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RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
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1.
Yadav K , Dhiman S , Rabha B , Saikia P , Veer V , 2014. Socio-economic determinants for malaria transmission risk in an endemic primary health centre in Assam, India. Infect Dis Poverty 3: 19.
-
2.
Hay SI et al., 2009. A world malaria map: Plasmodium falciparum endemicity in 2007. PLoS Med 6: e1000048.
-
3.
Lafferty KD , Mordecai EA , 2016. The rise and fall of infectious disease in a warmer world. F1000Res 5: F1000 Faculty Rev-2040.
-
4.
Baird JK , Bangs MJ , Maguire JD , Barcus MJ , 2002. Epidemiological measures of risk of malaria. Methods Mol Med 72: 13–22.
-
5.
Eder M , Cortes F , Teixeira de Siquerira Filha N , Araújo de França GV , Degroote S , Braga C , Ridde V , Turchi Martelli CM , 2018. Scoping review on vector-borne diseases in urban areas: Transmission dynamics, vectorial capacity and co-infection. Infect Dis Poverty 7: 90.
-
6.
Sanei-Dehkordi A , Soleimani-Ahmadi M , Jaberhashemi SA , Zare M , 2019. Species composition, seasonal abundance and distribution of potential anopheline vectors in a malaria endemic area of Iran: Field assessment for malaria elimination. Malar J 18: 157.
-
7.
Oboh MA , Singh US , Antony HA , Ndiaye D , Badiane AS , Ali NA , Bharti PK , Das A , 2018. Molecular epidemiology and evolution of drug-resistant genes in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in southwestern Nigeria. Infect Genet Evol 66: 222–228.
-
8.
Mahendran R , Pathirana S , Piyatilake ITS , Perera SSN , Weerasinghe MC , 2020. Assessment of environmental variability on malaria transmission in a malaria-endemic rural dry zone locality of Sri Lanka: The wavelet approach. PLoS One 15: e0228540.
-
9.
Charlwood JD , Tomás EV , Bragança M , Cuamba N , Alifrangis M , Stanton M , 2015. Malaria prevalence and incidence in an isolated, meso-endemic area of Mozambique. PeerJ 3: e1370.
-
10.
Klinkenberg E , van der Hoek W , Amerasinghe FP , 2004. A malaria risk analysis in an irrigated area in Sri Lanka. Acta Trop 89: 215–225.
-
11.
Bandara M , 1996. Trial of Permethrin Treated Nets in Malaria Control in Southern Sri Lanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka: University of Colombo.
-
12.
Chirebvu E , Chimbari MJ , Ngwenya BN , 2014. Assessment of risk factors associated with malaria transmission in Tubu village, northern Botswana. Malar Res Treat 2014: 403069.
-
13.
Gunawardena DM , Wickremasinghe AR , Muthuwatta L , Weerasingha S , Rajakaruna J , Senanayaka T , Kotta PK , Attanayake N , Caarter R , Mendis KN , 1998. Malaria risk factors in an endemic region of Sri Lanka, and the impact and cost implications of risk factor-based interventions. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58: 533–542.
-
14.
Gamage-Mendis AC , Carter R , Mendis C , De Zoysa AP , Herath PR , Mendis KN , 1991. Clustering of malaria infections within an endemic population: Risk of malaria associated with the type of housing construction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 45: 77–85.
-
15.
Tusting LS , Bottomley C , Gibson H , Kleinschmidt I , Tatem AJ , Lindsay SW , Gething PW , 2017. Housing improvements and malaria risk in sub-Saharan Africa: A multi-country analysis of survey data. PLoS Med 14: e1002234.
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Briercliffe R , Dalrymple-Champneys W , Wigglesworth V , 1936. Discussion on the malaria epidemic in Ceylon 1934–1935. Proc R Soc Med 29: 537–562.
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Fernando P , 2014. Past malaria epidemics in Sri Lanka – An analysis. J Coll Community Physicians Sri Lanka 19: 27–41.
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Anti-Malaria Campaign , 2018. History of Anti-Malaria Campaign—Sri Lanka. Available at: http://www.malariacampaign.gov.lk/en/amc-whoweare/history. Accessed April 6, 2021.
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Premaratna R , Galappaththy G , Chandrasena N , Fernando R , Nawasiwatte T , de Silva NR , de Silva HJ , 2011. What clinicians who practice in countries reaching malaria elimination should be aware of: Lessons learnt from recent experience in Sri Lanka. Malar J 10: 302.
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World Health Organization , 2017. Sri Lanka Free of Malaria: Case Study. New Delhi, India: WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia.
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Mendis C , Gamage-Mendis AC , DeZoysa AP , Abhayawardena TA , Carter R , Herath PR , Mendis KN , 1990. Characteristics of malaria transmission in Kataragama, Sri Lanka: A focus for immuno-epidemiological studies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 42: 298–308.
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Department of Census and Statistics , 2012. Census of Population and Housing. Sri Lanka. Available at: http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Population/StaticalInformation/CPH2011/CensusPopulationHousing2012-FinalReport. Accessed May 20, 2024.
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Lwanga SK , Lemeshow S , 1991. Sample Size Determination in Health Studies. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
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Gunawardena K , Kumarendran B , Ebenezer R , Gunasingha MS , Pathmeswaran A , de Silva N , 2011. Soil-transmitted helminth infections among plantation sector schoolchildren in Sri Lanka: Prevalence after ten years of preventive chemotherapy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1341.
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Bandara MRSS et al., 1995. The use of permethrin impregnated bednets. Proc Sri Lanka Assoc Advt Sci 51: 56–58.
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Tusting LS , Willey BA , Lucas H , Thompson J , Kafy HT , Smith R , Lindsay SW , 2013. Socioeconomic development as an intervention against malaria: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 382: 963–972.
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Zhao X , Smith DL , Tatem AJ , 2016. Exploring the spatiotemporal drivers of malaria elimination in Europe. Malar J 15: 122.
-
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Tusting LS , Ippolito MM , Willey BA , Kleinschmidt I , Dorsey G , Gosling RD , Lindsay SW , 2015. The evidence for improving housing to reduce malaria: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Malar J 14: 209.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 652 | 651 | 68 |
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| PDF Downloads | 32 | 32 | 3 |
Living Conditions and Malaria: A Longitudinal Study in a Rural Malaria-Endemic Area of Sri Lanka
Rahini Mahendran
Rahini Mahendran
Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka;
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Sisira Pathirana
Sisira Pathirana
Malaria Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka;
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Manuj Chrishantha Weerasinghe
Manuj Chrishantha Weerasinghe
Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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ABSTRACT.
This study was conducted in a rural malaria-endemic community in Sri Lanka in 2014–2015 because malaria was no longer endemic in the area as of November 2012. Data on sociodemographic factors, living conditions, malaria infections, and use of mosquito protection methods during the period from 1990 to 2015 were collected through a household survey in a systematically selected sample of 724 households, covering >10% of the population in the area. Malaria incidence data were obtained from Anti-Malaria Campaign, and Malaria Research Unit of the University of Colombo. A total of 24,549 malaria cases were reported and a considerable improvement in living conditions was noted during the period covered. The association of malaria case incidence with living conditions of the community was evaluated using Spearman Rank Correlation at P <0.05. Sixty-six percent of households reported a history of malaria. The percentage of poorest type of houses (type 1) declined from 38.8% in the 1990–1994 period to 1.6% by 2015, whereas the best houses (type 5) doubled from 49.1% to 92.1% during the same period. Malaria case incidence was reported to be lowest in the best type houses (r = −0.933, P = 0.007), when pipe-borne water was available within the premises (for drinking: r = −0.846, P = 0.034; for personal hygiene: r = −0.859, P = 0.029), when water-sealed sanitary facilities were available (r = −0.956, P = 0.003), and when mosquito nets were used (r = −0.98, P = 0.001). This observed negative association may have been due to reduced human–mosquito contact.
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 819.20 KB)
Author Notes
Financial support: Funding for the study was obtained through a research grant offered by the
Current contact information: Rahini Mahendran, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka, E-mail: rahini.mahen15@gmail.com. Sisira Pathirana, Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka, E-mail: sisira@ibmbb.cmb.ac.lk. Manuj Chrishantha Weerasinghe, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka, E-mail: manuj@commed.cmb.ac.lk.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Yadav K , Dhiman S , Rabha B , Saikia P , Veer V , 2014. Socio-economic determinants for malaria transmission risk in an endemic primary health centre in Assam, India. Infect Dis Poverty 3: 19.
-
2.
Hay SI et al., 2009. A world malaria map: Plasmodium falciparum endemicity in 2007. PLoS Med 6: e1000048.
-
3.
Lafferty KD , Mordecai EA , 2016. The rise and fall of infectious disease in a warmer world. F1000Res 5: F1000 Faculty Rev-2040.
-
4.
Baird JK , Bangs MJ , Maguire JD , Barcus MJ , 2002. Epidemiological measures of risk of malaria. Methods Mol Med 72: 13–22.
-
5.
Eder M , Cortes F , Teixeira de Siquerira Filha N , Araújo de França GV , Degroote S , Braga C , Ridde V , Turchi Martelli CM , 2018. Scoping review on vector-borne diseases in urban areas: Transmission dynamics, vectorial capacity and co-infection. Infect Dis Poverty 7: 90.
-
6.
Sanei-Dehkordi A , Soleimani-Ahmadi M , Jaberhashemi SA , Zare M , 2019. Species composition, seasonal abundance and distribution of potential anopheline vectors in a malaria endemic area of Iran: Field assessment for malaria elimination. Malar J 18: 157.
-
7.
Oboh MA , Singh US , Antony HA , Ndiaye D , Badiane AS , Ali NA , Bharti PK , Das A , 2018. Molecular epidemiology and evolution of drug-resistant genes in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in southwestern Nigeria. Infect Genet Evol 66: 222–228.
-
8.
Mahendran R , Pathirana S , Piyatilake ITS , Perera SSN , Weerasinghe MC , 2020. Assessment of environmental variability on malaria transmission in a malaria-endemic rural dry zone locality of Sri Lanka: The wavelet approach. PLoS One 15: e0228540.
-
9.
Charlwood JD , Tomás EV , Bragança M , Cuamba N , Alifrangis M , Stanton M , 2015. Malaria prevalence and incidence in an isolated, meso-endemic area of Mozambique. PeerJ 3: e1370.
-
10.
Klinkenberg E , van der Hoek W , Amerasinghe FP , 2004. A malaria risk analysis in an irrigated area in Sri Lanka. Acta Trop 89: 215–225.
-
11.
Bandara M , 1996. Trial of Permethrin Treated Nets in Malaria Control in Southern Sri Lanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka: University of Colombo.
-
12.
Chirebvu E , Chimbari MJ , Ngwenya BN , 2014. Assessment of risk factors associated with malaria transmission in Tubu village, northern Botswana. Malar Res Treat 2014: 403069.
-
13.
Gunawardena DM , Wickremasinghe AR , Muthuwatta L , Weerasingha S , Rajakaruna J , Senanayaka T , Kotta PK , Attanayake N , Caarter R , Mendis KN , 1998. Malaria risk factors in an endemic region of Sri Lanka, and the impact and cost implications of risk factor-based interventions. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58: 533–542.
-
14.
Gamage-Mendis AC , Carter R , Mendis C , De Zoysa AP , Herath PR , Mendis KN , 1991. Clustering of malaria infections within an endemic population: Risk of malaria associated with the type of housing construction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 45: 77–85.
-
15.
Tusting LS , Bottomley C , Gibson H , Kleinschmidt I , Tatem AJ , Lindsay SW , Gething PW , 2017. Housing improvements and malaria risk in sub-Saharan Africa: A multi-country analysis of survey data. PLoS Med 14: e1002234.
-
16.
Briercliffe R , Dalrymple-Champneys W , Wigglesworth V , 1936. Discussion on the malaria epidemic in Ceylon 1934–1935. Proc R Soc Med 29: 537–562.
-
17.
Fernando P , 2014. Past malaria epidemics in Sri Lanka – An analysis. J Coll Community Physicians Sri Lanka 19: 27–41.
-
18.
Wijesundera MdeS , 1988. Malaria outbreaks in new foci in Sri Lanka. Parasitol Today 4: 147–150.
-
19.
Anti-Malaria Campaign , 2018. History of Anti-Malaria Campaign—Sri Lanka. Available at: http://www.malariacampaign.gov.lk/en/amc-whoweare/history. Accessed April 6, 2021.
-
20.
Premaratna R , Galappaththy G , Chandrasena N , Fernando R , Nawasiwatte T , de Silva NR , de Silva HJ , 2011. What clinicians who practice in countries reaching malaria elimination should be aware of: Lessons learnt from recent experience in Sri Lanka. Malar J 10: 302.
-
21.
World Health Organization , 2017. Sri Lanka Free of Malaria: Case Study. New Delhi, India: WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia.
-
22.
Mendis C , Gamage-Mendis AC , DeZoysa AP , Abhayawardena TA , Carter R , Herath PR , Mendis KN , 1990. Characteristics of malaria transmission in Kataragama, Sri Lanka: A focus for immuno-epidemiological studies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 42: 298–308.
-
23.
Department of Census and Statistics , 2012. Census of Population and Housing. Sri Lanka. Available at: http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Population/StaticalInformation/CPH2011/CensusPopulationHousing2012-FinalReport. Accessed May 20, 2024.
-
24.
Lwanga SK , Lemeshow S , 1991. Sample Size Determination in Health Studies. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
25.
Gunawardena K , Kumarendran B , Ebenezer R , Gunasingha MS , Pathmeswaran A , de Silva N , 2011. Soil-transmitted helminth infections among plantation sector schoolchildren in Sri Lanka: Prevalence after ten years of preventive chemotherapy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1341.
-
26.
Bandara MRSS et al., 1995. The use of permethrin impregnated bednets. Proc Sri Lanka Assoc Advt Sci 51: 56–58.
-
27.
Silva KT , 1997. “Public health?”, for whose benefit? Multiple disclosure on malaria in Sri Lanka. Med Anthropol 17:195–214.
-
28.
Pryce J , Richardson M , Lengeler C , 2018. Insecticide-treated nets for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 11: CD000363.
-
29.
Tusting LS , Willey BA , Lucas H , Thompson J , Kafy HT , Smith R , Lindsay SW , 2013. Socioeconomic development as an intervention against malaria: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 382: 963–972.
-
30.
Zhao X , Smith DL , Tatem AJ , 2016. Exploring the spatiotemporal drivers of malaria elimination in Europe. Malar J 15: 122.
-
31.
Tusting LS , Ippolito MM , Willey BA , Kleinschmidt I , Dorsey G , Gosling RD , Lindsay SW , 2015. The evidence for improving housing to reduce malaria: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Malar J 14: 209.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 652 | 651 | 68 |
| Full Text Views | 28 | 28 | 3 |
| PDF Downloads | 32 | 32 | 3 |