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-
1.
Thylefors B, Dawson CR, Jones BR, West SK, Taylor HR, 1987. A simple system for the assessment of trachoma and its complications. Bull World Health Organ 65: 477–483.
-
2.
Solomon AW, Kello AB, Bangert M, West SK, Taylor HR, Tekeraoi R, Foster A, 2020. The simplified trachoma grading system, amended. Bull World Health Organ 98: 698–705.
-
3.
Aragie S, et al., 2022. Water, sanitation, and hygiene for control of trachoma in Ethiopia (WUHA): A two-arm, parallel-group, cluster-randomised trial. Lancet Glob Health 10: e87–e95.
-
4.
Rothery P, 1979. Nonparametric measure of intraclass correlation. Biometrika 66: 629–639.
-
5.
West ES, Munoz B, Mkocha H, Holland MJ, Aguirre A, Solomon AW, Bailey R, Foster A, Mabey D, West SK, 2005. Mass treatment and the effect on the load of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a trachoma-hyperendemic community. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46: 83–87.
-
6.
Nash SD, et al., 2020. Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection and infectious load among pre-school aged children within trachoma hyperendemic districts receiving the SAFE strategy, Amhara region, Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14: e0008226.
-
7.
Solomon AW, et al., 2003. Strategies for control of trachoma: Observational study with quantitative PCR. Lancet 362: 198–204.
-
8.
Burton MJ, et al., 2003. Which members of a community need antibiotics to control trachoma? Conjunctival Chlamydia trachomatis infection load in Gambian villages. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44: 4215–4222.
-
9.
Bobo LD, Novak N, Munoz B, Hsieh YH, Quinn TC, West S, 1997. Severe disease in children with trachoma is associated with persistent Chlamydia trachomatis infection. J Infect Dis 176: 1524–1530.
-
10.
Ramadhani AM, Derrick T, Holland MJ, Burton MJ, 2016. Blinding trachoma: Systematic review of rates and risk factors for progressive disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004859.
-
11.
West SK, Munoz B, Mkocha H, Hsieh YH, Lynch MC, 2001. Progression of active trachoma to scarring in a cohort of Tanzanian children. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 8: 137–144.
-
12.
Ramadhani AM, et al., 2019. Progression of scarring trachoma in Tanzanian children: A four-year cohort study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13: e0007638.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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Correlation of Clinical Severity of Trachomatous Inflammation and Chlamydia trachomatis Bacterial Load
Louisa Lu
Louisa Lu
Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;
Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California;
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Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, California;
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Ali Fauci
Ali Fauci
Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;
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Quintin R. Richardson
Quintin R. Richardson
Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;
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Hamidah Mahmud
Hamidah Mahmud
Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;
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John M. Nesemann
John M. Nesemann
Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;
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Solomon Aragie
Solomon Aragie
The Carter Center Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;
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Dagnachew Hailu
Dagnachew Hailu
The Carter Center Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;
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Adane Dagnew
Adane Dagnew
The Carter Center Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;
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Ambahun Chernet
Ambahun Chernet
The Carter Center Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;
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Zerihun Tadesse
Zerihun Tadesse
The Carter Center Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;
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Taye Zeru
Taye Zeru
Amhara Public Health Institute, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia;
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Isabel J. B. Thompson
Isabel J. B. Thompson
Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;
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Dionna M. Wittberg
Dionna M. Wittberg
Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;
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Scott D. Nash
Scott D. Nash
The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Thomas M. Lietman
Thomas M. Lietman
Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;
Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California
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Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California
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Jeremy D. Keenan
jeremy.keenan@ucsf.edu
Jeremy D. Keenan
Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California;
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ABSTRACT.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between bacterial load of Chlamydia trachomatis as measured from quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and the relative clinical severity of trachomatous inflammation. Individuals with trachoma from rural communities in Ethiopia had photographs taken as well as swabs obtained of the upper tarsal conjunctivas. Conjunctival swabs were processed with PCR assay, which provided quantitative results of ocular chlamydial load. A series of 125 conjunctival photographs were ranked from least to most severe according to clinical severity for follicular and papillary conjunctivitis. Higher intensity rankings of trachomatous inflammation were associated with higher chlamydial load for both follicular inflammation (Spearman’s ρ = 0.43; P <0.001) and papillary inflammation (Spearman’s ρ = 0.50; P <0.001). Rankings of trachomatous inflammation may be a clinically meaningful indicator of trachoma.
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 3758.6 KB)
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was supported by the
Current contact information: Louisa Lu, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, E-mail: lulouisa2@gmail.com. Ali Fauci, Software Engineer, San Francisco, CA, E-mail: ali.fauci@gmail.com. Quintin R. Richardson, Hamidah Mahmud, and John M. Nesemann, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, E-mails: richardson.quintin.r@gmail.com, hamidah.mahmud@ucsf.edu, and john.nesemann@ucsf.edu. Solomon Aragie, Dagnachew Hailu, Adane Dagnew, Ambahun Chernet, Zerihun Tadesse, and Taye Zeru, The Carter Center Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, E-mails: solomon.aragie@cartercenter.org, dagnachew.hailu@cartercenter.org, adane.dagnew@cartercenter.org, ambahun.chernet@cartercenter.org, zerihun.tadesse@cartercenter.org, and zerutaye@gmail.com. Isabel J. B. Thompson, Dionna M. Wittberg, Scott Nash, Thomas M. Lietman, and Jeremy D. Keenan, Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA, E-mails: isabel.thompson@ucsf.edu, dionna.wittberg@ucsf.edu, scott.nash@cartercenter.org, tom.lietman@ucsf.edu, and jeremy.keenan@ucsf.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Thylefors B, Dawson CR, Jones BR, West SK, Taylor HR, 1987. A simple system for the assessment of trachoma and its complications. Bull World Health Organ 65: 477–483.
-
2.
Solomon AW, Kello AB, Bangert M, West SK, Taylor HR, Tekeraoi R, Foster A, 2020. The simplified trachoma grading system, amended. Bull World Health Organ 98: 698–705.
-
3.
Aragie S, et al., 2022. Water, sanitation, and hygiene for control of trachoma in Ethiopia (WUHA): A two-arm, parallel-group, cluster-randomised trial. Lancet Glob Health 10: e87–e95.
-
4.
Rothery P, 1979. Nonparametric measure of intraclass correlation. Biometrika 66: 629–639.
-
5.
West ES, Munoz B, Mkocha H, Holland MJ, Aguirre A, Solomon AW, Bailey R, Foster A, Mabey D, West SK, 2005. Mass treatment and the effect on the load of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a trachoma-hyperendemic community. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46: 83–87.
-
6.
Nash SD, et al., 2020. Ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection and infectious load among pre-school aged children within trachoma hyperendemic districts receiving the SAFE strategy, Amhara region, Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14: e0008226.
-
7.
Solomon AW, et al., 2003. Strategies for control of trachoma: Observational study with quantitative PCR. Lancet 362: 198–204.
-
8.
Burton MJ, et al., 2003. Which members of a community need antibiotics to control trachoma? Conjunctival Chlamydia trachomatis infection load in Gambian villages. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44: 4215–4222.
-
9.
Bobo LD, Novak N, Munoz B, Hsieh YH, Quinn TC, West S, 1997. Severe disease in children with trachoma is associated with persistent Chlamydia trachomatis infection. J Infect Dis 176: 1524–1530.
-
10.
Ramadhani AM, Derrick T, Holland MJ, Burton MJ, 2016. Blinding trachoma: Systematic review of rates and risk factors for progressive disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004859.
-
11.
West SK, Munoz B, Mkocha H, Hsieh YH, Lynch MC, 2001. Progression of active trachoma to scarring in a cohort of Tanzanian children. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 8: 137–144.
-
12.
Ramadhani AM, et al., 2019. Progression of scarring trachoma in Tanzanian children: A four-year cohort study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13: e0007638.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1886 | 1886 | 109 |
| Full Text Views | 115 | 115 | 13 |
| PDF Downloads | 98 | 98 | 9 |