Gamma-Irradiated Female Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes Exhibit Greater Susceptibility to Mayaro Virus

Stephanie V. Trefry Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland;

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Robert L. Aldridge Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, Florida;

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Thomas R. Sprague Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland;
BioFactura Inc., Frederick, Maryland;

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Robert G. Lowen Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland;

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Jesse H. Erasmus Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington;

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Margaret L. Pitt Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland;

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Daniel A. Hahn Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida

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Farooq Nasar Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland;

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Seth Gibson Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, Florida;

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Kenneth J. Linthicum Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, Florida;

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ABSTRACT.

Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an alphavirus endemic in many parts of Central and South America transmitted to humans by Aedes aegypti. Currently, there is no vaccine or treatment of Mayaro infection, and therefore it is essential to control transmission by reducing populations of Ae. aegypti. Unfortunately, Ae. aegypti are extremely difficult to control with traditional integrated vector management (IVM) because of factors such as growing resistance to a dwindling list of registered insecticides and cryptic immature and adult habitats. The sterile insect technique (SIT) by irradiation is gaining traction as a novel supplemental tool to IVM. The SIT is being used operationally to release large numbers of sterilized colony-reared male mosquitoes in an intervention area to overwhelm females in the natural population, eventually causing population decline because of high frequencies of unfertilized eggs. However, little is known about the effect of irradiation on vector competence for mosquito-borne viruses such as MAYV in females that may be accidentally reared, irradiated, and released alongside males. In this investigation, we exposed female Ae. aegypti pupae to radiation and evaluated vector competence after inoculation with MAYV. Infection and dissemination rates of irradiated (10 and 40 Gy) Ae. aegypti were higher than those of non-irradiated cohorts at 7 and 14 days after infection. Although these results indicate a need to maintain effective sex sorting prior to irradiation and release of Ae. aegypti, our results are consistent with several previous observations that vectorial capacity and vector competence are likely lower in irradiated than in nonirradiated females.

Author Notes

Financial support: This study was supported by a grant from the Military Infectious Diseases Research Program, grant number U0501-17-AF-CS-OC.

Disclosure: The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the DoD, the Department of the Army, or the USDA.

Current contact information: Stephanie V. Trefry, Tonix Pharmaceuticals, Frederick, Maryland. E-mail: svaldez1@alumni.jh.edu. Robert L. Aldridge, Seth Gibson, and Kenneth J. Linthicum, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, Florida. E-mails: robert.aldridge@usda.gov, seth.gibson@usda.gov, and linthicumken@aol.com. Thomas R. Sprague, BioFactura Inc., Frederick, Maryland. E-mail: thomassprague3@yahoo.com. Robert G. Lowen and Margaret L. Pitt, Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland. E-mails: third_cent@yahoo.com and margaret.l.pitt.civ@mail.mil. Jesse H. Erasmus, Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. E-mail: Daniel A. Hahn, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. E-mail: dahahn@ufl.edu. Farooq Nasar, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, Florida and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas. E-mail: fanasar@utmb.edu.

Address correspondence to Seth Gibson, USDA-ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural, & Veterinary Entomology, 1600/1700 SW 23rd Dr., Gainesville, FL 32608. E-mail: seth.gibson@usda.gov
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