ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2022. Guideline on Control and Elimination of Human Schistosomiasis. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
2.
Nmorsi OP, Ukwandu NC, Ogoinja S, Blackie HO, Odike MA, 2007. Urinary tract pathology in Schistosoma haematobium infected rural Nigerians. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 38: 32–37.
-
3.
Webster BL, et al., 2012. Genetic diversity within Schistosoma haematobium: DNA barcoding reveals two distinct groups. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1882.
-
4.
Chitsulo L, Engels D, Montresor A, Savioli L, 2000. The global status of schistosomiasis and its control. Acta Trop 77: 41–51.
-
5.
Kincaid-Smith J, et al., 2021. Morphological and genomic characterisation of the Schistosoma hybrid infecting humans in Europe reveals admixture between Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma bovis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15: e0010062.
-
6.
Kokaliaris C, et al., 2022. Effect of preventive chemotherapy with praziquantel on schistosomiasis among school-aged children in sub-Saharan Africa: A spatiotemporal modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis 22: 136–149.
-
7.
Hotez PJ, Kamath A, 2009. Neglected tropical diseases in sub-saharan Africa: Review of their prevalence, distribution, and disease burden. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e412.
-
8.
Hotez PJ, Asojo OA, Adesina AM, 2012. Nigeria: “Ground zero” for the high prevalence neglected tropical diseases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1600.
-
9.
Umoh NO, Nwamini CF, Inyang NJ, Umo AN, Usanga VU, Nworie A, Elom MO, Ukwah BN, 2020. Prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis amongst primary school children in Ikwo and Ohaukwu communities of Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Afr J Lab Med 9: 812.
-
10.
Mazigo HD, Uisso C, Kazyoba P, Nshala A, Mwingira UJ, 2021. Prevalence, infection intensity and geographical distribution of schistosomiasis among pre-school and school-aged children in villages surrounding Lake Nyasa, Tanzania. Sci Rep 11: 295.
-
11.
Mogaji HO, Omitola OO, Bayegun AA, Ekpo UF, Taylor-Robinson AW, 2023. Livestock reservoir hosts: An obscured threat to control of human schistosomiasis in Nigeria. Zoonotic Dis 3: 52–67.
-
12.
Lawton SP, Hirai H, Ironside JE, Johnston DA, Rollinson D, 2011. Genomes and geography: Genomic insights into the evolution and phylogeography of the genus Schistosoma. Parasit Vectors 4: 131.
-
13.
Akinwale O, Akpunonu V, Ajayi MB, Akande DO, Adeleke M, Gyang PV, Adebayo MO, Dike AA, 2011. Urinary schistosomiasis transmission in Epe, an urban community of Southwest Nigeria. Trop Parasitol 1: 99–103.
-
14.
Lodh N, Naples JM, Bosompem KM, Quartey J, Shiff CJ, 2014. Detection of parasite-specific DNA in urine sediment obtained by filtration differentiates between single and mixed infections of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium from endemic areas in Ghana. PLoS One 9: e91144.
-
15.
Arene FO, Ukpeibo ET, Nwanze EA, 1989. Studies on schistosomiasis in the Niger Delta: Schistosoma intercalatum in the urban city of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Public Health 103: 295–301.
-
16.
Pagès JR, Durand P, Southgate VR, TchuemTchuenté LA, Jourdane J, 2001. Molecular arguments for splitting of Schistosoma intercalatum, into two distinct species. Parasitol Res 87: 57–62.
-
17.
Moné H, Minguez S, Ibikounlé M, Allienne JF, Massougbodji A, Mouahid G, 2012. Natural interactions between S. haematobium and S. guineensis in the Republic of Benin. ScientificWorldJournal 2012: 793420.
-
18.
Ezeh C, Yin M, Li H, Zhang T, Xu B, Sacko M, Feng Z, Hu W, 2015. High genetic variability of Schistosoma haematobium in Mali and Nigeria. Korean J Parasitol 53: 129–134.
-
19.
Quan J-H, Choi I-W, Ismail HAHA, Mohamed AS, Jeong H-G, Lee J-S, Sung-Tae Hong S-T, Yong T-S, Cha G-H, Lee Y-H, 2015. Genetic diversity of Schistosoma haematobium eggs isolated from human urine in Sudan. Korean J Parasitol 53: 271–277.
-
20.
Le Govic Y, Kincaid-Smith J, Allienne J-F, Rey O, de Gentile L, Boissier J, 2019. Schistosoma haematobium-Schistosoma mansoni hybrid parasite in migrant boy, France, 2017. Emerg Infect Dis 25: 365–367.
-
21.
Jourdane J, Southgate VR, 1992. Genetic exchanges and sexual interactions between species of the genus Schistosoma. Res Rev Parasitol 52: 21–26.
-
22.
Angora EK, et al., 2022. Population genetic structure of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma haematobium × Schistosoma bovis hybrids among school-aged children in Côte d’Ivoire. Parasite 29: 23.
-
23.
Teukeng FFD, Blin M, Bech N, Gomez MR, Zein-Eddine R, Simo AMK, Allienne J-F, Tchuem-Tchuenté LA, Boissier J, 2022. Hybridization increases genetic diversity in Schistosoma haematobium populations infecting humans in Cameroon. Infect Dis Poverty 11: 37.
-
24.
Pennance T, Allan F, Emery A, Rabone M, Cable J, Amadou Djirmay Garba AD, Hamidou AA, Webster JP, Rollinson D, Webster BL, 2020. Interactions between Schistosoma haematobium group species and their Bulinus spp. intermediate hosts along the Niger River Valley. Parasit Vectors 13: 268.
-
25.
Tian-Bi YNT, et al., 2019. Molecular characterization and distribution of Schistosoma cercariae collected from naturally infected bulinid snails in northern and central Côte d’Ivoire. Parasit Vectors 12: 117.
-
26.
Nwabueze AA, Opara KN, 2007. Outbreak of urinary schistosomiasis among school children in riverine communities of Delta State, Nigeria: Impact of road and bridge construction. J Med Sci 7: 572–578.
-
27.
Ekwunife C, Agbor VO, Ozumba AN, Eneanya CI, Ukaga C, 2009. Prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in Iyede-Ame community and environ in Ndokwa East Local Government Area, Delta State, Nigeria. Niger J Parasitol 30: 10–43.
-
28.
Ito EE, Egwunyenga AO, 2015. Schistosomiasis: The aftermath of 2012 floods in Delta State, Southern Nigeria. Int Med J 22: 218–223.
-
29.
Ito EE, 2019. Hyper-endemicity of urinary schistosomiasis in two communities in lower Niger Delta, southern Nigeria. Niger J Parasitol 40: 76–81.
-
30.
Doehring E, Vester U, Ehrich JHH, Feldmeier H, 1985. Circadian variation of ova excretion, proteinuria, hematuria, and leukocyturia in urinary schistosomiasis. Kidney Int 27: 667–671.
-
31.
World Health Organization, 1991. Basic Laboratory Methods in Medical Parasitology. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
32.
Cheesbrough M, 2010. District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries, 2nd edition. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
-
33.
Ndukwe YE, Obiezue RNN, Aguzie ION, Anunobi JT, Okafor FC, 2019. Mapping of urinary schistosomiasis in Anambra State, Nigeria. Ann Glob Health 85: 52.
-
34.
Sady H, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Webster BL, Ngui R, Atroosh WM, Al-Delaimy AK, Nasr NA, Chua KH, Lim YAL, Surin J, 2015. New insights into the genetic diversity of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobiumin Yemen. Parasit Vectors 8: 544.
-
35.
Webster BL, Rollinson D, Stothard JR, Huyse T, 2010. Rapid diagnostic multiplex PCR (RD-PCR) to discriminate Schistosoma haematobium and S. bovis. J Helminthol 84: 107–114.
-
36.
Saitou N, Nei M, 1987. The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol 4: 406–425.
-
37.
Felsenstein J, 1985. Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39: 783–791.
-
38.
Jukes TH, Cantor CR, 1969. Evolution of protein molecules. Munro HN Mammalian Protein Metabolism. New York, NY: Academic Press, 21–132.
-
39.
Tamura K, Stecher G, Kumar S, 2021. MEGA11: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 11. Mol Biol Evol 38: 3022–3027.
-
40.
Djuikwo-Teukeng FF, Kouam Simo A, Allienne JF, Rey O, Ngapagna AN, Tchuem-Tchuente LA, Boissier J, 2019. Population genetic structure of Schistosoma bovis in Cameroon. Parasit Vectors 12: 56.
-
41.
The Carter Center, 2005. Delta State, Nigeria, launches schistosomiasis program. Eye Eagle 6: 11.
-
42.
Chisango TJ, Ndlovu B, Vengesai A, Nhidza AF, Sibanda EP, Zhou D, Mutapi F, Mduluza T, 2019. Benefits of annual chemotherapeutic control of schistosomiasis on the development of protective immunity. BMC Infect Dis 19: 219.
-
43.
Senghor B, Diaw OT, Doucoure S, Seye M, Diallo A, Talla I, Bâ CT, Sokhna C, 2016. Impact of annual praziquantel treatment on urogenital schistosomiasis in a seasonal transmission focus in Central Senegal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004557.
-
44.
Onyekwere AM, Rey O, Allienne JF, Nwanchor MC, Alo M, Uwa C, Boissier J, 2022. Population genetic structure and hybridization of Schistosoma haematobium in Nigeria. Pathogens 11: 425.
-
45.
Angora EK, et al., 2020. High prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium × Schistosoma bovis hybrids in schoolchildren in Côte d’Ivoire. Parasitology 147: 287–294.
-
46.
Boissier J, et al., 2016. Outbreak of urogenital schistosomiasis in Corsica (France): An epidemiological case study. Lancet Infect Dis 16: 971–979.
-
47.
Kamuanga MJB, Somda J, Sanon Y, Kagoné H, 2008. Livestock and Regional Market in the Sahel and West Africa. Potentials and Challenges. Moulineaux, France: SWAC-OECD/ECOWAS.
-
48.
Gambo B, 2020. A review on patterns and challenges of cattle trade corridors in Nigeria. Sokoto J Soc Sci 10: 38–58.
-
49.
Motta P, Porphyre T, Handel I, Hamman SM, Ngu Ngwa V, Tanya V, Morgan K, Christley R, Bronsvoort BM, 2017. Implications of the cattle trade network in Cameroon for regional disease prevention and control. Sci Rep 7: 43932.
-
50.
Bang H, Miles L, Gordon R, 2017. The irony of flood risks in African dryland environments: Human security in North Cameroon. World J Eng Technol 5: 109–121.
-
51.
Robert CF, Bouvier S, Rougemont A, 1989. Epidemiology of schistosomiasis in the riverine population of Lagdo Lake, northern Cameroon: Mixed infections and ethnic factors. Trop Med Parasitol 40: 153–158.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 3077 | 3077 | 130 |
| Full Text Views | 105 | 105 | 16 |
| PDF Downloads | 83 | 83 | 12 |
Human Schistosomiasis due to Schistosoma bovis in Nigeria
Antonia Omenebele Enudi
ebelenudi@hotmail.com
Antonia Omenebele Enudi
Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Asaba, Nigeria;
Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
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Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
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Onyebiguwa Patrick Goddey Nmorsi
Onyebiguwa Patrick Goddey Nmorsi
Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
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Andy Ogochukwu Egwunyenga
Andy Ogochukwu Egwunyenga
Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
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ABSTRACT.
Schistosomiasis is a global public health challenge, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, where Nigeria has the highest burden of disease. Schistosoma hybrids have been discovered in various countries, including Nigeria, where livestock and human beings share common water resources. This study, carried out in three communities, two of which are endemic for urinary schistosomiasis, aimed to identify the urinary schistosomiasis causative agent by using a species-specific molecular technique and their evolutionary relationship. Polymerase chain reaction using primers specific for a partial DNA sequence of the mitochondrial cox1 gene of Schistosoma haematobium was carried out on pooled urine sediments preserved in 70% ethanol. DNA from the high-intensity pooled samples from Onye-Uku camp amplified, and a BLAST search identified the pooled samples as Schistosoma bovis, whereas S. haematobium DNA did not amplify. The phylogenetic relationship of the sequence showed that it clustered with an S. bovis hybrid obtained from a human host in Côte d’Ivoire and had close ancestry with isolates from cattle in Cameroon. This finding revealed the prevalence of S. bovis among some inhabitants in a zone in Nigeria where schistosomiasis is endemic.
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 73.715 KB)
Author Notes
Financial support: The study is part of self-funded Ph.D. research on schistosomiasis in
Disclosure: Ethical approval to carry out this study was given by the Delta State University Ethical Review Committee (REC/FOS/17/02) and the Delta State Ministry of Health Research Ethics Committee of the (HM/596/T2/143).
Current contact information: Antonia Omenebele Enudi, Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Asaba, Nigeria, and Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria, E-mail: ebelenudi@hotmail.com. Onyebiguwa Patrick Goddey Nmorsi and Andy Ogochukwu Egwunyenga, Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria, E-mails: opgnmorsi@delsu.edu.ng and vc@delsu.edu.ng.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization, 2022. Guideline on Control and Elimination of Human Schistosomiasis. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
2.
Nmorsi OP, Ukwandu NC, Ogoinja S, Blackie HO, Odike MA, 2007. Urinary tract pathology in Schistosoma haematobium infected rural Nigerians. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 38: 32–37.
-
3.
Webster BL, et al., 2012. Genetic diversity within Schistosoma haematobium: DNA barcoding reveals two distinct groups. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1882.
-
4.
Chitsulo L, Engels D, Montresor A, Savioli L, 2000. The global status of schistosomiasis and its control. Acta Trop 77: 41–51.
-
5.
Kincaid-Smith J, et al., 2021. Morphological and genomic characterisation of the Schistosoma hybrid infecting humans in Europe reveals admixture between Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma bovis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15: e0010062.
-
6.
Kokaliaris C, et al., 2022. Effect of preventive chemotherapy with praziquantel on schistosomiasis among school-aged children in sub-Saharan Africa: A spatiotemporal modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis 22: 136–149.
-
7.
Hotez PJ, Kamath A, 2009. Neglected tropical diseases in sub-saharan Africa: Review of their prevalence, distribution, and disease burden. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e412.
-
8.
Hotez PJ, Asojo OA, Adesina AM, 2012. Nigeria: “Ground zero” for the high prevalence neglected tropical diseases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1600.
-
9.
Umoh NO, Nwamini CF, Inyang NJ, Umo AN, Usanga VU, Nworie A, Elom MO, Ukwah BN, 2020. Prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis amongst primary school children in Ikwo and Ohaukwu communities of Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Afr J Lab Med 9: 812.
-
10.
Mazigo HD, Uisso C, Kazyoba P, Nshala A, Mwingira UJ, 2021. Prevalence, infection intensity and geographical distribution of schistosomiasis among pre-school and school-aged children in villages surrounding Lake Nyasa, Tanzania. Sci Rep 11: 295.
-
11.
Mogaji HO, Omitola OO, Bayegun AA, Ekpo UF, Taylor-Robinson AW, 2023. Livestock reservoir hosts: An obscured threat to control of human schistosomiasis in Nigeria. Zoonotic Dis 3: 52–67.
-
12.
Lawton SP, Hirai H, Ironside JE, Johnston DA, Rollinson D, 2011. Genomes and geography: Genomic insights into the evolution and phylogeography of the genus Schistosoma. Parasit Vectors 4: 131.
-
13.
Akinwale O, Akpunonu V, Ajayi MB, Akande DO, Adeleke M, Gyang PV, Adebayo MO, Dike AA, 2011. Urinary schistosomiasis transmission in Epe, an urban community of Southwest Nigeria. Trop Parasitol 1: 99–103.
-
14.
Lodh N, Naples JM, Bosompem KM, Quartey J, Shiff CJ, 2014. Detection of parasite-specific DNA in urine sediment obtained by filtration differentiates between single and mixed infections of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium from endemic areas in Ghana. PLoS One 9: e91144.
-
15.
Arene FO, Ukpeibo ET, Nwanze EA, 1989. Studies on schistosomiasis in the Niger Delta: Schistosoma intercalatum in the urban city of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Public Health 103: 295–301.
-
16.
Pagès JR, Durand P, Southgate VR, TchuemTchuenté LA, Jourdane J, 2001. Molecular arguments for splitting of Schistosoma intercalatum, into two distinct species. Parasitol Res 87: 57–62.
-
17.
Moné H, Minguez S, Ibikounlé M, Allienne JF, Massougbodji A, Mouahid G, 2012. Natural interactions between S. haematobium and S. guineensis in the Republic of Benin. ScientificWorldJournal 2012: 793420.
-
18.
Ezeh C, Yin M, Li H, Zhang T, Xu B, Sacko M, Feng Z, Hu W, 2015. High genetic variability of Schistosoma haematobium in Mali and Nigeria. Korean J Parasitol 53: 129–134.
-
19.
Quan J-H, Choi I-W, Ismail HAHA, Mohamed AS, Jeong H-G, Lee J-S, Sung-Tae Hong S-T, Yong T-S, Cha G-H, Lee Y-H, 2015. Genetic diversity of Schistosoma haematobium eggs isolated from human urine in Sudan. Korean J Parasitol 53: 271–277.
-
20.
Le Govic Y, Kincaid-Smith J, Allienne J-F, Rey O, de Gentile L, Boissier J, 2019. Schistosoma haematobium-Schistosoma mansoni hybrid parasite in migrant boy, France, 2017. Emerg Infect Dis 25: 365–367.
-
21.
Jourdane J, Southgate VR, 1992. Genetic exchanges and sexual interactions between species of the genus Schistosoma. Res Rev Parasitol 52: 21–26.
-
22.
Angora EK, et al., 2022. Population genetic structure of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma haematobium × Schistosoma bovis hybrids among school-aged children in Côte d’Ivoire. Parasite 29: 23.
-
23.
Teukeng FFD, Blin M, Bech N, Gomez MR, Zein-Eddine R, Simo AMK, Allienne J-F, Tchuem-Tchuenté LA, Boissier J, 2022. Hybridization increases genetic diversity in Schistosoma haematobium populations infecting humans in Cameroon. Infect Dis Poverty 11: 37.
-
24.
Pennance T, Allan F, Emery A, Rabone M, Cable J, Amadou Djirmay Garba AD, Hamidou AA, Webster JP, Rollinson D, Webster BL, 2020. Interactions between Schistosoma haematobium group species and their Bulinus spp. intermediate hosts along the Niger River Valley. Parasit Vectors 13: 268.
-
25.
Tian-Bi YNT, et al., 2019. Molecular characterization and distribution of Schistosoma cercariae collected from naturally infected bulinid snails in northern and central Côte d’Ivoire. Parasit Vectors 12: 117.
-
26.
Nwabueze AA, Opara KN, 2007. Outbreak of urinary schistosomiasis among school children in riverine communities of Delta State, Nigeria: Impact of road and bridge construction. J Med Sci 7: 572–578.
-
27.
Ekwunife C, Agbor VO, Ozumba AN, Eneanya CI, Ukaga C, 2009. Prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in Iyede-Ame community and environ in Ndokwa East Local Government Area, Delta State, Nigeria. Niger J Parasitol 30: 10–43.
-
28.
Ito EE, Egwunyenga AO, 2015. Schistosomiasis: The aftermath of 2012 floods in Delta State, Southern Nigeria. Int Med J 22: 218–223.
-
29.
Ito EE, 2019. Hyper-endemicity of urinary schistosomiasis in two communities in lower Niger Delta, southern Nigeria. Niger J Parasitol 40: 76–81.
-
30.
Doehring E, Vester U, Ehrich JHH, Feldmeier H, 1985. Circadian variation of ova excretion, proteinuria, hematuria, and leukocyturia in urinary schistosomiasis. Kidney Int 27: 667–671.
-
31.
World Health Organization, 1991. Basic Laboratory Methods in Medical Parasitology. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
32.
Cheesbrough M, 2010. District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries, 2nd edition. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
-
33.
Ndukwe YE, Obiezue RNN, Aguzie ION, Anunobi JT, Okafor FC, 2019. Mapping of urinary schistosomiasis in Anambra State, Nigeria. Ann Glob Health 85: 52.
-
34.
Sady H, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Webster BL, Ngui R, Atroosh WM, Al-Delaimy AK, Nasr NA, Chua KH, Lim YAL, Surin J, 2015. New insights into the genetic diversity of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobiumin Yemen. Parasit Vectors 8: 544.
-
35.
Webster BL, Rollinson D, Stothard JR, Huyse T, 2010. Rapid diagnostic multiplex PCR (RD-PCR) to discriminate Schistosoma haematobium and S. bovis. J Helminthol 84: 107–114.
-
36.
Saitou N, Nei M, 1987. The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol 4: 406–425.
-
37.
Felsenstein J, 1985. Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39: 783–791.
-
38.
Jukes TH, Cantor CR, 1969. Evolution of protein molecules. Munro HN Mammalian Protein Metabolism. New York, NY: Academic Press, 21–132.
-
39.
Tamura K, Stecher G, Kumar S, 2021. MEGA11: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 11. Mol Biol Evol 38: 3022–3027.
-
40.
Djuikwo-Teukeng FF, Kouam Simo A, Allienne JF, Rey O, Ngapagna AN, Tchuem-Tchuente LA, Boissier J, 2019. Population genetic structure of Schistosoma bovis in Cameroon. Parasit Vectors 12: 56.
-
41.
The Carter Center, 2005. Delta State, Nigeria, launches schistosomiasis program. Eye Eagle 6: 11.
-
42.
Chisango TJ, Ndlovu B, Vengesai A, Nhidza AF, Sibanda EP, Zhou D, Mutapi F, Mduluza T, 2019. Benefits of annual chemotherapeutic control of schistosomiasis on the development of protective immunity. BMC Infect Dis 19: 219.
-
43.
Senghor B, Diaw OT, Doucoure S, Seye M, Diallo A, Talla I, Bâ CT, Sokhna C, 2016. Impact of annual praziquantel treatment on urogenital schistosomiasis in a seasonal transmission focus in Central Senegal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004557.
-
44.
Onyekwere AM, Rey O, Allienne JF, Nwanchor MC, Alo M, Uwa C, Boissier J, 2022. Population genetic structure and hybridization of Schistosoma haematobium in Nigeria. Pathogens 11: 425.
-
45.
Angora EK, et al., 2020. High prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium × Schistosoma bovis hybrids in schoolchildren in Côte d’Ivoire. Parasitology 147: 287–294.
-
46.
Boissier J, et al., 2016. Outbreak of urogenital schistosomiasis in Corsica (France): An epidemiological case study. Lancet Infect Dis 16: 971–979.
-
47.
Kamuanga MJB, Somda J, Sanon Y, Kagoné H, 2008. Livestock and Regional Market in the Sahel and West Africa. Potentials and Challenges. Moulineaux, France: SWAC-OECD/ECOWAS.
-
48.
Gambo B, 2020. A review on patterns and challenges of cattle trade corridors in Nigeria. Sokoto J Soc Sci 10: 38–58.
-
49.
Motta P, Porphyre T, Handel I, Hamman SM, Ngu Ngwa V, Tanya V, Morgan K, Christley R, Bronsvoort BM, 2017. Implications of the cattle trade network in Cameroon for regional disease prevention and control. Sci Rep 7: 43932.
-
50.
Bang H, Miles L, Gordon R, 2017. The irony of flood risks in African dryland environments: Human security in North Cameroon. World J Eng Technol 5: 109–121.
-
51.
Robert CF, Bouvier S, Rougemont A, 1989. Epidemiology of schistosomiasis in the riverine population of Lagdo Lake, northern Cameroon: Mixed infections and ethnic factors. Trop Med Parasitol 40: 153–158.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 3077 | 3077 | 130 |
| Full Text Views | 105 | 105 | 16 |
| PDF Downloads | 83 | 83 | 12 |