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-
1.
World Health Organization , 2019. Snakebite Envenoming: A Strategy for Prevention and Control. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241515641. Accessed June 5, 2024.
-
2.
Kasturiratne A , Lalloo DG , Janaka de Silva H , 2021. Chronic health effects and cost of snakebite. Toxicon X 9–10: 100074.
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3.
Gerardo CJ et al., 2019. The validity, reliability and minimal clinically important difference of the patient specific functional scale in snake envenomation. PLoS One 14: e0213077.
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4.
Carter RW et al., 2022. The BRAVO clinical study protocol: Oral varespladib for inhibition of secretory phospholipase A2 in the treatment of snakebite envenoming. Toxins (Basel) 15: 22.
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5.
Gerardo CJ et al., 2017. The efficacy of crotalidae polyvalent immune fab (Ovine) antivenom versus placebo plus optional rescue therapy on recovery from copperhead snake envenomation: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Ann Emerg Med 70: 233–244.
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6.
Theophanous RG et al., 2019. Validity and reliability of telephone administration of the patient-specific functional scale for the assessment of recovery from snakebite envenomation. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13: e0007935.
-
7.
Menon JC , John D , Menon GR , Joseph JK , Suseela PR , Pillay VV , Banerjee A , 2021. Estimating epidemiological and economic burden and community derived disability weights for snake bite in Kerala: A study protocol. F1000 Res 10: 167.
-
8.
Jayawardana S , Gnanathasan A , Arambepola C , Chang T , 2016. Chronic musculoskeletal disabilities following snake envenoming in Sri Lanka: A population-based study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0005103.
-
9.
Waiddyanatha S , Silva A , Weerakoon K , Siribaddana S , Isbister GK , 2022. Long-term health effects perceived by snakebite patients in rural Sri Lanka: A cohort study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 16: e0010723.
-
10.
Aglanu LM et al., 2022. What the snake leaves in its wake: Functional limitations and disabilities among snakebite victims in Ghanaian communities. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 16: e0010322.
-
11.
Brenes-Chacon H , Gutierrez JM , Camacho-Badilla K , Soriano-Fallas A , Ulloa-Gutierrez R , Valverde K , Avila-Aguero ML , 2020. Long-term sequelae secondary to snakebite envenoming: A single centre retrospective study in a Costa Rican paediatric hospital. BMJ Paediatr Open 4: e000735.
-
12.
Abouyannis M et al., 2023. A global core outcome measurement set for snakebite clinical trials. Lancet Glob Health 11: e296–e300.
-
13.
Williams SS , Wijesinghe CA , Jayamanne SF , Buckley NA , Dawson AH , Lalloo DG , de Silva HJ , 2011. Delayed psychological morbidity associated with snakebite envenoming. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1255.
-
14.
Jayawardana S , Arambepola C , Chang T , Gnanathasan A , 2018. Long-term health complications following snake envenoming. J Multidiscip Healthc 11: 279–285.
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Functional Disability at 3 Months in Patients with Residual Limb Swelling after Snakebite Envenoming
Karthika Subramanian Vishnu
Karthika Subramanian Vishnu
Department of Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
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Sekar Dineshbabu
Sekar Dineshbabu
Department of Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
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Tamilarasu Kadhiravan
kadhir@jipmer.ac.in
Tamilarasu Kadhiravan
Department of Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
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ABSTRACT.
Limited data indicate that snakebite survivors have persistent musculoskeletal disability. We assessed the pain and functional disability at hospital discharge and after 3 months in 47 patients treated for snakebite envenoming and with at least a specified amount of local swelling at the time of hospital discharge, using the numerical pain rating scale and the Patient-Specific Functional Scale (PSFS). Russell’s viper was the most common biting snake species identified. At hospital discharge, the median pain score was 2 (0–3); 9 (19%) patients reported mild persisting pain at 3 months. The median PSFS score at hospital discharge was 3.7 (3.3–4.0), which improved to 8.3 (6.3–9.0) on follow-up (P <0.001); 32 (68%) patients had a PSFS score of 8.9 or below on follow-up. We conclude that snakebite envenoming could be associated with persisting functional disability at 3 months even in the absence of local complications such as skin necrosis and compartment syndrome.
Author Notes
Authors’ contributions: T. Kadhiravan conceived the study. T. Kadhiravan and S. Dineshbabu developed the study protocol. K. S. Vishnu collected clinical data. T. Kadhiravan and S. Dineshbabu analyzed and interpreted the data. K. S. Vishnu and S. Dineshbabu drafted the manuscript. T. Kadhiravan critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Current contact information: Karthika Subramanian Vishnu, Sekar Dineshbabu, and Tamilarasu Kadhiravan, Department of Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India, E-mails: vishnuks195@gmail.com, babu.dhinuu@gmail.com, and kadhir@jipmer.ac.in; kadhir@jipmer.edu.in.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization , 2019. Snakebite Envenoming: A Strategy for Prevention and Control. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241515641. Accessed June 5, 2024.
-
2.
Kasturiratne A , Lalloo DG , Janaka de Silva H , 2021. Chronic health effects and cost of snakebite. Toxicon X 9–10: 100074.
-
3.
Gerardo CJ et al., 2019. The validity, reliability and minimal clinically important difference of the patient specific functional scale in snake envenomation. PLoS One 14: e0213077.
-
4.
Carter RW et al., 2022. The BRAVO clinical study protocol: Oral varespladib for inhibition of secretory phospholipase A2 in the treatment of snakebite envenoming. Toxins (Basel) 15: 22.
-
5.
Gerardo CJ et al., 2017. The efficacy of crotalidae polyvalent immune fab (Ovine) antivenom versus placebo plus optional rescue therapy on recovery from copperhead snake envenomation: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Ann Emerg Med 70: 233–244.
-
6.
Theophanous RG et al., 2019. Validity and reliability of telephone administration of the patient-specific functional scale for the assessment of recovery from snakebite envenomation. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13: e0007935.
-
7.
Menon JC , John D , Menon GR , Joseph JK , Suseela PR , Pillay VV , Banerjee A , 2021. Estimating epidemiological and economic burden and community derived disability weights for snake bite in Kerala: A study protocol. F1000 Res 10: 167.
-
8.
Jayawardana S , Gnanathasan A , Arambepola C , Chang T , 2016. Chronic musculoskeletal disabilities following snake envenoming in Sri Lanka: A population-based study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0005103.
-
9.
Waiddyanatha S , Silva A , Weerakoon K , Siribaddana S , Isbister GK , 2022. Long-term health effects perceived by snakebite patients in rural Sri Lanka: A cohort study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 16: e0010723.
-
10.
Aglanu LM et al., 2022. What the snake leaves in its wake: Functional limitations and disabilities among snakebite victims in Ghanaian communities. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 16: e0010322.
-
11.
Brenes-Chacon H , Gutierrez JM , Camacho-Badilla K , Soriano-Fallas A , Ulloa-Gutierrez R , Valverde K , Avila-Aguero ML , 2020. Long-term sequelae secondary to snakebite envenoming: A single centre retrospective study in a Costa Rican paediatric hospital. BMJ Paediatr Open 4: e000735.
-
12.
Abouyannis M et al., 2023. A global core outcome measurement set for snakebite clinical trials. Lancet Glob Health 11: e296–e300.
-
13.
Williams SS , Wijesinghe CA , Jayamanne SF , Buckley NA , Dawson AH , Lalloo DG , de Silva HJ , 2011. Delayed psychological morbidity associated with snakebite envenoming. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1255.
-
14.
Jayawardana S , Arambepola C , Chang T , Gnanathasan A , 2018. Long-term health complications following snake envenoming. J Multidiscip Healthc 11: 279–285.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 586 | 586 | 58 |
| Full Text Views | 28 | 28 | 15 |
| PDF Downloads | 38 | 38 | 18 |