World Health Organization (WHO) Guidance for Identifying Populations at Risk from Mercury Exposure. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/guidance-for-identifying-populations-at-risk-from-mercury-exposure. Accessed May 22, 2023.
-
32.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 1997. Mercury Study Report to Congress Volume VII: Characterization of Human Health and Wildlife Risks from Mercury Exposure in the United States. Available at: https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/volume7.pdf. Accessed October 22, 2024.
-
33.
World Health Organization, 2008. Anaemia. Available at: https://www.who.int/data/nutrition/nlis/info/anaemia. Accessed February 22, 2024.
-
34.
Pearl J, 2000. Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference 2000. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
-
35.
Greenland S, Pearl J, Robins JM, 1999. Causal diagrams for epidemiologic research. Epidemiology 10: 37–48.
-
36.
Oliveira RBD, Silva DMD, Franco TSBS, Vasconcelos CRS, Sousa DJDAD, Sarrazin SLF, Sakamoto M, Bourdineaud J-P, 2022. Fish consumption habits of pregnant women in Itaituba, Tapajós River basin, Brazil: Risks of mercury contamination as assessed by measuring total mercury in highly consumed piscivore fish species and in hair of pregnant women. Arch Ind Hyg Toxicol 73: 131–142.
-
37.
Ortiz-Roque C, 2004. Mercury contamination in reproductive age women in a Caribbean island: Vieques. J Epidemiol Community Health 58: 756–757.
-
38.
Basu N, et al., 2014. Mercury levels in pregnant women, children, and seafood from Mexico City. Environ Res 135: 63–69.
-
39.
Wyatt L, Ortiz EJ, Feingold B, Berky A, Diringer S, Morales AM, Jurado ER, Hsu-Kim H, Pan W, 2017. Spatial, temporal, and dietary variables associated with elevated mercury exposure in Peruvian riverine communities upstream and downstream of artisanal and small-scale gold mining. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14: 1582.
-
40.
Ashe K, 2012. Elevated mercury concentrations in humans of Madre de Dios, Peru. PLoS One 7: e33305.
-
41.
Langeland A, Hardin R, Neitzel R, 2017. Mercury levels in human hair and farmed fish near artisanal and small-scale gold mining communities in the Madre de Dios River Basin, Peru. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14: 302.
-
42.
Díaz S, Muñoz-Guerrero M, Palma-Parra M, Becerra-Arias C, Fernández-Niño J, 2018. Exposure to mercury in workers and the population surrounding gold mining areas in the Mojana Region, Colombia. Int J Environ Res Public Health 15: 2337.
-
43.
Alae-Carew C, Scheelbeek P, Carrillo-Larco RM, Bernabé-Ortiz A, Checkley W, Miranda JJ, 2020. Analysis of dietary patterns and cross-sectional and longitudinal associations with hypertension, high BMI and type 2 diabetes in Peru. Public Health Nutr 23: 1009–1019.
-
44.
de Vasconcellos ACS, Hallwass G, Bezerra JG, Aciole ANS, Meneses HNdM, Lima MdO, de Jesus IM, Hacon SdS, Basta PC, 2021. Health risk assessment of mercury exposure from fish consumption in Munduruku indigenous communities in the Brazilian Amazon. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18: 7940.
-
45.
Rothenberg SE, Windham-Myers L, Creswell JE, 2014. Rice methylmercury exposure and mitigation: A comprehensive review. Environ Res 133: 407–423.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 281 | 281 | 86 |
| Full Text Views | 14 | 14 | 5 |
| PDF Downloads | 19 | 19 | 7 |