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Systematic Review of Strongyloides stercoralis Infection Diagnosis in Southeast Asia: Insights from Parasitological, Molecular, and Serological Approaches
Dinie Adila Zainol
Dinie Adila Zainol
Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia;
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Nor Suhada Anuar
Nor Suhada Anuar
Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia;
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Nur Shuhaidatul Sarmiza Abdul Halim
Nur Shuhaidatul Sarmiza Abdul Halim
Neurorehabilitation Engineering and Assistance Systems Research (NEAR), School of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia;
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Mansheender Kaur
Mansheender Kaur
Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia;
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Rahmah Noordin
Rahmah Noordin
Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Anizah Rahumatullah
anizahrahumatullah@usm.my
Anizah Rahumatullah
Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia;
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ABSTRACT.
Accurate diagnosis of strongyloidiasis is crucial for effective treatment and prevention of complications. We reviewed the current landscape of diagnostic assays used in detecting Strongyloides infection in Southeast Asia. A literature search was performed using Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases spanning the last three decades. Based on the exclusion and inclusion criteria, 52 papers were included in this review. We outlined the diagnostic methods used and their advantages and drawbacks. Insensitive parasitological methods were commonly used, thus underscoring the underestimation of Strongyloides infection rates in Southeast Asia. A combination of diagnostic methods (i.e., microscopy, molecular techniques, and serology) is preferred because it leads to more effective detection and higher prevalence rates. New approaches have been developed, including urine ELISAs and rapid lateral flow tests. Improving and standardizing diagnostics and making them more accessible can improve Strongyloides prevalence estimates and facilitate control efforts.
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Author Notes
Current contact information: Dinie Adila Zainol, Nor Suhada Anuar, Mansheender Kaur, and Anizah Rahumatullah, Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia, E-mails: dinieadilawork@gmail.com, norsuhada@usm.my, mansheendersekhon@gmail.com, and anizahrahumatullah@usm.my. Nur Shuhaidatul Sarmiza Abdul Halim, Neurorehabilitation Engineering and Assistance Systems Research (NEAR), School of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia, E-mail: shuemiza@gmail.com. Rahmah Noordin, Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, E-mail: rahmah8485@gmail.com.
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-
1.
Buonfrate D , Bisanzio D , Giorli G , 2020. The global prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Pathogens 9: 468.
-
2.
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3.
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4.
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11.
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