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1.
World Health Organization , 2021. VL Elimination: India Gears-Up to Overcome Last Mile Challenges. Available at: https://www.who.int/news/item/29-07-2021-visceral-leishmaniasis-elimination-india-gears-up-to-overcome-last-mile-challenges. Accessed December 28, 2023.
-
2.
Gill N , Pandey D , Roy N , Dhingra N , Jain S , 2021. Kala-azar in India – progress and challenges towards its elimination as a public health problem. WHO Weekly Epidemiol Rec 26: 267–279.
-
3.
Ghosh P , Roy P , Chaudhuri SJ , Das NK , 2021. Epidemiology of post-Kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. Indian J Paediatr Dermatol 66: 12–23.
-
4.
Dhamnetiya D , Jha RP , Shalini, Bhattacharyya K , 2021. India’s performance in controlling visceral leishmaniasis as compared to Brazil over the past three decades: Findings from global burden of disease study. J Parasit Dis 45: 877–886.
-
5.
Patil R , Muliyil J , Nandy A , Addy M , Maji A , Chatterjee P , 2013. Immuno-epidemiology of leishmanial infection among tribal population in Kala-azar endemic areas: A community-based study. Ann Trop Med Public Health 6: 50.
-
6.
Mewara A , Gudisa R , Padhi BK , Kumar P , Sah R , Rodriguez-Morales AJ , 2022. Visceral leishmaniasis outbreak in Kenya—A setback to the elimination efforts. New Microbes New Infect 49-50: 101060.
-
7.
Alvar J , den Boer M , Dagne DA , 2021. Towards the elimination of visceral leishmaniasis as a public health problem in East Africa: Reflections on an enhanced control strategy and a call for action. Lancet Glob Health 9: e1763–e1769.
-
8.
Alten B et al., 2016. Seasonal dynamics of phlebotomine sand fly species proven vectors of Mediterranean leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004458.
-
9.
Rather S , Yaseen A , Shah FY , Wani M , Krishan K , Zirak S , Sharma R , Hassan I , Dogra D , Rishi R , 2021. Pediatric cutaneous leishmaniasis: A clinico-epidemiological study from North India. Indian Dermatol Online J 12: 852–859.
-
10.
Kumari S , Dhawan P , Panda PK , Bairwa M , Pai VS , 2020. Rising visceral leishmaniasis in Holy Himalayas (Uttarakhand, India) – A cross-sectional hospital-based study. J Family Med Prim Care 9: 1362–1369.
-
11.
Sharma NL , Mahajan VK , Negi AK , 2005. Epidemiology of a new focus of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis in Himachal Pradesh. J Commun Dis 37: 275–279.
-
12.
Basu A , Saharan P , Katoch GS , Dash N , Pandiarajan V , Mewara A , 2023. Emerging pediatric visceral leishmaniasis in Kashmir valley: A report of three cases. Trop Doct 53: 317–318.
-
13.
Singh OP , Hasker E , Boelaert M , Sundar S , 2016. Elimination of visceral leishmaniasis on the Indian subcontinent. Lancet Infect Dis 16: e304–e309.
-
14.
Raina S , Raina RK , Sharma R , Rana BS , Bodh A , Sharma M , 2016. Expansion of visceral leishmaniasis to northwest sub-Himalayan region of India: A case series. J Vector Borne Dis 53: 188–191.
-
15.
Lata S , Kumar G , Ojha VP , Dhiman RC , 2022. Detection of Leishmania donovani in wild-caught phlebotomine sand flies in endemic focus of leishmaniasis in Himachal Pradesh, India. J Med Entomol 59: 719–724.
-
16.
Thakur L , Singh KK , Kushwaha HR , Sharma SK , Shankar V , Negi A , Verma G , Kumari S , Jain A , Jain M , 2020. Leishmania donovani infection with atypical cutaneous manifestations, Himachal Pradesh, India, 2014–2018. Emerg Infect Dis 26: 1864–1869.
-
17.
Lypaczewski P , Thakur L , Jain A , Kumari S , Paulini K , Matlashewski G , Jain M , 2022. An intraspecies Leishmania donovani hybrid from the Indian subcontinent is associated with an atypical phenotype of cutaneous disease. iScience 25: 103802.
-
18.
Koch LK , Kochmann J , Klimpel S , Cunze S , 2017. Modeling the climatic suitability of leishmaniasis vector species in Europe. Sci Rep 7: 13325.
-
19.
Raghavan K et al., 2019. Unravelling climate change in the Hindu Kush Himalaya: Rapid warming in the mountains and increasing extremes. Wester P, Mishra A, Mukherji A, Shrestha AB, eds. The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
-
20.
Altaf C , Ahmed P , Ashraf T , Anwar M , Ahmed I , 2005. Clinicopathological features of childhood visceral leishmaniasis in Azad Jammu & Kashmir Pakistan. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 17: 48–50.
-
21.
Sharma A , Kumar S , Panda PK , Yadav S , Kalita D , 2023. Emerging leishmaniasis in southern Himalayas: A mini-review. World J Clin Infect Dis 13: 11–23.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 766 | 766 | 93 |
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Visceral Leishmaniasis in Sub-Himalayan India (1967–2023): A Systematic Review
Abhishek Mewara
abhishekmewara@gmail.com
Abhishek Mewara
Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India;
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Prakasini Satapathy
Prakasini Satapathy
Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India;
Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, AL-Mustaqbal University, Babil, Iraq;
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Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, AL-Mustaqbal University, Babil, Iraq;
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Sunil Kumar Dhatwalia
Sunil Kumar Dhatwalia
Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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ABSTRACT.
Substantial gains have been achieved in the control of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the four endemic states of India; however, cases are sporadically reported from other nonendemic regions of India such as the sub-Himalayan region, which can be a hurdle to VL elimination. We analyzed VL reports published from the sub-Himalayan regions of India over seven decades (1967–2023) in this systematic review. Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for VL cases from sub-Himalayan regions of India. The demographic data, clinical presentation, diagnostic modality, treatment, outcomes of the cases, and overall year-wise and geographical distribution of the cases were analyzed; studies on the sand fly vector were also included. From 535 articles, 33 studies were included in the analysis. Overall, 228 patients were diagnosed with VL in the sub-Himalayan region of India from 1967 to 2023. These cases were reported from Uttarakhand (n = 178), Himachal Pradesh (n = 39), and Jammu and Kashmir (n = 11). Most patients (88.4%) did not have a history of travel outside their native places. Three pediatric cases were reported from Jammu and Kashmir. The DNA of Leishmania donovani was detected in four of the 52 (7.7%) sand flies collected from Himachal Pradesh. The published literature points toward the existence of local transmission of VL in the sub-Himalayan region of India, strongly substantiated by the emergence of pediatric VL in some places. Thus, these difficult-to-reach hilly states of India will require focused surveillance for VL to successfully achieve elimination goals.
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Author Notes
Current contact information: Abhishek Mewara, Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India, E-mail: abhishekmewara@gmail.com. Prakasini Satapathy, Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India, and Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, AL-Mustaqbal University, Babil, Iraq, E-mail: prakasini.satapathy@gmail.com. Sunil Kumar Dhatwalia, Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India, E-mail: dhatwalias@gmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization , 2021. VL Elimination: India Gears-Up to Overcome Last Mile Challenges. Available at: https://www.who.int/news/item/29-07-2021-visceral-leishmaniasis-elimination-india-gears-up-to-overcome-last-mile-challenges. Accessed December 28, 2023.
-
2.
Gill N , Pandey D , Roy N , Dhingra N , Jain S , 2021. Kala-azar in India – progress and challenges towards its elimination as a public health problem. WHO Weekly Epidemiol Rec 26: 267–279.
-
3.
Ghosh P , Roy P , Chaudhuri SJ , Das NK , 2021. Epidemiology of post-Kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. Indian J Paediatr Dermatol 66: 12–23.
-
4.
Dhamnetiya D , Jha RP , Shalini, Bhattacharyya K , 2021. India’s performance in controlling visceral leishmaniasis as compared to Brazil over the past three decades: Findings from global burden of disease study. J Parasit Dis 45: 877–886.
-
5.
Patil R , Muliyil J , Nandy A , Addy M , Maji A , Chatterjee P , 2013. Immuno-epidemiology of leishmanial infection among tribal population in Kala-azar endemic areas: A community-based study. Ann Trop Med Public Health 6: 50.
-
6.
Mewara A , Gudisa R , Padhi BK , Kumar P , Sah R , Rodriguez-Morales AJ , 2022. Visceral leishmaniasis outbreak in Kenya—A setback to the elimination efforts. New Microbes New Infect 49-50: 101060.
-
7.
Alvar J , den Boer M , Dagne DA , 2021. Towards the elimination of visceral leishmaniasis as a public health problem in East Africa: Reflections on an enhanced control strategy and a call for action. Lancet Glob Health 9: e1763–e1769.
-
8.
Alten B et al., 2016. Seasonal dynamics of phlebotomine sand fly species proven vectors of Mediterranean leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004458.
-
9.
Rather S , Yaseen A , Shah FY , Wani M , Krishan K , Zirak S , Sharma R , Hassan I , Dogra D , Rishi R , 2021. Pediatric cutaneous leishmaniasis: A clinico-epidemiological study from North India. Indian Dermatol Online J 12: 852–859.
-
10.
Kumari S , Dhawan P , Panda PK , Bairwa M , Pai VS , 2020. Rising visceral leishmaniasis in Holy Himalayas (Uttarakhand, India) – A cross-sectional hospital-based study. J Family Med Prim Care 9: 1362–1369.
-
11.
Sharma NL , Mahajan VK , Negi AK , 2005. Epidemiology of a new focus of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis in Himachal Pradesh. J Commun Dis 37: 275–279.
-
12.
Basu A , Saharan P , Katoch GS , Dash N , Pandiarajan V , Mewara A , 2023. Emerging pediatric visceral leishmaniasis in Kashmir valley: A report of three cases. Trop Doct 53: 317–318.
-
13.
Singh OP , Hasker E , Boelaert M , Sundar S , 2016. Elimination of visceral leishmaniasis on the Indian subcontinent. Lancet Infect Dis 16: e304–e309.
-
14.
Raina S , Raina RK , Sharma R , Rana BS , Bodh A , Sharma M , 2016. Expansion of visceral leishmaniasis to northwest sub-Himalayan region of India: A case series. J Vector Borne Dis 53: 188–191.
-
15.
Lata S , Kumar G , Ojha VP , Dhiman RC , 2022. Detection of Leishmania donovani in wild-caught phlebotomine sand flies in endemic focus of leishmaniasis in Himachal Pradesh, India. J Med Entomol 59: 719–724.
-
16.
Thakur L , Singh KK , Kushwaha HR , Sharma SK , Shankar V , Negi A , Verma G , Kumari S , Jain A , Jain M , 2020. Leishmania donovani infection with atypical cutaneous manifestations, Himachal Pradesh, India, 2014–2018. Emerg Infect Dis 26: 1864–1869.
-
17.
Lypaczewski P , Thakur L , Jain A , Kumari S , Paulini K , Matlashewski G , Jain M , 2022. An intraspecies Leishmania donovani hybrid from the Indian subcontinent is associated with an atypical phenotype of cutaneous disease. iScience 25: 103802.
-
18.
Koch LK , Kochmann J , Klimpel S , Cunze S , 2017. Modeling the climatic suitability of leishmaniasis vector species in Europe. Sci Rep 7: 13325.
-
19.
Raghavan K et al., 2019. Unravelling climate change in the Hindu Kush Himalaya: Rapid warming in the mountains and increasing extremes. Wester P, Mishra A, Mukherji A, Shrestha AB, eds. The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
-
20.
Altaf C , Ahmed P , Ashraf T , Anwar M , Ahmed I , 2005. Clinicopathological features of childhood visceral leishmaniasis in Azad Jammu & Kashmir Pakistan. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 17: 48–50.
-
21.
Sharma A , Kumar S , Panda PK , Yadav S , Kalita D , 2023. Emerging leishmaniasis in southern Himalayas: A mini-review. World J Clin Infect Dis 13: 11–23.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 766 | 766 | 93 |
| Full Text Views | 43 | 43 | 31 |
| PDF Downloads | 51 | 51 | 29 |