ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Arefinia N , Zohreh-al-Sadat G , Alipour AH , Molaei HR , Samie M , Sarvari J , 2022. Gastrointestinal manifestations in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Iran J Med Microbiol 16: 271–281.
-
2.
Arefinia N , Yaghoubi R , Ramezani A , Farokhnia M , Ali MAZ , Sarvari J , 2023. Association of IFITM1 promoter methylation with severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clin Lab 69: 4.
-
3.
Arefinia N , Ghoreshi ZA , Alipour AH , Iranmanesh B , Mehrolhasani N , Shamsi-Meymandi S , Sarvari J , 2023. A comprehensive narrative review of the cutaneous manifestations associated with COVID-19. Int Wound J 20: 871–879.
-
4.
Bhuiyan MU , Stiboy E , Hassan MZ , Chan M , Islam MS , Haider N , Jaffe A , Homaira N , 2021. Epidemiology of COVID-19 infection in young children under five years: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine 39: 667–677.
-
5.
Guo C-X , He L , Yin J-Y , Meng X-G , Tan W , Yang G-P , Bo T , Liu J-P , Lin X-J , Chen X , 2020. Epidemiological and clinical features of pediatric COVID-19. BMC Med 18: 1–7.
-
6.
Zimmermann P , Curtis N , 2020. Why is COVID-19 less severe in children? A review of the proposed mechanisms underlying the age-related difference in severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Arch Dis Child 106: 429–439.
-
7.
Sinha P , Calfee CS , Cherian S , Brealey D , Cutler S , King C , Killick C , Richards O , Cheema Y , Bailey C , 2020. Prevalence of phenotypes of acute respiratory distress syndrome in critically ill patients with COVID-19: A prospective observational study. Lancet Respir Med 8: 1209–1218.
-
8.
Jolliffe DA et al., 2021. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregate data from randomised controlled trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 9: 276–292.
-
9.
Liyanage G , de Silva Y , 2021. Vitamin D deficiency rickets and COVID-19 pandemic. Case Rep Pediatr 2021: 5512668.
-
10.
Pereira M , Dantas Damascena A , Galvão Azevedo LM , de Almeida Oliveira T , da Mota Santana J , 2022. Vitamin D deficiency aggravates COVID-19: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 62: 1308–1316.
-
11.
D’avolio A , Avataneo V , Manca A , Cusato J , De Nicolò A , Lucchini R , Keller F , Cantù M , 2020. 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are lower in patients with positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2. Nutrients 12: 1359.
-
12.
Bassatne A , Basbous M , Chakhtoura M , El Zein O , Rahme M , El-Hajj Fuleihan G , 2021. The link between COVID-19 and VItamin D (VIVID): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Metabolism 119: 154753.
-
13.
Chiodini I et al., 2021. Vitamin D status and SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 clinical outcomes. Front Public Health 9: 736665.
-
14.
Patel NA , 2020. Pediatric COVID-19: Systematic review of the literature. Am J Otolaryngol 41: 102573.
-
15.
Rethlefsen ML , Kirtley S , Waffenschmidt S , Ayala AP , Moher D , Page MJ , Koffel JB , 2021. PRISMA-S: An extension to the PRISMA statement for reporting literature searches in systematic reviews. Syst Rev 10: 39.
-
16.
McGowan J , Sampson M , Salzwedel DM , Cogo E , Foerster V , Lefebvre C , 2016. PRESS peer review of electronic search strategies: 2015 guideline statement. J Clin Epidemiol 75: 40–46.
-
17.
Wells GA , Shea B , O’Connell D , Peterson J , Welch V , Losos M , Tugwell P , 2000. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) for Assessing the Quality of Nonrandomised Studies in Meta-Analyses. Ottawa, Canada: Department of Epidemiology and Commuunity Medicine, University of Ottawa.
-
18.
Abdelrazic MI , Rateeb AM , Eid WA , Abdelrazik EF , Abuelela IS , 2023. Impact of vitamin D deficiency on the severity of COVID 19 infection in pediatrics: A cross-sectional study. Egypt Pediatr Assoc Gazette 71: 37.
-
19.
D’Alessandro A et al., 2023. Contribution of vitamin D3 and thiols status to the outcome of COVID-19 disease in Italian pediatric and adult patients. Sci Rep 13: 2504.
-
20.
Peng D , Huang H , Liu Z , Gao Y , Liu Y , 2022. Vitamin D levels and clinical outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant BA.2 in children: A longitudinal cohort study. Front Nutr 9: 960859.
-
21.
Ozden A , Doneray H , Hafize Erdeniz EH , Altinkaynak K , Igan H , 2022. Clinical and laboratory findings by serum vitamin D levels in children with COVID-19. Eurasian J Med 54: 285–291.
-
22.
Karimian P , Tahami MS , Sayyahfar S , Aghajani Delavar M , 2022. Association of vitamin D and severity of COVID-19 in children. Eur J Transl Myol 32: 10453.
-
23.
Heidari S , Mohammadi S , Fathi M , Cigary S , Alisamir M , Mirkarimi M , Aminzadeh M , 2022. Association of vitamin D status with COVID-19 disease severity in pediatric patients: A retrospective observational study. Health Sci Rep 5: e569.
-
24.
Yılmaz K , Şen V , 2020. Is vitamin D deficiency a risk factor for COVID‐19 in children? Pediatr Pulmonol 55: 3595–3601.
-
25.
Katz J , Yue S , Xue W , 2021. Increased risk for COVID-19 in patients with vitamin D deficiency. Nutrition 84: 111106.
-
26.
Bayrak H , Öztürk D , Bolat A , Ünay B , 2023. Association between vitamin D levels and COVID-19 infection in children: A case–control study. Turk Pediatri Ars 58: 250–255.
-
27.
Bayramoğlu E , Akkoç G , Ağbaş A , Akgün Ö , Yurdakul K , Selçuk Duru HN , Elevli M , 2021. The association between vitamin D levels and the clinical severity and inflammation markers in pediatric COVID-19 patients: Single-center experience from a pandemic hospital. Eur J Pediatr 180: 2699–2705.
-
28.
Karakaya Molla G , Ünal Uzun Ö , Koç N , Özen Yeşil B , Bayhan G , 2021. Evaluation of nutritional status in pediatric patients diagnosed with covid-19 infection. Clin Nutr ESPEN 44: 424–428.
-
29.
Söbü E , Karaaslan A , Cetin C , Akin Y , 2021. Vitamin D levels of COVID-19 positive symptomatic pediatric cases/COVID-19 Pozitif Semptomatik Qocuklarin D Vitamini Duzeyleri. J Curr Pediatr 19: 9–15.
-
30.
Nadiger M , Hassor S , Totapally B , 2021. Vitamin D levels in children with COVID-19 admitted to the PICU. Crit Care Med 49: 54.
-
31.
Wang Z , Joshi A , Leopold K , Jackson S , Christensen S , Nayfeh T , Mohammed K , Creo A , Tebben P , Kumar S , 2022. Association of vitamin D deficiency with COVID-19 infection severity: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Horumon To Rinsho 96: 281–287.
-
32.
Bilezikian JP , Bikle D , Hewison M , Lazaretti-Castro M , Formenti AM , Gupta A , Madhavan MV , Nair N , Babalyan V , Hutchings N , 2020. Mechanisms in endocrinology: Vitamin D and COVID-19. Eur J Endocrinol 183: R133–R147.
-
33.
Ardizzone S , Cassinotti A , Trabattoni D , Manzionna G , Rainone V , Bevilacqua M , Massari A , Manes G , Maconi G , Clerici M , 2009. Immunomodulatory effects of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on TH1/TH2 cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease: An in vitro study. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 22: 63–71.
-
34.
Talmor Y , Bernheim J , Klein O , Green J , Rashid G , 2008. Calcitriol blunts pro‐atherosclerotic parameters through NFκB and p38 in vitro. Eur J Clin Invest 38: 548–554.
-
35.
Molla GK , Uzun ÖÜ , Koç N , Yeşil BÖ , Bayhan Gİ , 2021. Evaluation of nutritional status in pediatric patients diagnosed with Covid-19 infection. Clin Nutr ESPEN 44: 424–428.
-
36.
Raharusun P , Priambada S , Budiarti C , Agung E , Budi C , 2020. Patterns of COVID-19 mortality and vitamin D: An Indonesian study. SSRN Electron J 7: 1–12.
-
37.
Maharat M , Rahimlou M , Sioofi A , Sajjadi SF , Moosavian SP , 2024. Association of major dietary patterns with socioeconomic status, obesity, and contracting COVID-19 among Iranian adults. Front Nutr 11: 1301634.
-
38.
Quesada-Gomez JM , Entrenas-Castillo M , Bouillon R , 2020. Vitamin D receptor stimulation to reduce acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in patients with coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infections. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 202: 105719.
-
39.
Lipińska-Opałka A , Milart J , Kubiak JZ , Kalicki B , 2021. Vitamin D deficiency and the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Pediatria i Medycyna Rodzinna 17: 17–21.
-
40.
Jayawardena R , Jeyakumar DT , Francis TV , Misra A , 2021. Impact of the vitamin D deficiency on COVID-19 infection and mortality in Asian countries. Diabetes Metab Syndr 15: 757–764.
-
41.
Agraz-Cibrian JM , Giraldo DM , Urcuqui-Inchima S , 2019. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces formation of neutrophil extracellular trap-like structures and modulates the transcription of genes whose products are neutrophil extracellular trap-associated proteins: A pilot study. Steroids 141: 14–22.
-
42.
Xu J , Yang J , Chen J , Luo Q , Zhang Q , Zhang H , 2017. Vitamin D alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via regulation of the renin-angiotensin system. Mol Med Rep 16: 7432–7438.
-
43.
Miraglia Del Giudice M , Indolfi C , Dinardo G , Decimo F , Decimo A , Klain A , 2022. Vitamin D status can affect COVID-19 outcomes also in pediatric population. PharmaNutrition 22: 100319.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1030 | 1030 | 144 |
| Full Text Views | 46 | 46 | 25 |
| PDF Downloads | 35 | 35 | 19 |
Association Between the Level of Vitamin D and COVID-19 Infection in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review
Zohreh-Al-Sadat Ghoreshi
Zohreh-Al-Sadat Ghoreshi
School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran;
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Javad Charostad
Javad Charostad
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science, Yazd, Iran;
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Nasir Arefinia
Nasir Arefinia
Bio Environmental Health Hazards Research Center, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran;
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Mohsen Nakhaie
Mohsen Nakhaie
Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran;
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Mohammad Rezaei Zadeh Rukerd
Mohammad Rezaei Zadeh Rukerd
HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran;
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Aryan Zandi
Aryan Zandi
School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California;
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Seyed Danial Alizadeh
Seyed Danial Alizadeh
Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran;
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Seyedeh Mahdieh Khoshnazar
Seyedeh Mahdieh Khoshnazar
Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran;
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Faranak Salajegheh
salajeghehk@gmail.com
Faranak Salajegheh
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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ABSTRACT.
The COVID-19 pandemic has exerted a notable impact on worldwide health across diverse age groups. Although children and adolescents were initially considered less vulnerable, they have also shown susceptibility to the virus, emphasizing the importance of understanding associated risk factors. Epidemiological data reveal an increasing number of COVID-19 cases in this age group. The aim is to conduct a systematic assessment of the association between the level of vitamin D and COVID-19 infection in children and adolescents following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was performed across various databases up to October 7, 2023. Studies assessing laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients, the level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in serum, and clinical outcomes were encompassed. Quality assessment was performed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Thirteen studies, conducted across six countries and involving 1,071 pediatric patients, were included. Vitamin D deficiency was prevalent among children and adolescents with COVID-19. Some studies suggested that vitamin D deficiency significantly increased the risk of COVID-19 infection and was linked to disease progression. Furthermore, deficiency in vitamin D demonstrated an association with increased levels of inflammatory markers, reduced lymphocyte counts, and heightened clinical symptoms, including fever and cough. Maintaining adequate vitamin D levels may be a crucial strategy for reducing COVID-19 severity and associated complications in children and adolescents. Nevertheless, there is a requirement for additional high-quality research to establish specific guidelines regarding vitamin D supplementation in this population amid the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 186.01 KB)
Author Notes
Current contact information: Zohreh-al-Sadat Ghoreshi and Nasir Arefinia, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran, E-mails: zs.ghoreshi@gmail.com and n.arefinia@gmail.com. Javad Charostad, Shahid Sedoghi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran, E-mail: j.4ostad@gmail.com. Mohsen Nakhaie, Mohammad Rezaei Zadeh Rukerd, Seyed Danial Alizadeh, Seyedeh Mahdieh Khoshnazar, and Faranak Salajegheh, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran, E-mails: mohsennakhaee1367@gmail.com, mohammadrezaei75@yahoo.com, seyeddanial.alizadeh@yahoo.com, m.khoshnazar@kmu.ac.ir, and salajeghehk@gmail.com. Aryan Zandi, University of California Irvine School of Biological Sciences, Irvine, CA, E-mail: azandi1@uci.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Arefinia N , Zohreh-al-Sadat G , Alipour AH , Molaei HR , Samie M , Sarvari J , 2022. Gastrointestinal manifestations in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Iran J Med Microbiol 16: 271–281.
-
2.
Arefinia N , Yaghoubi R , Ramezani A , Farokhnia M , Ali MAZ , Sarvari J , 2023. Association of IFITM1 promoter methylation with severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clin Lab 69: 4.
-
3.
Arefinia N , Ghoreshi ZA , Alipour AH , Iranmanesh B , Mehrolhasani N , Shamsi-Meymandi S , Sarvari J , 2023. A comprehensive narrative review of the cutaneous manifestations associated with COVID-19. Int Wound J 20: 871–879.
-
4.
Bhuiyan MU , Stiboy E , Hassan MZ , Chan M , Islam MS , Haider N , Jaffe A , Homaira N , 2021. Epidemiology of COVID-19 infection in young children under five years: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine 39: 667–677.
-
5.
Guo C-X , He L , Yin J-Y , Meng X-G , Tan W , Yang G-P , Bo T , Liu J-P , Lin X-J , Chen X , 2020. Epidemiological and clinical features of pediatric COVID-19. BMC Med 18: 1–7.
-
6.
Zimmermann P , Curtis N , 2020. Why is COVID-19 less severe in children? A review of the proposed mechanisms underlying the age-related difference in severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Arch Dis Child 106: 429–439.
-
7.
Sinha P , Calfee CS , Cherian S , Brealey D , Cutler S , King C , Killick C , Richards O , Cheema Y , Bailey C , 2020. Prevalence of phenotypes of acute respiratory distress syndrome in critically ill patients with COVID-19: A prospective observational study. Lancet Respir Med 8: 1209–1218.
-
8.
Jolliffe DA et al., 2021. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregate data from randomised controlled trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 9: 276–292.
-
9.
Liyanage G , de Silva Y , 2021. Vitamin D deficiency rickets and COVID-19 pandemic. Case Rep Pediatr 2021: 5512668.
-
10.
Pereira M , Dantas Damascena A , Galvão Azevedo LM , de Almeida Oliveira T , da Mota Santana J , 2022. Vitamin D deficiency aggravates COVID-19: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 62: 1308–1316.
-
11.
D’avolio A , Avataneo V , Manca A , Cusato J , De Nicolò A , Lucchini R , Keller F , Cantù M , 2020. 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are lower in patients with positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2. Nutrients 12: 1359.
-
12.
Bassatne A , Basbous M , Chakhtoura M , El Zein O , Rahme M , El-Hajj Fuleihan G , 2021. The link between COVID-19 and VItamin D (VIVID): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Metabolism 119: 154753.
-
13.
Chiodini I et al., 2021. Vitamin D status and SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 clinical outcomes. Front Public Health 9: 736665.
-
14.
Patel NA , 2020. Pediatric COVID-19: Systematic review of the literature. Am J Otolaryngol 41: 102573.
-
15.
Rethlefsen ML , Kirtley S , Waffenschmidt S , Ayala AP , Moher D , Page MJ , Koffel JB , 2021. PRISMA-S: An extension to the PRISMA statement for reporting literature searches in systematic reviews. Syst Rev 10: 39.
-
16.
McGowan J , Sampson M , Salzwedel DM , Cogo E , Foerster V , Lefebvre C , 2016. PRESS peer review of electronic search strategies: 2015 guideline statement. J Clin Epidemiol 75: 40–46.
-
17.
Wells GA , Shea B , O’Connell D , Peterson J , Welch V , Losos M , Tugwell P , 2000. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) for Assessing the Quality of Nonrandomised Studies in Meta-Analyses. Ottawa, Canada: Department of Epidemiology and Commuunity Medicine, University of Ottawa.
-
18.
Abdelrazic MI , Rateeb AM , Eid WA , Abdelrazik EF , Abuelela IS , 2023. Impact of vitamin D deficiency on the severity of COVID 19 infection in pediatrics: A cross-sectional study. Egypt Pediatr Assoc Gazette 71: 37.
-
19.
D’Alessandro A et al., 2023. Contribution of vitamin D3 and thiols status to the outcome of COVID-19 disease in Italian pediatric and adult patients. Sci Rep 13: 2504.
-
20.
Peng D , Huang H , Liu Z , Gao Y , Liu Y , 2022. Vitamin D levels and clinical outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant BA.2 in children: A longitudinal cohort study. Front Nutr 9: 960859.
-
21.
Ozden A , Doneray H , Hafize Erdeniz EH , Altinkaynak K , Igan H , 2022. Clinical and laboratory findings by serum vitamin D levels in children with COVID-19. Eurasian J Med 54: 285–291.
-
22.
Karimian P , Tahami MS , Sayyahfar S , Aghajani Delavar M , 2022. Association of vitamin D and severity of COVID-19 in children. Eur J Transl Myol 32: 10453.
-
23.
Heidari S , Mohammadi S , Fathi M , Cigary S , Alisamir M , Mirkarimi M , Aminzadeh M , 2022. Association of vitamin D status with COVID-19 disease severity in pediatric patients: A retrospective observational study. Health Sci Rep 5: e569.
-
24.
Yılmaz K , Şen V , 2020. Is vitamin D deficiency a risk factor for COVID‐19 in children? Pediatr Pulmonol 55: 3595–3601.
-
25.
Katz J , Yue S , Xue W , 2021. Increased risk for COVID-19 in patients with vitamin D deficiency. Nutrition 84: 111106.
-
26.
Bayrak H , Öztürk D , Bolat A , Ünay B , 2023. Association between vitamin D levels and COVID-19 infection in children: A case–control study. Turk Pediatri Ars 58: 250–255.
-
27.
Bayramoğlu E , Akkoç G , Ağbaş A , Akgün Ö , Yurdakul K , Selçuk Duru HN , Elevli M , 2021. The association between vitamin D levels and the clinical severity and inflammation markers in pediatric COVID-19 patients: Single-center experience from a pandemic hospital. Eur J Pediatr 180: 2699–2705.
-
28.
Karakaya Molla G , Ünal Uzun Ö , Koç N , Özen Yeşil B , Bayhan G , 2021. Evaluation of nutritional status in pediatric patients diagnosed with covid-19 infection. Clin Nutr ESPEN 44: 424–428.
-
29.
Söbü E , Karaaslan A , Cetin C , Akin Y , 2021. Vitamin D levels of COVID-19 positive symptomatic pediatric cases/COVID-19 Pozitif Semptomatik Qocuklarin D Vitamini Duzeyleri. J Curr Pediatr 19: 9–15.
-
30.
Nadiger M , Hassor S , Totapally B , 2021. Vitamin D levels in children with COVID-19 admitted to the PICU. Crit Care Med 49: 54.
-
31.
Wang Z , Joshi A , Leopold K , Jackson S , Christensen S , Nayfeh T , Mohammed K , Creo A , Tebben P , Kumar S , 2022. Association of vitamin D deficiency with COVID-19 infection severity: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Horumon To Rinsho 96: 281–287.
-
32.
Bilezikian JP , Bikle D , Hewison M , Lazaretti-Castro M , Formenti AM , Gupta A , Madhavan MV , Nair N , Babalyan V , Hutchings N , 2020. Mechanisms in endocrinology: Vitamin D and COVID-19. Eur J Endocrinol 183: R133–R147.
-
33.
Ardizzone S , Cassinotti A , Trabattoni D , Manzionna G , Rainone V , Bevilacqua M , Massari A , Manes G , Maconi G , Clerici M , 2009. Immunomodulatory effects of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on TH1/TH2 cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease: An in vitro study. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 22: 63–71.
-
34.
Talmor Y , Bernheim J , Klein O , Green J , Rashid G , 2008. Calcitriol blunts pro‐atherosclerotic parameters through NFκB and p38 in vitro. Eur J Clin Invest 38: 548–554.
-
35.
Molla GK , Uzun ÖÜ , Koç N , Yeşil BÖ , Bayhan Gİ , 2021. Evaluation of nutritional status in pediatric patients diagnosed with Covid-19 infection. Clin Nutr ESPEN 44: 424–428.
-
36.
Raharusun P , Priambada S , Budiarti C , Agung E , Budi C , 2020. Patterns of COVID-19 mortality and vitamin D: An Indonesian study. SSRN Electron J 7: 1–12.
-
37.
Maharat M , Rahimlou M , Sioofi A , Sajjadi SF , Moosavian SP , 2024. Association of major dietary patterns with socioeconomic status, obesity, and contracting COVID-19 among Iranian adults. Front Nutr 11: 1301634.
-
38.
Quesada-Gomez JM , Entrenas-Castillo M , Bouillon R , 2020. Vitamin D receptor stimulation to reduce acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in patients with coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infections. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 202: 105719.
-
39.
Lipińska-Opałka A , Milart J , Kubiak JZ , Kalicki B , 2021. Vitamin D deficiency and the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Pediatria i Medycyna Rodzinna 17: 17–21.
-
40.
Jayawardena R , Jeyakumar DT , Francis TV , Misra A , 2021. Impact of the vitamin D deficiency on COVID-19 infection and mortality in Asian countries. Diabetes Metab Syndr 15: 757–764.
-
41.
Agraz-Cibrian JM , Giraldo DM , Urcuqui-Inchima S , 2019. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces formation of neutrophil extracellular trap-like structures and modulates the transcription of genes whose products are neutrophil extracellular trap-associated proteins: A pilot study. Steroids 141: 14–22.
-
42.
Xu J , Yang J , Chen J , Luo Q , Zhang Q , Zhang H , 2017. Vitamin D alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via regulation of the renin-angiotensin system. Mol Med Rep 16: 7432–7438.
-
43.
Miraglia Del Giudice M , Indolfi C , Dinardo G , Decimo F , Decimo A , Klain A , 2022. Vitamin D status can affect COVID-19 outcomes also in pediatric population. PharmaNutrition 22: 100319.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1030 | 1030 | 144 |
| Full Text Views | 46 | 46 | 25 |
| PDF Downloads | 35 | 35 | 19 |