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-
1.
Banuls AL , Hide M , Prugnolle F , 2007. Leishmania and the leishmaniases: A parasite genetic update and advances in taxonomy, epidemiology and pathogenicity in humans. Adv Parasitol 64: 1–109.
-
2.
Grinnage-Pulley T , Scott B , Petersen CA , 2016. A mother’s gift: Congenital transmission of Trypanosoma and Leishmania species. PLoS Pathog 12: e1005302.
-
3.
Desjeux P , Alvar J , 2003. Leishmania/HIV co-infections: Epidemiology in Europe. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 97 (Suppl 1):3–15.
-
4.
Palatnik-de-Sousa CB , Paraguai-de-Souza E , Gomes EM , Soares-Machado FC , Luz KG , Borojevic R , 1996. Transmission of visceral leishmaniasis by blood transfusion in hamsters. Braz J Med Biol Res 29: 1311–1315.
-
5.
de Freitas E , Melo MN , da Costa-Val AP , Michalick MS , 2006. Transmission of Leishmania infantum via blood transfusion in dogs: Potential for infection and importance of clinical factors. Vet Parasitol 137: 159–167.
-
6.
Mohammed R , Melkamu R , Pareyn M , Abdellati S , Bogale T , Engidaw A , Kinfu A , Girma T , van Griensven J , 2023. Detection of asymptomatic Leishmania infection in blood donors at two blood banks in Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 17: e0011142.
-
7.
Foroutan M , Dalvand S , Khademvatan S , Majidiani H , Khalkhali H , Masoumifard S , Shamsaddin G , 2017. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of Leishmania infection in blood donors. Transfus Apheresis Sci 56: 544–551.
-
8.
Melkie I , Yimer M , Alemu G , Tegegne B , 2023. Asymptomatic Leishmania donovani infection and associated factors among blood donors attending at Metema district Blood Bank, Northwest Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. Arch Public Health 81: 62.
-
9.
Jimenez-Marco T et al., 2016. Transfusion-transmitted leishmaniasis: A practical review. Transfusion 56 (Suppl 1):S45–S51.
-
10.
Rodrigues WF , Mendes NS , de Carvalho Ribeiro P , Mendes Filho D , Parreira RC , Chaves KCB , de Abreu MCM , Miguel CB , 2021. A critical review of the applicability of serological screening for Leishmaniasis in blood banks in Brazil. J Parasit Dis 45: 109–117.
-
11.
Manomat J , Leelayoova S , Bualert L , Tan-Ariya P , Siripattanapipong S , Mungthin M , Naaglor T , Piyaraj P , 2017. Prevalence and risk factors associated with Leishmania infection in Trang Province, southern Thailand. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11: e0006095.
-
12.
Leelayoova S , Siripattanapipong S , Manomat J , Piyaraj P , Tan-Ariya P , Bualert L , Mungthin M , 2017. Leishmaniasis in Thailand: A review of causative agents and situations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 96: 534–542.
-
13.
Pandey N et al., 2018. Detection of Leishmania DNA in saliva among patients with HIV/AIDS in Trang province, southern Thailand. Acta Trop 185: 294–300.
-
14.
Charoensakulchai S , Bualert L , Manomat J , Mungthin M , Leelayoova S , Tan-Ariya P , Siripattanapipong S , Naaglor T , Piyaraj P , 2020. Risk factors of Leishmania infection among HIV-infected patients in Trang province, southern Thailand: A study on three prevalent species. Am J Trop Med Hyg 103: 1502–1509.
-
15.
Sriwongpan P et al., 2021. Prevalence and associated risk factors of Leishmania infection among immunocompetent hosts, a community-based study in Chiang Rai, Thailand. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15: e0009545.
-
16.
Intharasongkroh D et al., 2019. Hepatitis E virus infection in Thai blood donors. Transfusion 59: 1035–1043.
-
17.
Asfaram S , Fakhar M , Mohebali M , Ziaei Hezarjaribi H , Mardani A , Ghezelbash B , Akhoundi B , Zarei Z , Moazeni M , 2022. A convenient and sensitive kDNA-PCR for screening of Leishmania infantum latent infection among blood donors in a highly endemic focus, northwestern Iran. Acta Parasitol 67: 842–850.
-
18.
le Fichoux Y , Quaranta JF , Aufeuvre JP , Lelievre A , Marty P , Suffia I , Rousseau D , Kubar J , 1999. Occurrence of Leishmania infantum parasitemia in asymptomatic blood donors living in an area of endemicity in southern France. J Clin Microbiol 37: 1953–1957.
-
19.
Riera C et al., 2008. Asymptomatic infection by Leishmania infantum in blood donors from the Balearic Islands (Spain). Transfusion 48: 1383–1389.
-
20.
Fukutani KF , Figueiredo V , Celes FS , Cristal JR , Barral A , Barral-Netto M , de Oliveira CI , 2014. Serological survey of Leishmania infection in blood donors in Salvador, northeastern Brazil. BMC Infect Dis 14: 422.
-
21.
Rocha R et al., 2023. Prevalence of asymptomatic Leishmania infection and knowledge, perceptions, and practices in blood donors in mainland Portugal. Parasit Vectors 16: 357.
-
22.
Huda MM , Rudra S , Ghosh D , Bhaskar KR , Chowdhury R , Dash AP , Bhattacharya SK , Haque R , Mondal D , 2013. Low prevalence of Leishmania donovani infection among the blood donors in kala-azar endemic areas of Bangladesh. BMC Infect Dis 13: 62.
-
23.
Timilsina S , Raj Bhattarai N , Khanal B , Rijal S , 2016. Serological assessment for Leishmania donovani infection in blood donors of Sunsari District, Dharan, Nepal. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 32: 95–99.
-
24.
Ruang-Areerate T , Ruang-Areerate P , Manomat J , Naaglor T , Piyaraj P , Mungthin M , Leelayoova S , Siripattanapipong S , 2023. Genetic variation and geographic distribution of Leishmania orientalis and Leishmania martiniquensis among Leishmania/HIV co-infection in Thailand. Sci Rep 13: 23094.
-
25.
Franca AO et al., 2018. Leishmania infection in blood donors: A new challenge in leishmaniasis transmission? PLoS One 13: e0198199.
-
26.
Roberts T et al., 2023. Accuracy of the direct agglutination test for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 23: 782.
-
27.
Silva LP et al., 2020. Asymptomatic Leishmania infection in blood donors from a major blood bank in northeastern Brazil: A cross-sectional study. Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo 62: e92.
-
28.
Aliaga L , Ceballos J , Sampedro A , Cobo F , Lopez-Nevot MA , Merino-Espinosa G , Morillas-Marquez F , Martin-Sanchez J , 2019. Asymptomatic Leishmania infection in blood donors from the southern of Spain. Infection 47: 739–747.
-
29.
Ferreira-Silva MM et al., 2018. Socio-epidemiological characterisation of blood donors with asymptomatic Leishmania infantum infection from three Brazilian endemic regions and analysis of the transfusional transmission risk of visceral leishmaniasis. Transfus Med 28: 433–439.
-
30.
Sarkari B , Gadami F , Shafiei R , Motazedian MH , Sedaghat F , Kasraian L , Tavasoli AR , Zarnegar G , Nikmanesh Y , Davami MH , 2015. Seroprevalence of Leishmania infection among the healthy blood donors in kala-azar endemic areas of Iran. J Parasit Dis 39: 545–549.
-
31.
Perez-Cutillas P et al., 2015. Spatial distribution of human asymptomatic Leishmania infantum infection in southeast Spain: A study of environmental, demographic and social risk factors. Acta Trop 146: 127–134.
-
32.
Calderon-Anyosa R , Galvez-Petzoldt C , Garcia PJ , Carcamo CP , 2018. Housing characteristics and leishmaniasis: A systematic review. Am J Trop Med Hyg 99: 1547–1554.
-
33.
de Oliveira Franca A , de Oliveira Ramos Pereira L , Ortiz Tanaka TS , Pereira de Oliveira M , Cavalheiros Dorval ME , 2020. Viability of Leishmania in blood donors: A tangible possibility of transfusion transmission. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 53: 176–178.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 3894 | 3894 | 163 |
| Full Text Views | 59 | 59 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 81 | 81 | 5 |
Asymptomatic Leishmania Infection among Blood Donors in a Southern Province of Thailand
Phunlerd Piyaraj
ppiyaraj@pcm.ac.th
Phunlerd Piyaraj
Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand;
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Lertwut Bualert
Lertwut Bualert
HIV Clinic Trang Hospital, Trang Hospital, Trang Province, Thailand;
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Areerat Kalrat
Areerat Kalrat
Blood Donation Unit, Trang Hospital, Trang Province, Thailand
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Saovanee Leelayoova
Saovanee Leelayoova
Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand;
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Toon Ruang-areerate
Toon Ruang-areerate
Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand;
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Nisaichol Theprin
Nisaichol Theprin
Blood Donation Unit, Trang Hospital, Trang Province, Thailand
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Tawee Naaglor
Tawee Naaglor
Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand;
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Mathirut Mungthin
Mathirut Mungthin
Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand;
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ABSTRACT.
Leishmaniasis poses significant public health challenges in endemic regions. Understanding the prevalence of asymptomatic Leishmania infection and identifying risk factors among blood donors is crucial. This study addressed a knowledge gap by evaluating the prevalence of asymptomatic Leishmania infection and pinpointing associated risk factors among blood donors in an endemic area in Thailand and aimed to enhance blood donation safety protocols and reduce the risk of transfusion-transmitted Leishmania infection. A cross-sectional study and a longitudinal follow-up were conducted among 500 blood donors in Trang Province, southern Thailand. A serological test was performed using the direct agglutination test (DAT), and DNA detection was performed using nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) to screen for Leishmania infection. Potential risk factors associated with the infection were also assessed. The study identified a 19.0% prevalence of asymptomatic Leishmania infection among blood donors, with nPCR proving more effective in detecting infections (13.0%) than DAT (6.4%). Notably, Leishmania martiniquensis was the predominant species identified, highlighting the local epidemiological profile of Leishmania infection. Furthermore, using multivariate analysis, living in stilt houses was independently associated with Leishmania infection (adjusted odds ratio = 1.85; 95% CI = 1.04–3.28; P = 0.035). A high prevalence of asymptomatic Leishmania infection among blood donors underscores the need for integrating comprehensive Leishmania screening protocols into blood donation processes, particularly in endemic regions. It advocates for using molecular diagnostics to enhance detection accuracy. Furthermore, living in stilt houses as a risk factor emphasizes the importance of environmental management in leishmaniasis control efforts.
Author Notes
Authors’ contributions: P. Piyaraj: conceptualization, formal analysis, funding acquisition, methodology, project administration, writing—original draft preparation. L. Bualert: investigation. A. Kalrat: investigation. S. Leelayoova: conceptualization, funding acquisition, methodology, supervision, writing—review & editing. T. Ruang-Areerate: investigation, methodology. N. Theprin: investigation. T. Naaglor: investigation. M. Mungthin: conceptualization, funding acquisition, methodology, supervision, writing—review & editing.
Financial support: P. Piyaraj was funded by the
Current contact information: Phunlerd Piyaraj, Saovanee Leelayoova, Toon Ruang-areerate, Tawee Naaglor, and Mathirut Mungthin, Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand, E-mails: p_phunlerd@yahoo.com, sleelayoova@gmail.com, toonr@pcm.ac.th, k.wiratree@pmk.ac.th, and mathirut@pcm.ac.th. Lertwut Bualert, Department of Medicine, Trang Hospital, Trang Province, Thailand, E-mail: dr_lertwut_clinic@yahoo.com. Areerat Kalrat and Nisaichol Theprin, Blood Donation Unit, Trang Hospital, Trang Province, Thailand, E-mails: aod_bbtrang@hotmail.com and bloodbanktrang@gmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Banuls AL , Hide M , Prugnolle F , 2007. Leishmania and the leishmaniases: A parasite genetic update and advances in taxonomy, epidemiology and pathogenicity in humans. Adv Parasitol 64: 1–109.
-
2.
Grinnage-Pulley T , Scott B , Petersen CA , 2016. A mother’s gift: Congenital transmission of Trypanosoma and Leishmania species. PLoS Pathog 12: e1005302.
-
3.
Desjeux P , Alvar J , 2003. Leishmania/HIV co-infections: Epidemiology in Europe. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 97 (Suppl 1):3–15.
-
4.
Palatnik-de-Sousa CB , Paraguai-de-Souza E , Gomes EM , Soares-Machado FC , Luz KG , Borojevic R , 1996. Transmission of visceral leishmaniasis by blood transfusion in hamsters. Braz J Med Biol Res 29: 1311–1315.
-
5.
de Freitas E , Melo MN , da Costa-Val AP , Michalick MS , 2006. Transmission of Leishmania infantum via blood transfusion in dogs: Potential for infection and importance of clinical factors. Vet Parasitol 137: 159–167.
-
6.
Mohammed R , Melkamu R , Pareyn M , Abdellati S , Bogale T , Engidaw A , Kinfu A , Girma T , van Griensven J , 2023. Detection of asymptomatic Leishmania infection in blood donors at two blood banks in Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 17: e0011142.
-
7.
Foroutan M , Dalvand S , Khademvatan S , Majidiani H , Khalkhali H , Masoumifard S , Shamsaddin G , 2017. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of Leishmania infection in blood donors. Transfus Apheresis Sci 56: 544–551.
-
8.
Melkie I , Yimer M , Alemu G , Tegegne B , 2023. Asymptomatic Leishmania donovani infection and associated factors among blood donors attending at Metema district Blood Bank, Northwest Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. Arch Public Health 81: 62.
-
9.
Jimenez-Marco T et al., 2016. Transfusion-transmitted leishmaniasis: A practical review. Transfusion 56 (Suppl 1):S45–S51.
-
10.
Rodrigues WF , Mendes NS , de Carvalho Ribeiro P , Mendes Filho D , Parreira RC , Chaves KCB , de Abreu MCM , Miguel CB , 2021. A critical review of the applicability of serological screening for Leishmaniasis in blood banks in Brazil. J Parasit Dis 45: 109–117.
-
11.
Manomat J , Leelayoova S , Bualert L , Tan-Ariya P , Siripattanapipong S , Mungthin M , Naaglor T , Piyaraj P , 2017. Prevalence and risk factors associated with Leishmania infection in Trang Province, southern Thailand. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11: e0006095.
-
12.
Leelayoova S , Siripattanapipong S , Manomat J , Piyaraj P , Tan-Ariya P , Bualert L , Mungthin M , 2017. Leishmaniasis in Thailand: A review of causative agents and situations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 96: 534–542.
-
13.
Pandey N et al., 2018. Detection of Leishmania DNA in saliva among patients with HIV/AIDS in Trang province, southern Thailand. Acta Trop 185: 294–300.
-
14.
Charoensakulchai S , Bualert L , Manomat J , Mungthin M , Leelayoova S , Tan-Ariya P , Siripattanapipong S , Naaglor T , Piyaraj P , 2020. Risk factors of Leishmania infection among HIV-infected patients in Trang province, southern Thailand: A study on three prevalent species. Am J Trop Med Hyg 103: 1502–1509.
-
15.
Sriwongpan P et al., 2021. Prevalence and associated risk factors of Leishmania infection among immunocompetent hosts, a community-based study in Chiang Rai, Thailand. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15: e0009545.
-
16.
Intharasongkroh D et al., 2019. Hepatitis E virus infection in Thai blood donors. Transfusion 59: 1035–1043.
-
17.
Asfaram S , Fakhar M , Mohebali M , Ziaei Hezarjaribi H , Mardani A , Ghezelbash B , Akhoundi B , Zarei Z , Moazeni M , 2022. A convenient and sensitive kDNA-PCR for screening of Leishmania infantum latent infection among blood donors in a highly endemic focus, northwestern Iran. Acta Parasitol 67: 842–850.
-
18.
le Fichoux Y , Quaranta JF , Aufeuvre JP , Lelievre A , Marty P , Suffia I , Rousseau D , Kubar J , 1999. Occurrence of Leishmania infantum parasitemia in asymptomatic blood donors living in an area of endemicity in southern France. J Clin Microbiol 37: 1953–1957.
-
19.
Riera C et al., 2008. Asymptomatic infection by Leishmania infantum in blood donors from the Balearic Islands (Spain). Transfusion 48: 1383–1389.
-
20.
Fukutani KF , Figueiredo V , Celes FS , Cristal JR , Barral A , Barral-Netto M , de Oliveira CI , 2014. Serological survey of Leishmania infection in blood donors in Salvador, northeastern Brazil. BMC Infect Dis 14: 422.
-
21.
Rocha R et al., 2023. Prevalence of asymptomatic Leishmania infection and knowledge, perceptions, and practices in blood donors in mainland Portugal. Parasit Vectors 16: 357.
-
22.
Huda MM , Rudra S , Ghosh D , Bhaskar KR , Chowdhury R , Dash AP , Bhattacharya SK , Haque R , Mondal D , 2013. Low prevalence of Leishmania donovani infection among the blood donors in kala-azar endemic areas of Bangladesh. BMC Infect Dis 13: 62.
-
23.
Timilsina S , Raj Bhattarai N , Khanal B , Rijal S , 2016. Serological assessment for Leishmania donovani infection in blood donors of Sunsari District, Dharan, Nepal. Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus 32: 95–99.
-
24.
Ruang-Areerate T , Ruang-Areerate P , Manomat J , Naaglor T , Piyaraj P , Mungthin M , Leelayoova S , Siripattanapipong S , 2023. Genetic variation and geographic distribution of Leishmania orientalis and Leishmania martiniquensis among Leishmania/HIV co-infection in Thailand. Sci Rep 13: 23094.
-
25.
Franca AO et al., 2018. Leishmania infection in blood donors: A new challenge in leishmaniasis transmission? PLoS One 13: e0198199.
-
26.
Roberts T et al., 2023. Accuracy of the direct agglutination test for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 23: 782.
-
27.
Silva LP et al., 2020. Asymptomatic Leishmania infection in blood donors from a major blood bank in northeastern Brazil: A cross-sectional study. Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo 62: e92.
-
28.
Aliaga L , Ceballos J , Sampedro A , Cobo F , Lopez-Nevot MA , Merino-Espinosa G , Morillas-Marquez F , Martin-Sanchez J , 2019. Asymptomatic Leishmania infection in blood donors from the southern of Spain. Infection 47: 739–747.
-
29.
Ferreira-Silva MM et al., 2018. Socio-epidemiological characterisation of blood donors with asymptomatic Leishmania infantum infection from three Brazilian endemic regions and analysis of the transfusional transmission risk of visceral leishmaniasis. Transfus Med 28: 433–439.
-
30.
Sarkari B , Gadami F , Shafiei R , Motazedian MH , Sedaghat F , Kasraian L , Tavasoli AR , Zarnegar G , Nikmanesh Y , Davami MH , 2015. Seroprevalence of Leishmania infection among the healthy blood donors in kala-azar endemic areas of Iran. J Parasit Dis 39: 545–549.
-
31.
Perez-Cutillas P et al., 2015. Spatial distribution of human asymptomatic Leishmania infantum infection in southeast Spain: A study of environmental, demographic and social risk factors. Acta Trop 146: 127–134.
-
32.
Calderon-Anyosa R , Galvez-Petzoldt C , Garcia PJ , Carcamo CP , 2018. Housing characteristics and leishmaniasis: A systematic review. Am J Trop Med Hyg 99: 1547–1554.
-
33.
de Oliveira Franca A , de Oliveira Ramos Pereira L , Ortiz Tanaka TS , Pereira de Oliveira M , Cavalheiros Dorval ME , 2020. Viability of Leishmania in blood donors: A tangible possibility of transfusion transmission. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 53: 176–178.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 3894 | 3894 | 163 |
| Full Text Views | 59 | 59 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 81 | 81 | 5 |