ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization , 2005. The Treatment of Diarrhea: A Manual for Physicians and Other Senior Health Workers, 4th rev. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241593180. Accessed September 13, 2021.
-
2.
Ansari M , 2011. A survey of mothers’ knowledge about childhood diarrhea and its management among a marginalized community of Morang, Nepal. Australas Med J 4: 474–479.
-
3.
AlAyed MSZ , Asaad AM , Mahdi AA , Qureshi MA , 2013. Aetiology of acute gastroenteritis in children in Najran Region, Saudi Arabia. J Health Specialties 1: 84.
-
4.
Wardlaw T , Salama P , Brocklehurst C , Chopra M , Mason E , 2010. Diarrhoea: Why children are still dying and what can be done. Lancet 375: 870–872.
-
5.
Patlán‐Hernández AR , Stobaugh HC , Cumming O , Angioletti A , Pantchova D , Lapègue J , Stern S , N’Diaye DS , 2021. Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions and the prevention and treatment of childhood acute malnutrition: A systematic review. Matern Child Nutr 18: e13257.
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World Health Organization , 2017. Diarrhoeal Disease. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diarrhoeal-disease. Accessed December 22, 2022.
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UNICEF , 2022. How Many Children Are There in Pakistan? UNICEF Data. Available at: https://data.unicef.org/how-many/how-many-children-under-18-are-there-in-pakistan/. Accessed February 28, 2023.
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UNICEF , 2020. Pakistan (PAK)—Demographics, Health & Infant Mortality. UNICEF Data. Available at: https://data.unicef.org/country/pak/. Accessed February 28, 2023.
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Radlovic N , Lekovic Z , Vuletic B , Radlovic V , Simic D , 2015. Acute diarrhea in children. Srp Arh Celok Lek 143: 755–762.
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10.
Desmennu AT , Oluwasanu MM , John-Akinola YO , Oladunni O , Adebowale AS , 2017. Maternal education and diarrhea among children aged 0–24 months in Nigeria. Afr J Reprod Health 21: 27–36.
-
11.
Bruzzese E , Giannattasio A , Guarino A , 2018. Antibiotic treatment of acute gastroenteritis in children. F1000 Res 7: 193.
-
12.
Imdad A , Mayo‐Wilson E , Herzer K , Bhutta ZA , 2017. Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3: CD008524.
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13.
Ciglenecki I , Sakoba K , Luquero FJ , Heile M , Itama C , Mengel M , Grais RF , Verhoustraeten F , Legros D , 2013. Feasibility of mass vaccination campaign with oral cholera vaccines in response to an outbreak in Guinea. PLoS Med 10: e1001512.
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14.
World Health Organization , 2011. Resolution 64.18. Cholera: Mechanism For Control and Prevention. Sixty-Fourth World Health Assembly. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
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Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan , 2023. Population Census 2023. Available at: https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/about-us. Accessed March 15, 2023.
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Social Science Statistics , 2023. Chi-Square Test Calculator. Available at: https://www.socscistatistics.com/tests/chisquare2/default2.aspx. Accessed March 15, 2023.
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Workie HM , Sharifabdilahi AS , Addis EM , 2018. Mothers’ knowledge, attitude and practice towards the prevention and home-based management of diarrheal disease among under-five children in Diredawa, eastern Ethiopia, 2016: A cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr 18: 358.
-
18.
Abbasi A , Shahzad K , Shabbir RMK , Afzal MS , Zahid H , Zahid T , Ahmed H , Cao J , 2021. Demographic attributes of knowledge, attitude, practices, and One Health perspective regarding diarrhea in Pakistan. Front Public Health 9: 731272.
-
19.
Sunanda G , Ramaiah D , Sadiq MMJ , Narayana G , 2017. Impact of structured educational program on maternal knowledge, attitude, and practice toward diarrhea management in children <5 years age in Anantapur District. CHRISMED J Health Res 4: 186–193.
-
20.
Omole VN , Wamyil-Mshelia TM , Aliyu-Zubair R , Audu O , Gobir AA , Nwankwo B , 2019. Knowledge and prevalence of diarrheal disease in a suburban community in North Western Nigeria. Sahel Med J 22: 114.
-
21.
Alghadeer S , Syed W , Alhossan A , Alrabiah Z , Babelghaith SD , Al Arifi MN , Alwhaibi A , 2021. Assessment of Saudi mother’s knowledge and attitudes towards childhood diarrhea and its management. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18: 3982.
-
22.
Mishra R , Acharya A , Yadav AK , Shreewastav RK , 2022. Diarrhoea among children under five years of age residing in a village development committee: A descriptive cross-sectional study. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc 60: 425–429.
-
23.
Sridhar MKC , Okareh OT , Mustapha M , 2020. Assessment of knowledge, attitudes, and practices on water, sanitation, and hygiene in some selected LGAs in Kaduna State, Northwestern Nigeria. J Environ Public Health 2020: 6532512.
-
24.
Ghosh K , Chakraborty AS , Mog M , 2021. Prevalence of diarrhoea among under five children in India and its contextual determinants: A geo-spatial analysis. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health 12: 100813.
-
25.
Yimenu DK , Kasahun AE , Chane M , Getachew Y , Manaye B , Kifle ZD , 2022. Assessment of knowledge, attitude, and practice of child caregivers towards oral rehydration salt and zinc for the treatment of diarrhea in under 5 children in Gondar Town. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health 14: 100998.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 505 | 505 | 134 |
| Full Text Views | 20 | 20 | 13 |
| PDF Downloads | 26 | 26 | 18 |
Mothers’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding the Prevention and Management of Diarrhea among Children in Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study
Shaher Bano
Shaher Bano
Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan;
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Nighat Sultana
Nighat Sultana
Department of Health Informatics, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan;
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Haroon Ahmed
Haroon Ahmed
Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan;
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Jing Zhang
Jing Zhang
National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Biology, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China;
WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China;
The School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China;
The School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Jianping Cao
Jianping Cao
National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Biology, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China;
WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China;
The School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China;
The School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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ABSTRACT.
Diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of death worldwide in children under 5 years old, after pneumonia. Fortunately, diarrhea is a preventable disease that can be avoided by implementing basic home management strategies. Mothers are essential to its management and prevention; therefore, this study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of mothers in Pakistan related to diarrheal disease prevention and management. The study was conducted using a cross-sectional design in three cities of Pakistan from September 2022 to December 2022. A questionnaire was used to collect data on mothers’ sociodemographic characteristics and their knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to the prevention and management of diarrheal diseases. A total of 356 mothers (81.7% of them were housewives, and 58.4% were 25–34 years old) participated in the study. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and tests of association. Significant associations were found between mothers’ income, education, and ethnicity and their knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding the prevention and management of diarrheal diseases (P <0.05). However, no significant association was found between the other variables. The knowledge and attitudes of the mothers regarding the prevention and management of diarrhea were satisfactory; however, their prevention-related practices and home-based management were unsatisfactory. Therefore, community education, formation of health and hygiene committees, and dissemination of user-friendly information are crucial for creating awareness about the prevention and management of diarrheal diseases. These measures can help improve the practices of mothers and reduce the incidence of diarrheal diseases in Pakistan.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was supported by grants from the
Disclosure: This work was approved by the institutional review board of COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan.
Authors’ contributions: S. Bano collected the data. H. Ahmed, N. Sultana, and S. Bano wrote the paper. N. Sultana, S. Bano, and H. Ahmed performed the statistical analysis. The study was designed and supervised by H. Ahmed and N. Sultana. H. Ahmed, J. Zhang, and J. Cao critically revised the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
Current contact information: Shaher Bano, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan. E-mail: sbsohail123@gmail.com. Nighat Sultana, Department of Health Informatics, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan, E-mail: drnighatsultana@gmail.com. Haroon Ahmed, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan, E-mail: haroonahmad12@yahoo.com. Jing Zhang and Jianping Cao, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Biology, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China, and The School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, E-mails: zhangjing@nipd.chinacdc.cn and caojp@chinacdc.cn.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization , 2005. The Treatment of Diarrhea: A Manual for Physicians and Other Senior Health Workers, 4th rev. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241593180. Accessed September 13, 2021.
-
2.
Ansari M , 2011. A survey of mothers’ knowledge about childhood diarrhea and its management among a marginalized community of Morang, Nepal. Australas Med J 4: 474–479.
-
3.
AlAyed MSZ , Asaad AM , Mahdi AA , Qureshi MA , 2013. Aetiology of acute gastroenteritis in children in Najran Region, Saudi Arabia. J Health Specialties 1: 84.
-
4.
Wardlaw T , Salama P , Brocklehurst C , Chopra M , Mason E , 2010. Diarrhoea: Why children are still dying and what can be done. Lancet 375: 870–872.
-
5.
Patlán‐Hernández AR , Stobaugh HC , Cumming O , Angioletti A , Pantchova D , Lapègue J , Stern S , N’Diaye DS , 2021. Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions and the prevention and treatment of childhood acute malnutrition: A systematic review. Matern Child Nutr 18: e13257.
-
6.
World Health Organization , 2017. Diarrhoeal Disease. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diarrhoeal-disease. Accessed December 22, 2022.
-
7.
UNICEF , 2022. How Many Children Are There in Pakistan? UNICEF Data. Available at: https://data.unicef.org/how-many/how-many-children-under-18-are-there-in-pakistan/. Accessed February 28, 2023.
-
8.
UNICEF , 2020. Pakistan (PAK)—Demographics, Health & Infant Mortality. UNICEF Data. Available at: https://data.unicef.org/country/pak/. Accessed February 28, 2023.
-
9.
Radlovic N , Lekovic Z , Vuletic B , Radlovic V , Simic D , 2015. Acute diarrhea in children. Srp Arh Celok Lek 143: 755–762.
-
10.
Desmennu AT , Oluwasanu MM , John-Akinola YO , Oladunni O , Adebowale AS , 2017. Maternal education and diarrhea among children aged 0–24 months in Nigeria. Afr J Reprod Health 21: 27–36.
-
11.
Bruzzese E , Giannattasio A , Guarino A , 2018. Antibiotic treatment of acute gastroenteritis in children. F1000 Res 7: 193.
-
12.
Imdad A , Mayo‐Wilson E , Herzer K , Bhutta ZA , 2017. Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3: CD008524.
-
13.
Ciglenecki I , Sakoba K , Luquero FJ , Heile M , Itama C , Mengel M , Grais RF , Verhoustraeten F , Legros D , 2013. Feasibility of mass vaccination campaign with oral cholera vaccines in response to an outbreak in Guinea. PLoS Med 10: e1001512.
-
14.
World Health Organization , 2011. Resolution 64.18. Cholera: Mechanism For Control and Prevention. Sixty-Fourth World Health Assembly. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
15.
Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan , 2023. Population Census 2023. Available at: https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/about-us. Accessed March 15, 2023.
-
16.
Social Science Statistics , 2023. Chi-Square Test Calculator. Available at: https://www.socscistatistics.com/tests/chisquare2/default2.aspx. Accessed March 15, 2023.
-
17.
Workie HM , Sharifabdilahi AS , Addis EM , 2018. Mothers’ knowledge, attitude and practice towards the prevention and home-based management of diarrheal disease among under-five children in Diredawa, eastern Ethiopia, 2016: A cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr 18: 358.
-
18.
Abbasi A , Shahzad K , Shabbir RMK , Afzal MS , Zahid H , Zahid T , Ahmed H , Cao J , 2021. Demographic attributes of knowledge, attitude, practices, and One Health perspective regarding diarrhea in Pakistan. Front Public Health 9: 731272.
-
19.
Sunanda G , Ramaiah D , Sadiq MMJ , Narayana G , 2017. Impact of structured educational program on maternal knowledge, attitude, and practice toward diarrhea management in children <5 years age in Anantapur District. CHRISMED J Health Res 4: 186–193.
-
20.
Omole VN , Wamyil-Mshelia TM , Aliyu-Zubair R , Audu O , Gobir AA , Nwankwo B , 2019. Knowledge and prevalence of diarrheal disease in a suburban community in North Western Nigeria. Sahel Med J 22: 114.
-
21.
Alghadeer S , Syed W , Alhossan A , Alrabiah Z , Babelghaith SD , Al Arifi MN , Alwhaibi A , 2021. Assessment of Saudi mother’s knowledge and attitudes towards childhood diarrhea and its management. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18: 3982.
-
22.
Mishra R , Acharya A , Yadav AK , Shreewastav RK , 2022. Diarrhoea among children under five years of age residing in a village development committee: A descriptive cross-sectional study. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc 60: 425–429.
-
23.
Sridhar MKC , Okareh OT , Mustapha M , 2020. Assessment of knowledge, attitudes, and practices on water, sanitation, and hygiene in some selected LGAs in Kaduna State, Northwestern Nigeria. J Environ Public Health 2020: 6532512.
-
24.
Ghosh K , Chakraborty AS , Mog M , 2021. Prevalence of diarrhoea among under five children in India and its contextual determinants: A geo-spatial analysis. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health 12: 100813.
-
25.
Yimenu DK , Kasahun AE , Chane M , Getachew Y , Manaye B , Kifle ZD , 2022. Assessment of knowledge, attitude, and practice of child caregivers towards oral rehydration salt and zinc for the treatment of diarrhea in under 5 children in Gondar Town. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health 14: 100998.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 505 | 505 | 134 |
| Full Text Views | 20 | 20 | 13 |
| PDF Downloads | 26 | 26 | 18 |