ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Lukes J, et al., 2007. Evolutionary and geographical history of the Leishmania donovani complex with a revision of current taxonomy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 9375–9380.
-
2.
Offenbacher R, Rybinski B, Joseph T, Rahmani N, Boucher T, Weiser DA, 2020. An 8-year-old boy with fever, splenomegaly, and pancytopenia. Pediatrics 146: e20192372.
-
3.
Narvajas IM, et al., 2019. Acute liver failure due to visceral leishmaniasis in Barcelona: A case report. BMC Infect Dis 19: 874.
-
4.
Shamsian SA, Fata A, Alinezhad R, Mohebali M, Sadabadi F, Moghaddas E, Fakhar M, 2020. Clinical and laboratory findings of visceral leishmaniasis in children hospitalized in Mashhad, northeastern Iran: A twenty-year retrospective study. Iran J Parasitol 15: 495–499.
-
5.
Varma N, Naseem S, 2010. Hematologic changes in visceral leishmaniasis/kala azar. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 26: 78–82.
-
6.
Chang AY, Fuller DO, Carrasquillo O, Beier JC, 2014. Social justice, climate change, and dengue. Health Hum Rights 16: 93–104.
-
7.
Israël DK, Coulibaly AC, Beier JC, Muller CG, Doumbia S, 2021. Systematic review of visceral leishmaniasis in central Africa. AJMAH 19: 8–20.
-
8.
Israël DK, Gonnonta V, Coulibaly AC, Muller CG, Doumbia S, 2021. Retrospective study of visceral leishmaniasis in the health district of Léré in Chad, central Africa. Res Sq (preprint). Available at: https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-401673/v1. Accessed September 9, 2024.
-
9.
WHO, 1996. Manuel on Visceral Leishmaniasis Control. Division of Control of Tropical Diseases, Geneva. WHO/Leish/96.40.
-
10.
Khatun M, Alam SMS, Khan AH, Hossain MA, Haq JA, Jilani Md SA, Rahman MT, Karim MM, 2017. Novel PCR primers to diagnose visceral leishmaniasis using peripheral blood, spleen or bone marrow aspirates. Asian Pac J Trop Med 10: 753–759.
-
11.
Sirol J, Vedy J, Barabe P, Cesari C, Berger P, 1976. Kala-Azar in the Republic of Chad. 6 year survey at the Central Hospital of N’Djamena (Fort-Lamy). Bull Soc Pathol Exot 69: 232–237.
-
12.
Desjeux P, 1991. Information on the Epidemiology and Control of the Leishmaniases by Country or Territory. WHO/LEISH/91.30. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
13.
Dondji B, Dereure J, Poste B, Same-Ekobo A, Dedet JP, 2001. Visceral leishmaniasis in Cameroon. Seroepidemiologic survey in the Kousseri region, north Cameroon. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 94: 418–420.
-
14.
El Harith A, Mahamoud A, Awad M, Abass EM, El Agib A, Madi RR, Semiao-Santos SJ, Osman HA, 2019. Are we now well prepared for another major visceral leishmaniasis epidemic in Sudan? Open Forum Infect Dis 6: ofz226.
-
15.
Yared S, Deribe K, Gebreselassie A, Lemma W, Akililu E, Kirstein OD, Balkew M, Warburg A, Gebre-Michael T, Hailu A, 2014. Risk factors of visceral leishmaniasis: A case control study in north-western Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors 7: 470.
-
16.
Shiferaw Y, Wondimeneh Y, Wondifraw H, Ferede G, 2016. Trend Analysis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Metema Hospital Northwest, Ethiopia. Available at: https://sciforschenonline.org/journals/epidemiology-public-health/JEPHR-1-129.php. Accessed September 9, 2024.
-
17.
Chappuis F, Mueller Y, Nguimfack A, Rwakimari JB, Couffignal S, Boelaert M, Cavailler P, Loutan L, Piola P, 2005. Diagnostic accuracy of two rK39 antigen-based dipsticks and the formol gel test for rapid diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in northeastern Uganda. J Clin Microbiol 43: 5973–5977.
-
18.
Sundar S, Rai M, 2002. Laboratory diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 9: 951–958.
-
19.
Mansueto P, Seidita A, Vitale G, Cascio A, 2014. Transfusion transmitted leishmaniasis. What to do with blood donors from endemic areas? Travel Med Infect Dis 12: 617–627.
-
20.
França A, et al., 2018. Leishmania infection in blood donors: A new challenge in leishmaniasis transmission? PLoS One 13: e0198199.
-
21.
Baleela R, Llewellyn MS, Fitzpatrick S, Kuhls K, Schönian G, Miles MA, Mauricio IL, 2014. Leishmania donovani populations in eastern Sudan: Temporal structuring and a link between human and canine transmission. Parasit Vectors 7: 496.
-
22.
Abdullahi IN, Shuwa HA, Emeribe AU, Olayemi LO, Yunusa T, Ahmad AE, Musa PO, 2018. Serosurvey and factors associated with Leishmania donovani infection in febrile HIV infected individuals attending Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. Med J Zambia 45: 216–225.
-
23.
Tateng AN, Kirstein OD, Ngouateu OB, Krüger A, von Stebut E, Maurer M, Payne VK, Warburg A, Dondji B, 2018. First detection of Leishmania donovani in sand flies from Cameroon and its epidemiological implications. Trop Med Int Health 23: 1014–1021.
-
24.
Tedla GD, Bariagabr FH, Abreha HH, 2018. Incidence and trends of leishmaniasis and its risk factors in Humera, western Tigray. J Parasitol Res 2018: 8463097.
-
25.
Burza S, Sinha PK, Mahajan R, Lima MA, Mitra G, Verma N, Balasegarem M, Das P, 2014. Five-year field results and long-term effectiveness of 20 mg/kg liposomal amphotericin B (Ambisome) for visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, India. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e2603.
-
26.
Cloots K, et al., 2020. Male predominance in reported visceral leishmaniasis cases: Nature or nurture? A comparison of population-based with health facility-reported data. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14: e0007995.
-
27.
Kumar R, Kumari S, Prakash J, Kumar R, 2015. Atypical presentations of visceral leishmaniasis: A case series and review of literature. Trop J Med Res 18: 109.
-
28.
Singh Y, Singh P, Joshi SC, Khalil M, 2014. Atypical presentation of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) from non-endemic area. WHO South East Asia J Public Health 3: 69–71.
-
29.
Lewis MD, Paun A, Romano A, Langston H, Langner CA, Moore IN, Bock KW, Francisco AF, Brenchley JM, Sacks DL, 2020. Fatal progression of experimental visceral leishmaniasis is associated with intestinal parasitism and secondary infection by commensal bacteria, and is delayed by antibiotic prophylaxis. PLoS Pathog 16: e1008456.
-
30.
Aschale Y, Ayehu A, Worku L, Tesfa H, Birhanie M, Lemma W, 2019. Malaria–Visceral Leishmaniasis co-infection and associated factors among migrant laborers in West Armachiho district, North West Ethiopia: Community based cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 19: 239.
-
31.
van Griensven J, Carrillo E, López-Vélez R, Lynen L, Moreno J, 2014. Leishmaniasis in immunosuppressed individuals. Clin Microbiol Infect 20: 286–299.
-
32.
van Griensven J, Mohammed R, Ritmeijer K, Burza S, Diro E, 2018. Tuberculosis in visceral leishmaniasis–human immunodeficiency virus coinfection: An evidence gap in improving patient outcomes? Open Forum Infect Dis 5: ofy059.
-
33.
Coulborn RM, et al., 2018. Barriers to access to visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis and care among seasonal mobile workers in western Tigray, northern Ethiopia: A qualitative study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12: e0006778.
-
34.
Sunyoto T, et al., 2018. Kala-azar is a dishonest disease: Community perspectives on access barriers to visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) diagnosis and care in southern Gadarif, Sudan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 98: 1091–1101.
-
35.
Madalosso G, Fortaleza CM, Ribeiro AF, Cruz LL, Nogueira PA, Lindoso JAL, 2012. American visceral leishmaniasis: Factors associated with lethality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. J Trop Med 2012: 281572.
-
36.
Driemeier M, de Oliveira PA, Druzian AF, Lopes Brum LF, Pontes ERJC, Dorval MEC, Paniago AMM, 2015. Late diagnosis: A factor associated with death from visceral leishmaniasis in elderly patients. Pathog Glob Health 109: 283–289.
-
37.
Yeshaw Y, Tsegaye AT, Nigatu SG, 2020. Incidence of mortality and its predictors among adult visceral leishmaniasis patients at the University of Gondar Hospital: A retrospective cohort study. Infect Drug Resist 13: 881–891.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1851 | 1851 | 60 |
| Full Text Views | 67 | 67 | 6 |
| PDF Downloads | 78 | 78 | 7 |
Demographic and Clinical Features of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Chad: A Prospective Cross-Sectional Survey
Demba Kodindo Israël
Demba Kodindo Israël
National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Public Health, N’Djaména, Chad;
Search for other papers by Demba Kodindo Israël in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Demba Kodindo Israël in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Cheick Amadou Coulibaly
Cheick Amadou Coulibaly
Leishmaniasis Unit, International Center for Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali), Faculty of Medicine and Odonto-Stomatology, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali;
Search for other papers by Cheick Amadou Coulibaly in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Cheick Amadou Coulibaly in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Vourchakbé Joël
Vourchakbé Joël
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technique, University of Doba, Doba, Chad;
Search for other papers by Vourchakbé Joël in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Vourchakbé Joël in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Betrand Fesuh Nono
Betrand Fesuh Nono
Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Information Systems, Department of Mathematics, National Advanced School of Engineering of Yaoundé, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon;
Search for other papers by Betrand Fesuh Nono in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Betrand Fesuh Nono in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Gonnonta Vincent
Gonnonta Vincent
Laboratory Service, Léré District Hospital, Provincial Health Delegation of Mayo Kebbi-Est, Léré, Chad;
Search for other papers by Gonnonta Vincent in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Gonnonta Vincent in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Shaden Kamhawi
Shaden Kamhawi
Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
Search for other papers by Shaden Kamhawi in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Shaden Kamhawi in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Seydou Doumbia
sdoumbi@gmail.com
Seydou Doumbia
Leishmaniasis Unit, International Center for Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali), Faculty of Medicine and Odonto-Stomatology, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali;
Search for other papers by Seydou Doumbia in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Seydou Doumbia in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
ABSTRACT.
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by the protozoan Leishmania donovani complex, is endemic in many parts of the world. Little known in Chad, VL has been recently documented from previously nonendemic areas. We report an epidemiological investigation of VL in the Léré district hospital in southwestern Chad. After informed consent, 40 VL patients were enrolled in the study. Diagnosis made using the formalin serological test was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction on blood samples. Clinical parameters were obtained from the physician or nurse caregiver, and from patients. Of a total of 40 serology positive patients, L. donovani DNA was found in 33 (82.5%), with 55% being male patients. The most affected age groups were 15–29 (47.5%) and 0–14 (32.5%) years. Fever, weight loss, and pallor were frequent symptoms. Notably, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly were uncommon clinical signs. Common comorbidities included malaria (25%) and hepatitis B (15%), followed by gastric ulcer (10%) and tuberculosis (7.5%). These comorbidities were concurrent with VL and were diagnosed microscopically in blood and serum for malaria and tuberculosis, respectively, and by the rapid diagnostic test using serum for hepatitis B and gastric ulcer. Thirty-five percent of cases were treated with meglumine antimoniate, and three patients (7.5%), all with comorbidities, died. Sixty percent of patients lived close to the main town. Our data demonstrate that VL is endemic in the health district of Léré. Improving health education regarding L. donovani infection in endemic areas of Chad and providing training of health workers on early detection and management of VL are needed to help save lives.
Author Notes
Financial support: The study was funded by
Disclosures: The present study received ethical clearance from the National Bioethics Committee of Chad (N°173/PR/MESRI/SG/CNBT/2019 of September 19, 2019), and an administrative authorization from the General Directorate of the Ministry of Public Health (N°3695/PR/MSP/DG/DRHF/SDF/SFC/19). Letters of support were also obtained from the Provincial Health Delegation of Mayo Kebbi West and the Health District of Léré. Informed in the language best understood about the clinical and epidemiological aspects of the disease, all patients or caregivers visiting the Léré district hospital who accepted to participate in the study signed an informed consent form before data collection and received the results of their examination. All analyzed data were anonymized.
Current contact information: Demba Kodindo Israël, National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Public Health, N’Djaména, Chad, E-mail: iskodindo@yahoo.fr. Cheick Amadou Coulibaly and Seydou Doumbia, Leishmaniasis Unit, International Center for Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali), Faculty of Medicine and Odonto-Stomatology, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali, E-mails: lasky2008@gmail.com and sdoumbi@gmail.com. Vourchakbé Joël, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technique, University of Doba, Doba, Chad, E-mail: vourchakbejoel@gmail.com. Betrand Fesuh Nono, Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Information Systems, Department of Mathematics, National Advanced School of Engineering of Yaoundé, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroun, E-mail: fesuhbe@yahoo.co.uk. Gonnonta Vincent, Laboratory Service, Léré District Hospital, Provincial Health Delegation of Mayo Kebbi-Est, Léré, Chad, E-mail: vincentsahoulba@gmail.com. Shaden Kamhawi, Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, E-mail: skamhawi@niaid.nih.gov.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Lukes J, et al., 2007. Evolutionary and geographical history of the Leishmania donovani complex with a revision of current taxonomy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 9375–9380.
-
2.
Offenbacher R, Rybinski B, Joseph T, Rahmani N, Boucher T, Weiser DA, 2020. An 8-year-old boy with fever, splenomegaly, and pancytopenia. Pediatrics 146: e20192372.
-
3.
Narvajas IM, et al., 2019. Acute liver failure due to visceral leishmaniasis in Barcelona: A case report. BMC Infect Dis 19: 874.
-
4.
Shamsian SA, Fata A, Alinezhad R, Mohebali M, Sadabadi F, Moghaddas E, Fakhar M, 2020. Clinical and laboratory findings of visceral leishmaniasis in children hospitalized in Mashhad, northeastern Iran: A twenty-year retrospective study. Iran J Parasitol 15: 495–499.
-
5.
Varma N, Naseem S, 2010. Hematologic changes in visceral leishmaniasis/kala azar. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 26: 78–82.
-
6.
Chang AY, Fuller DO, Carrasquillo O, Beier JC, 2014. Social justice, climate change, and dengue. Health Hum Rights 16: 93–104.
-
7.
Israël DK, Coulibaly AC, Beier JC, Muller CG, Doumbia S, 2021. Systematic review of visceral leishmaniasis in central Africa. AJMAH 19: 8–20.
-
8.
Israël DK, Gonnonta V, Coulibaly AC, Muller CG, Doumbia S, 2021. Retrospective study of visceral leishmaniasis in the health district of Léré in Chad, central Africa. Res Sq (preprint). Available at: https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-401673/v1. Accessed September 9, 2024.
-
9.
WHO, 1996. Manuel on Visceral Leishmaniasis Control. Division of Control of Tropical Diseases, Geneva. WHO/Leish/96.40.
-
10.
Khatun M, Alam SMS, Khan AH, Hossain MA, Haq JA, Jilani Md SA, Rahman MT, Karim MM, 2017. Novel PCR primers to diagnose visceral leishmaniasis using peripheral blood, spleen or bone marrow aspirates. Asian Pac J Trop Med 10: 753–759.
-
11.
Sirol J, Vedy J, Barabe P, Cesari C, Berger P, 1976. Kala-Azar in the Republic of Chad. 6 year survey at the Central Hospital of N’Djamena (Fort-Lamy). Bull Soc Pathol Exot 69: 232–237.
-
12.
Desjeux P, 1991. Information on the Epidemiology and Control of the Leishmaniases by Country or Territory. WHO/LEISH/91.30. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
13.
Dondji B, Dereure J, Poste B, Same-Ekobo A, Dedet JP, 2001. Visceral leishmaniasis in Cameroon. Seroepidemiologic survey in the Kousseri region, north Cameroon. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 94: 418–420.
-
14.
El Harith A, Mahamoud A, Awad M, Abass EM, El Agib A, Madi RR, Semiao-Santos SJ, Osman HA, 2019. Are we now well prepared for another major visceral leishmaniasis epidemic in Sudan? Open Forum Infect Dis 6: ofz226.
-
15.
Yared S, Deribe K, Gebreselassie A, Lemma W, Akililu E, Kirstein OD, Balkew M, Warburg A, Gebre-Michael T, Hailu A, 2014. Risk factors of visceral leishmaniasis: A case control study in north-western Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors 7: 470.
-
16.
Shiferaw Y, Wondimeneh Y, Wondifraw H, Ferede G, 2016. Trend Analysis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Metema Hospital Northwest, Ethiopia. Available at: https://sciforschenonline.org/journals/epidemiology-public-health/JEPHR-1-129.php. Accessed September 9, 2024.
-
17.
Chappuis F, Mueller Y, Nguimfack A, Rwakimari JB, Couffignal S, Boelaert M, Cavailler P, Loutan L, Piola P, 2005. Diagnostic accuracy of two rK39 antigen-based dipsticks and the formol gel test for rapid diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in northeastern Uganda. J Clin Microbiol 43: 5973–5977.
-
18.
Sundar S, Rai M, 2002. Laboratory diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 9: 951–958.
-
19.
Mansueto P, Seidita A, Vitale G, Cascio A, 2014. Transfusion transmitted leishmaniasis. What to do with blood donors from endemic areas? Travel Med Infect Dis 12: 617–627.
-
20.
França A, et al., 2018. Leishmania infection in blood donors: A new challenge in leishmaniasis transmission? PLoS One 13: e0198199.
-
21.
Baleela R, Llewellyn MS, Fitzpatrick S, Kuhls K, Schönian G, Miles MA, Mauricio IL, 2014. Leishmania donovani populations in eastern Sudan: Temporal structuring and a link between human and canine transmission. Parasit Vectors 7: 496.
-
22.
Abdullahi IN, Shuwa HA, Emeribe AU, Olayemi LO, Yunusa T, Ahmad AE, Musa PO, 2018. Serosurvey and factors associated with Leishmania donovani infection in febrile HIV infected individuals attending Abuja Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. Med J Zambia 45: 216–225.
-
23.
Tateng AN, Kirstein OD, Ngouateu OB, Krüger A, von Stebut E, Maurer M, Payne VK, Warburg A, Dondji B, 2018. First detection of Leishmania donovani in sand flies from Cameroon and its epidemiological implications. Trop Med Int Health 23: 1014–1021.
-
24.
Tedla GD, Bariagabr FH, Abreha HH, 2018. Incidence and trends of leishmaniasis and its risk factors in Humera, western Tigray. J Parasitol Res 2018: 8463097.
-
25.
Burza S, Sinha PK, Mahajan R, Lima MA, Mitra G, Verma N, Balasegarem M, Das P, 2014. Five-year field results and long-term effectiveness of 20 mg/kg liposomal amphotericin B (Ambisome) for visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, India. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e2603.
-
26.
Cloots K, et al., 2020. Male predominance in reported visceral leishmaniasis cases: Nature or nurture? A comparison of population-based with health facility-reported data. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14: e0007995.
-
27.
Kumar R, Kumari S, Prakash J, Kumar R, 2015. Atypical presentations of visceral leishmaniasis: A case series and review of literature. Trop J Med Res 18: 109.
-
28.
Singh Y, Singh P, Joshi SC, Khalil M, 2014. Atypical presentation of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) from non-endemic area. WHO South East Asia J Public Health 3: 69–71.
-
29.
Lewis MD, Paun A, Romano A, Langston H, Langner CA, Moore IN, Bock KW, Francisco AF, Brenchley JM, Sacks DL, 2020. Fatal progression of experimental visceral leishmaniasis is associated with intestinal parasitism and secondary infection by commensal bacteria, and is delayed by antibiotic prophylaxis. PLoS Pathog 16: e1008456.
-
30.
Aschale Y, Ayehu A, Worku L, Tesfa H, Birhanie M, Lemma W, 2019. Malaria–Visceral Leishmaniasis co-infection and associated factors among migrant laborers in West Armachiho district, North West Ethiopia: Community based cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 19: 239.
-
31.
van Griensven J, Carrillo E, López-Vélez R, Lynen L, Moreno J, 2014. Leishmaniasis in immunosuppressed individuals. Clin Microbiol Infect 20: 286–299.
-
32.
van Griensven J, Mohammed R, Ritmeijer K, Burza S, Diro E, 2018. Tuberculosis in visceral leishmaniasis–human immunodeficiency virus coinfection: An evidence gap in improving patient outcomes? Open Forum Infect Dis 5: ofy059.
-
33.
Coulborn RM, et al., 2018. Barriers to access to visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis and care among seasonal mobile workers in western Tigray, northern Ethiopia: A qualitative study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12: e0006778.
-
34.
Sunyoto T, et al., 2018. Kala-azar is a dishonest disease: Community perspectives on access barriers to visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) diagnosis and care in southern Gadarif, Sudan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 98: 1091–1101.
-
35.
Madalosso G, Fortaleza CM, Ribeiro AF, Cruz LL, Nogueira PA, Lindoso JAL, 2012. American visceral leishmaniasis: Factors associated with lethality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. J Trop Med 2012: 281572.
-
36.
Driemeier M, de Oliveira PA, Druzian AF, Lopes Brum LF, Pontes ERJC, Dorval MEC, Paniago AMM, 2015. Late diagnosis: A factor associated with death from visceral leishmaniasis in elderly patients. Pathog Glob Health 109: 283–289.
-
37.
Yeshaw Y, Tsegaye AT, Nigatu SG, 2020. Incidence of mortality and its predictors among adult visceral leishmaniasis patients at the University of Gondar Hospital: A retrospective cohort study. Infect Drug Resist 13: 881–891.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1851 | 1851 | 60 |
| Full Text Views | 67 | 67 | 6 |
| PDF Downloads | 78 | 78 | 7 |