Authors:
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2020. Vector-Borne Diseases. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases#:∼:text=It%20causes%20an%20estimated%20219,infection%20transmitted%20by%20Aedes%20mosquitoes. Accessed August 15, 2023.
-
2.
Faburay B, 2015. The case for a ‘one health’ approach to combating vector-borne diseases. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 5: 28132.
-
3.
World Health Organization, 2020. Zoonoses. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/zoonoses. Accessed August 15, 2023.
-
4.
World Health Organization, 2018. Rift Valley Fever. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rift-valley-fever. Accessed August 15, 2023.
-
5.
Sang R, et al., 2017. Distribution and abundance of key vectors of Rift Valley fever and other arboviruses in two ecologically distinct counties in Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11: e0005341.
-
6.
World Organization for Animal Health, 2023. Rift Valley Fever. Available at: https://www.woah.org/en/disease/rift-valley-fever/. Accessed August 15, 2023.
-
7.
Dutuze MF, Ingabire A, Gafarasi I, Uwituze S, Nzayirambaho M, Christofferson RC, 2020. Identification of Bunyamwera and possible other Orthobunyavirus infections and disease in cattle during a Rift Valley fever outbreak in Rwanda in 2018. Am J Trop Med Hyg 103: 183–189.
-
8.
Djangwani J, Ooko Abong G, Gicuku Njue L, Kaindi DWM, 2021. Brucellosis: Prevalence with reference to East African community countries – A rapid review. Vet Med Sci 7: 851–867.
-
9.
World Health Organization Prioritizing Diseases for Research and Development in Emergency Contexts. Available at: https://www.who.int/activities/prioritizing-diseases-for-research-and-development-in-emergency-contexts. Accessed August 15, 2023.
-
10.
World Health Organization, 2017. One Health. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/one-health. Accessed August 15, 2023.
-
11.
Lemarchand R, Clay D, 2024. Rwanda. Available at: https://www.britannica.com/place/Rwanda. Accessed August 15, 2023.
-
12.
Kamer L, 2021. Population Density – Country Rankings. Available at: https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/rankings/population_density/Sub-Sahara-Africa/. Accessed August 26, 2024.
-
13.
World Bank Group, 2022. Rwanda Population Total. Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=RW. Accessed August 15, 2023.
-
14.
World Population Prospects, 2022. United Nations DoEaSA, Population Division, ed. Available at: https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/wpp2022_summary_of_results.pdf. Accessed August 26, 2024.
-
15.
Liu K, Subramanian S, Lu C, 2019. Assessing national and subnational inequalities in medical care utilization and financial risk protection in Rwanda. Int J Equity Health 18: 1–10.
-
16.
National Institute of Statistics Rwanda, 2018. EICV5 Main Indicators Report: The Fifth Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey 2016/17. Kigali, Rwanda: NIoS.
-
17.
Board RA, 2013. Rwanda Agriculture Board Annual Report 2012–2013. Available at: https://www.rab.gov.rw/index.php?eID=dumpFile&t=f&f=67225&token=a888ab974e8fc10e70b622 866a1fe15f21562166. Accessed August 26, 2024.
-
18.
Dutuze MF, Ingabire A, Gafarasi I, Uwituze S, Nzayirambaho M, Christofferson RC, 2020. Identification of Bunyamwera and possible other Orthobunyavirus infections and disease in cattle during a Rift Valley fever outbreak in Rwanda in 2018. Am J Trop Med Hyg 103: 183.
-
19.
Budasha NH, Gonzalez J-P, Sebhatu TT, Arnold E, 2018. Rift Valley fever seroprevalence and abortion frequency among livestock of Kisoro district, south western Uganda (2016): A prerequisite for zoonotic infection. BMC Vet Res 14: 1–7.
-
20.
National Institute of Statistics Rwanda, 2018. EICV5 Rwanda Poverty Profile Report: The Fifth Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey 2016/17. Kidali, Rwanda: NIoS.
-
21.
Morley PS, Morris SN, Hyatt DR, Van Metre DC, 2005. Evaluation of the efficacy of disinfectant footbaths as used in veterinary hospitals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 226: 2053–2058.
-
22.
World Organisation for Animal Health One Health. Available at: https://www.woah.org/en/what-we-do/global-initiatives/one-health/. Accessed August 15, 2023.
-
23.
CDC, 2024. One Health. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/one-health/index.html. Accessed August 15, 2023.
-
24.
Adisasmito WB, Almuhairi S, Behravesh CB, Bilivogui P, Bukachi SA, Casas N, Becerra NC, Charron DF, Chaudhary A, Zanella JRC, 2022. One Health: A new definition for a sustainable and healthy future. PLoS Pathog 18: e1010537.
-
25.
Destoumieux-Garzón D, Mavingui P, Boetsch G, Boissier J, Darriet F, Duboz P, Fritsch C, Giraudoux P, Le Roux F, Morand S, 2018. The One Health concept: 10 Years old and a long road ahead. Front Vet Sci 5: 14.
-
26.
de Dieu Nsabimana J, 2021. Why Eastern Province Urgently Needs Zero Grazing for Livestock. Kigali, Rwanda: The New Times. Available at: https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/186963/News/why-eastern-province-urgently-needs-zero-grazing-for-livestock. Accessed August 15, 2023.
-
27.
Statistics.gov. 2021. Agricultural Household Survey 2020 Report: National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda. Available at: https://www.statistics.gov.rw/publication/agricultural-household-survey-2020. Accessed August 28, 2024.
-
28.
Shenton FC, Addissie A, Alabaster G, Baziwe D, Carrasco Tenezaca M, Chinula D, Jatta E, Jawara M, Jones R, Knudsen J, 2022. Research agenda for preventing mosquito-transmitted diseases through improving the built environment in sub-Saharan Africa. Cities Health 6: 72–80.
-
29.
Forsyth JE, Mutuku FM, Kibe L, Mwashee L, Bongo J, Egemba C, Ardoin NM, LaBeaud AD, 2020. Source reduction with a purpose: Mosquito ecology and community perspectives offer insights for improving household mosquito management in coastal Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14: e0008239.
-
30.
Donnelly B, Berrang-Ford L, Ross NA, Michel P, 2015. A systematic, realist review of zooprophylaxis for malaria control. Malar J 14: 1–16.
-
31.
Iwashita H, Dida GO, Sonye GO, Sunahara T, Futami K, Njenga SM, Chaves LF, Minakawa N, 2014. Push by a net, pull by a cow: Can zooprophylaxis enhance the impact of insecticide treated bed nets on malaria control? Parasit Vectors 7: 1–15.
-
32.
Kawaguchi I, Sasaki A, Mogi M, 2004. Combining zooprophylaxis and insecticide spraying: A malaria–control strategy limiting the development of insecticide resistance in vector mosquitoes. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 271: 301–309.
-
33.
Rwanda Food & Drug Authority, 2024. Rwanda FDA Authorized Veterinary Medicinal Product List. Rwanda Food & Drug Authority. Available at: https://rwandafda.gov.rw/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/eRWANDA%20FDA%20AUTHORIZED%20 VETERINARY%20MEDICINAL%20PRODUCTS%20LIST.pdf. Accessed August 28, 2024.
-
34.
Okech BA, Mwobobia IK, Kamau A, Muiruri S, Mutiso N, Nyambura J, Mwatele C, Amano T, Mwandawiro CS, 2008. Use of integrated malaria management reduces malaria in Kenya. PLoS One 3: e4050.
-
35.
Oladepo O, Tona GO, Oshiname FO, Titiloye MA, 2010. Malaria knowledge and agricultural practices that promote mosquito breeding in two rural farming communities in Oyo State, Nigeria. Malar J 9: 1–9.
-
36.
Lawler S, 2005. Managing Mosquitoes on the Farm: UCANR Publications. Available at: https://anrcatalog.ucanr.edu/pdf/8158.pdf. Accessed August 28, 2024.
-
37.
Agusto FB, Del Valle SY, Blayneh KW, Ngonghala CN, Goncalves MJ, Li N, Zhao R, Gong H, 2013. The impact of bed-net use on malaria prevalence. J Theor Biol 320: 58–65.
-
38.
Mutuku FM, King CH, Mungai P, Mbogo C, Mwangangi J, Muchiri EM, Walker ED, Kitron U, 2011. Impact of insecticide-treated bed nets on malaria transmission indices on the south coast of Kenya. Malar J 10: 1–14.
-
39.
Monroe A, Olapeju B, Moore S, Hunter G, Merritt AP, Okumu F, Babalola S, 2021. Improving malaria control by understanding human behaviour. Bull World Health Organ 99: 837.
-
40.
Reiter T & Bewley J. Prevention of Hoof Disorders Using Footbaths. Available at: https://afs.ca.uky.edu/files/prevention_of_hoof_disorders_using_footbaths.pdf. Accessed August 28, 2024.
-
41.
Jacobs C, Beninger C, Hazlewood G, Orsel K, Barkema H, 2019. Effect of footbath protocols for prevention and treatment of digital dermatitis in dairy cattle: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Prev Vet Med 164: 56–71.
-
42.
Gomez A, 2015. Strategies to Prevent and Control Infectious Claw Lesions. Available at: https://www.agproud.com/articles/22915-strategies-to-prevent-and-control-infectious-claw-lesions. Accessed August 15, 2023.
-
43.
Animal Health Diagnostic Center Foot Health. Available at: https://www.vet.cornell.edu/animal-health-diagnostic-center/programs/nyschap/modules-documents/foot-health. Accessed August 15, 2023.
-
44.
Firestone SM, Schemann KA, Toribio J-AL, Ward MP, Dhand NK, 2011. A case-control study of risk factors for equine influenza spread onto horse premises during the 2007 epidemic in Australia. Prev Vet Med 100: 53–63.
-
45.
Romero-Alvarez D, Peterson AT, Salzer JS, Pittiglio C, Shadomy S, Traxler R, Vieira AR, Bower WA, Walke H, Campbell LP, 2020. Potential distributions of Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis causing anthrax in Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14: e0008131.
-
46.
Pepin M, Bouloy M, Bird BH, Kemp A, Paweska J, 2010. Rift Valley fever virus (Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus): An update on pathogenesis, molecular epidemiology, vectors, diagnostics and prevention. Vet Res 41: 61.
-
47.
Odendaal L, Clift SJ, Fosgate GT, Davis AS, 2020. Ovine fetal and placental lesions and cellular tropism in natural Rift Valley fever virus infections. Vet Pathol 57: 791–806.
-
48.
Odendaal L, Davis AS, Venter EH, 2021. Insights into the pathogenesis of viral haemorrhagic fever based on virus tropism and tissue lesions of natural Rift Valley fever. Viruses 13: 709.
-
49.
Danasekaran R, Geetha M, Annadurai K, Ramasamy J, 2014. Small bite, big threat: The burden of vector-borne diseases. Iran J Public Health 43: 1014.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 4674 | 4674 | 193 |
| Full Text Views | 65 | 65 | 13 |
| PDF Downloads | 54 | 54 | 8 |
Assessment of Risk Factors Associated with and Practices of Cattle Farmers in Kirehe District Rwanda with Respect to Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Pathogens
M. Fausta Dutuze
M. Fausta Dutuze
Rwanda Institute for Conservation Agriculture, Kigali, Rwanda;
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Analise Espino
Analise Espino
Milken School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia;
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Rebecca C. Christofferson
rcarri1@lsu.edu
Rebecca C. Christofferson
School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Search for other papers by Rebecca C. Christofferson in
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Search for other papers by Rebecca C. Christofferson in
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ABSTRACT.
Rural Rwandan communities face health challenges for humans and animals, and the topography and climate of the Kirehe District of Rwanda put farmers at high risk for mosquito-borne diseases. Individuals from 92 Rwandan farms were surveyed about farm practices, as well as animal and human health histories between December 2017 and February 2018. Human, animal, and environmental factors were investigated to determine whether there is a pattern of risk for abortion incidence and/or history of malarial disease on the farm. Iterative, complementary logistic regression models were used to determine whether there was an association between variables and abortion history in animals. These factors were then used to investigate association with a reported history of malaria. Of the 92 farms in our study, 82 were family farms and 10 were commercial farms. On average, 88% of the farms had cattle, and 30% of farms had experienced a cattle abortion in the past 2 years. There was no observed statistical significance in the risk factors for history of abortion in cattle and the measured variables. Using One Health as a guiding framework, we sought to determine whether human, animal, and environmental factors were statistically associated with observed disease outcomes. From our study of the practices of the farmers with respect to biosafety and self-protection against disease, we have identified potential sources of risk that could be targeted to enhance education and protection on these farms.
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 347.84 KB)
Author Notes
Financial support: This research is based on a work supported by the 1)
Disclosure: The contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the USDA or NIFA.
Current contact information: M. Fausta Dutuze, Rwanda Institute for Conservation and Agriculture, Kigale, Rwanda, E-mail: mfdutuze@rica.rw. Analise Espino, George Washington University, Washington, DC, E-mail: analisa.esp@gmail.com. Rebecca C. Christofferson, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, E-mail: rcarri1@lsu.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2020. Vector-Borne Diseases. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases#:∼:text=It%20causes%20an%20estimated%20219,infection%20transmitted%20by%20Aedes%20mosquitoes. Accessed August 15, 2023.
-
2.
Faburay B, 2015. The case for a ‘one health’ approach to combating vector-borne diseases. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 5: 28132.
-
3.
World Health Organization, 2020. Zoonoses. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/zoonoses. Accessed August 15, 2023.
-
4.
World Health Organization, 2018. Rift Valley Fever. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rift-valley-fever. Accessed August 15, 2023.
-
5.
Sang R, et al., 2017. Distribution and abundance of key vectors of Rift Valley fever and other arboviruses in two ecologically distinct counties in Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11: e0005341.
-
6.
World Organization for Animal Health, 2023. Rift Valley Fever. Available at: https://www.woah.org/en/disease/rift-valley-fever/. Accessed August 15, 2023.
-
7.
Dutuze MF, Ingabire A, Gafarasi I, Uwituze S, Nzayirambaho M, Christofferson RC, 2020. Identification of Bunyamwera and possible other Orthobunyavirus infections and disease in cattle during a Rift Valley fever outbreak in Rwanda in 2018. Am J Trop Med Hyg 103: 183–189.
-
8.
Djangwani J, Ooko Abong G, Gicuku Njue L, Kaindi DWM, 2021. Brucellosis: Prevalence with reference to East African community countries – A rapid review. Vet Med Sci 7: 851–867.
-
9.
World Health Organization Prioritizing Diseases for Research and Development in Emergency Contexts. Available at: https://www.who.int/activities/prioritizing-diseases-for-research-and-development-in-emergency-contexts. Accessed August 15, 2023.
-
10.
World Health Organization, 2017. One Health. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/one-health. Accessed August 15, 2023.
-
11.
Lemarchand R, Clay D, 2024. Rwanda. Available at: https://www.britannica.com/place/Rwanda. Accessed August 15, 2023.
-
12.
Kamer L, 2021. Population Density – Country Rankings. Available at: https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/rankings/population_density/Sub-Sahara-Africa/. Accessed August 26, 2024.
-
13.
World Bank Group, 2022. Rwanda Population Total. Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=RW. Accessed August 15, 2023.
-
14.
World Population Prospects, 2022. United Nations DoEaSA, Population Division, ed. Available at: https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/wpp2022_summary_of_results.pdf. Accessed August 26, 2024.
-
15.
Liu K, Subramanian S, Lu C, 2019. Assessing national and subnational inequalities in medical care utilization and financial risk protection in Rwanda. Int J Equity Health 18: 1–10.
-
16.
National Institute of Statistics Rwanda, 2018. EICV5 Main Indicators Report: The Fifth Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey 2016/17. Kigali, Rwanda: NIoS.
-
17.
Board RA, 2013. Rwanda Agriculture Board Annual Report 2012–2013. Available at: https://www.rab.gov.rw/index.php?eID=dumpFile&t=f&f=67225&token=a888ab974e8fc10e70b622 866a1fe15f21562166. Accessed August 26, 2024.
-
18.
Dutuze MF, Ingabire A, Gafarasi I, Uwituze S, Nzayirambaho M, Christofferson RC, 2020. Identification of Bunyamwera and possible other Orthobunyavirus infections and disease in cattle during a Rift Valley fever outbreak in Rwanda in 2018. Am J Trop Med Hyg 103: 183.
-
19.
Budasha NH, Gonzalez J-P, Sebhatu TT, Arnold E, 2018. Rift Valley fever seroprevalence and abortion frequency among livestock of Kisoro district, south western Uganda (2016): A prerequisite for zoonotic infection. BMC Vet Res 14: 1–7.
-
20.
National Institute of Statistics Rwanda, 2018. EICV5 Rwanda Poverty Profile Report: The Fifth Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey 2016/17. Kidali, Rwanda: NIoS.
-
21.
Morley PS, Morris SN, Hyatt DR, Van Metre DC, 2005. Evaluation of the efficacy of disinfectant footbaths as used in veterinary hospitals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 226: 2053–2058.
-
22.
World Organisation for Animal Health One Health. Available at: https://www.woah.org/en/what-we-do/global-initiatives/one-health/. Accessed August 15, 2023.
-
23.
CDC, 2024. One Health. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/one-health/index.html. Accessed August 15, 2023.
-
24.
Adisasmito WB, Almuhairi S, Behravesh CB, Bilivogui P, Bukachi SA, Casas N, Becerra NC, Charron DF, Chaudhary A, Zanella JRC, 2022. One Health: A new definition for a sustainable and healthy future. PLoS Pathog 18: e1010537.
-
25.
Destoumieux-Garzón D, Mavingui P, Boetsch G, Boissier J, Darriet F, Duboz P, Fritsch C, Giraudoux P, Le Roux F, Morand S, 2018. The One Health concept: 10 Years old and a long road ahead. Front Vet Sci 5: 14.
-
26.
de Dieu Nsabimana J, 2021. Why Eastern Province Urgently Needs Zero Grazing for Livestock. Kigali, Rwanda: The New Times. Available at: https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/186963/News/why-eastern-province-urgently-needs-zero-grazing-for-livestock. Accessed August 15, 2023.
-
27.
Statistics.gov. 2021. Agricultural Household Survey 2020 Report: National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda. Available at: https://www.statistics.gov.rw/publication/agricultural-household-survey-2020. Accessed August 28, 2024.
-
28.
Shenton FC, Addissie A, Alabaster G, Baziwe D, Carrasco Tenezaca M, Chinula D, Jatta E, Jawara M, Jones R, Knudsen J, 2022. Research agenda for preventing mosquito-transmitted diseases through improving the built environment in sub-Saharan Africa. Cities Health 6: 72–80.
-
29.
Forsyth JE, Mutuku FM, Kibe L, Mwashee L, Bongo J, Egemba C, Ardoin NM, LaBeaud AD, 2020. Source reduction with a purpose: Mosquito ecology and community perspectives offer insights for improving household mosquito management in coastal Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14: e0008239.
-
30.
Donnelly B, Berrang-Ford L, Ross NA, Michel P, 2015. A systematic, realist review of zooprophylaxis for malaria control. Malar J 14: 1–16.
-
31.
Iwashita H, Dida GO, Sonye GO, Sunahara T, Futami K, Njenga SM, Chaves LF, Minakawa N, 2014. Push by a net, pull by a cow: Can zooprophylaxis enhance the impact of insecticide treated bed nets on malaria control? Parasit Vectors 7: 1–15.
-
32.
Kawaguchi I, Sasaki A, Mogi M, 2004. Combining zooprophylaxis and insecticide spraying: A malaria–control strategy limiting the development of insecticide resistance in vector mosquitoes. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 271: 301–309.
-
33.
Rwanda Food & Drug Authority, 2024. Rwanda FDA Authorized Veterinary Medicinal Product List. Rwanda Food & Drug Authority. Available at: https://rwandafda.gov.rw/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/eRWANDA%20FDA%20AUTHORIZED%20 VETERINARY%20MEDICINAL%20PRODUCTS%20LIST.pdf. Accessed August 28, 2024.
-
34.
Okech BA, Mwobobia IK, Kamau A, Muiruri S, Mutiso N, Nyambura J, Mwatele C, Amano T, Mwandawiro CS, 2008. Use of integrated malaria management reduces malaria in Kenya. PLoS One 3: e4050.
-
35.
Oladepo O, Tona GO, Oshiname FO, Titiloye MA, 2010. Malaria knowledge and agricultural practices that promote mosquito breeding in two rural farming communities in Oyo State, Nigeria. Malar J 9: 1–9.
-
36.
Lawler S, 2005. Managing Mosquitoes on the Farm: UCANR Publications. Available at: https://anrcatalog.ucanr.edu/pdf/8158.pdf. Accessed August 28, 2024.
-
37.
Agusto FB, Del Valle SY, Blayneh KW, Ngonghala CN, Goncalves MJ, Li N, Zhao R, Gong H, 2013. The impact of bed-net use on malaria prevalence. J Theor Biol 320: 58–65.
-
38.
Mutuku FM, King CH, Mungai P, Mbogo C, Mwangangi J, Muchiri EM, Walker ED, Kitron U, 2011. Impact of insecticide-treated bed nets on malaria transmission indices on the south coast of Kenya. Malar J 10: 1–14.
-
39.
Monroe A, Olapeju B, Moore S, Hunter G, Merritt AP, Okumu F, Babalola S, 2021. Improving malaria control by understanding human behaviour. Bull World Health Organ 99: 837.
-
40.
Reiter T & Bewley J. Prevention of Hoof Disorders Using Footbaths. Available at: https://afs.ca.uky.edu/files/prevention_of_hoof_disorders_using_footbaths.pdf. Accessed August 28, 2024.
-
41.
Jacobs C, Beninger C, Hazlewood G, Orsel K, Barkema H, 2019. Effect of footbath protocols for prevention and treatment of digital dermatitis in dairy cattle: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Prev Vet Med 164: 56–71.
-
42.
Gomez A, 2015. Strategies to Prevent and Control Infectious Claw Lesions. Available at: https://www.agproud.com/articles/22915-strategies-to-prevent-and-control-infectious-claw-lesions. Accessed August 15, 2023.
-
43.
Animal Health Diagnostic Center Foot Health. Available at: https://www.vet.cornell.edu/animal-health-diagnostic-center/programs/nyschap/modules-documents/foot-health. Accessed August 15, 2023.
-
44.
Firestone SM, Schemann KA, Toribio J-AL, Ward MP, Dhand NK, 2011. A case-control study of risk factors for equine influenza spread onto horse premises during the 2007 epidemic in Australia. Prev Vet Med 100: 53–63.
-
45.
Romero-Alvarez D, Peterson AT, Salzer JS, Pittiglio C, Shadomy S, Traxler R, Vieira AR, Bower WA, Walke H, Campbell LP, 2020. Potential distributions of Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis causing anthrax in Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14: e0008131.
-
46.
Pepin M, Bouloy M, Bird BH, Kemp A, Paweska J, 2010. Rift Valley fever virus (Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus): An update on pathogenesis, molecular epidemiology, vectors, diagnostics and prevention. Vet Res 41: 61.
-
47.
Odendaal L, Clift SJ, Fosgate GT, Davis AS, 2020. Ovine fetal and placental lesions and cellular tropism in natural Rift Valley fever virus infections. Vet Pathol 57: 791–806.
-
48.
Odendaal L, Davis AS, Venter EH, 2021. Insights into the pathogenesis of viral haemorrhagic fever based on virus tropism and tissue lesions of natural Rift Valley fever. Viruses 13: 709.
-
49.
Danasekaran R, Geetha M, Annadurai K, Ramasamy J, 2014. Small bite, big threat: The burden of vector-borne diseases. Iran J Public Health 43: 1014.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 4674 | 4674 | 193 |
| Full Text Views | 65 | 65 | 13 |
| PDF Downloads | 54 | 54 | 8 |