Murray CJL et al., 2022. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: A systematic analysis. Lancet 399: 629–655.
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control , 2022. Assessing the Health Burden of Infections with Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in the EU/EEA, 2016–2020. Stockholm, Sweden: ECDC.
Thaden JT , Fowler VG , Sexton DJ , Anderson DJ , 2016. Increasing incidence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in community hospitals throughout the southeastern United States. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 37: 49–54.
Mestrovic T et al., 2022. The burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in the WHO European region in 2019: A cross-country systematic analysis. Lancet Public Health 7: e897–e913.
Santé Publique France , 2023. Surveillance de la résistance bactérienne aux antibiotiques en soins de ville et en établissements pour personnes âgées dépendantes. Mission Primo: résultats 2021. Saint-Maurice, France: Santé Publique France.
World Health Organization , 2020. Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (GLASS) Report: Early Implementation 2020. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
Goossens H , Ferech M , Vander Stichele R , Elseviers M ; ESAC Project Group , 2005. Outpatient antibiotic use in Europe and association with resistance: A cross-national database study. Lancet 365: 579–587.
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control , 2021. Antimicrobial Consumption in the EU/EEA (ESAC-Net)—Annual Epidemiological Report for 2020. Stockholm, Sweden: ECDC.
Gonzales R , Steiner JF , Sande MA , 1997. Antibiotic prescribing for adults with colds, upper respiratory tract infections, and bronchitis by ambulatory care physicians. JAMA 278: 901–904.
Nyquist AC , Gonzales R , Steiner JF , Sande MA , 1998. Antibiotic prescribing for children with colds, upper respiratory tract infections, and bronchitis. JAMA 279: 875–877.
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control , 2022. Antimicrobial Consumption in the EU/EEA (ESAC-Net)—Annual Epidemiological Report 2021. Stockholm, Sweden: ECDC.
Etienne C , Pulcini C , 2015. Évaluation prospective des prescriptions antibiotiques d’un échantillon de médecins généralistes français. Presse Med 44: e59–e66.
Cassini A et al., 2019. Attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years caused by infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and the European Economic Area in 2015: A population-level modelling analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 19: 56–66.
Puvača N , de Llanos Frutos R , 2021. Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli strains isolated from humans and pet animals. Antibiotics (Basel) 10: 69.
Rodrigues WF , Miguel CB , Nogueira APO , Ueira-Vieira C , Paulino TDP , Soares SDC , De Resende EAMR , Lazo-Chica JE , Araújo MC , Oliveira CJ , 2016. Antibiotic resistance of bacteria involved in urinary infections in Brazil: A cross-sectional and retrospective study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 13: 918.
Curtis SJ , Kwong JC , Chaung YL , Mazza D , Walsh CJ , Chua KY , Stewardson AJ , 2024. Resistance to first-line antibiotic therapy among patients with uncomplicated acute cystitis in Melbourne, Australia: Prevalence, predictors and clinical impact. JAC Antimicrob Resist 6: dlad145.
MacKinnon MC , Sargeant JM , Pearl DL , Reid-Smith RJ , Carson CA , Parmley EJ , McEwen SA , 2020. Evaluation of the health and healthcare system burden due to antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli infections in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 9: 200.
Poirel L , Madec J-Y , Lupo A , Schink A-K , Kieffer N , Nordmann P , Schwarz S , 2018. Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli. Microbiol Spectr 6. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0026-2017.
Ruppé É , Woerther P-L , Barbier F , 2015. Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacilli. Ann Intensive Care 5: 21.
Sodagari HR , Varga C , 2023. Evaluating antimicrobial resistance trends in commensal Escherichia coli isolated from cecal samples of swine at slaughter in the United States, 2013–2019. Microorganisms 11: 1033.
Anjum MF et al., 2021. The potential of using E. coli as an indicator for the surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the environment. Curr Opin Microbiol 64: 152–158.
Sali V , Nykäsenoja S , Heikinheimo A , Hälli O , Tirkkonen T , Heinonen M , 2021. Antimicrobial use and susceptibility of indicator Escherichia coli in Finnish integrated pork production. Front Microbiol 12: 754894.
Klingeberg A , Willrich N , Schneider M , Schmiemann G , Gágyor I , Richter D , Noll I , Eckmanns T , 2024. The percentage of antibiotic resistance in uncomplicated community-acquired urinary tract infections—Findings of the RedAres Project. Dtsch Arztebl Int 121: 175–181.
García A , Fox JG , 2021. A One Health perspective for defining and deciphering Escherichia coli pathogenic potential in multiple hosts. Comp Med 71: 3–45.
GBD 2019 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators , 2022. Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 400: 2221–2248.
Tacconelli E et al., 2018. Discovery, research, and development of new antibiotics: The WHO priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and tuberculosis. Lancet Infect Dis 18: 318–327.
Wang S , Zhao S , Zhou Y , Jin S , Ye T , Pan X , 2023. Antibiotic resistance spectrum of E. coli strains from different samples and age-grouped patients: A 10-year retrospective study. BMJ Open 13: e067490.
Woerther P-L et al., 2013. Characterization of fecal extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in a remote community during a long time period. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57: 5060–5066.
Raphael E , Glymour MM , Chambers HF , 2021. Trends in prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from patients with community- and healthcare-associated bacteriuria: Results from 2014 to 2020 in an urban safety-net healthcare system. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 10: 118.
NkontCho F et al., 2023. Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Community-Acquired Urine Bacterial Isolates in French Amazonia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 108: 927–935.
Kallel H , Resiere D , Houcke S , Hommel D , Pujo JM , Martino F , Carles M , Mehdaoui H , Antilles-Guyane Association of Critical Care Medicine , 2021. Critical care medicine in the French territories in the Americas: Current situation and prospects. Rev Panam Salud Publica 45: e46.
Societe Francaise de Microbiologie , 2018. Infections urinaires. Référentiels en microbiologie clinique. Paris, France: Société Française de Microbiologie, 181–197.
Société Française de Microbiologie , 2018. Tableaux des concentrations critiques pour l’interprétation des CMI et des diamètres critiques des zones d’inhibition. CASFM/EUCAST. Paris, France: Société Française de Microbiologie; 36–45.
Société Française de Microbiologie , 2020. Tableaux des concentrations critiques pour l’interprétation des CMI et des diamètres critiques des zones d’inhibition. CASFM/EUCAST. Paris, France: Société Française de Microbiologie; 36–45.
Société Française de Microbiologie , 2013. Tableaux des concentrations critiques pour l’interprétation des CMI et des diamètres critiques des zones d’inhibition. CASFM/EUCAST. Paris, France: Société Française de Microbiologie; 29–36.
Kahlmeter G , Brown DFJ , Goldstein FW , MacGowan AP , Mouton JW , Osterlund A , Rodloff A , Steinbakk M , Urbaskova P , Vatopoulos A , 2003. European harmonization of MIC breakpoints for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacteria. J Antimicrob Chemother 52: 145–148.
Jarlier V , Nicolas MH , Fournier G , Philippon A , 1988. Extended broad-spectrum beta-lactamases conferring transferable resistance to newer beta-lactam agents in Enterobacteriaceae: Hospital prevalence and susceptibility patterns. Rev Infect Dis 10: 867–878.
Chaïbi EB , Sirot D , Paul G , Labia R , 1999. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases: Phenotypic, genetic and biochemical characteristics. J Antimicrob Chemother 43: 447–458.
Poirel L , Madec J-Y , Lupo A , Schink A-K , Kieffer N , Nordmann P , Schwarz S , 2018. Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli. Microbiol Spectr 6. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.arba-0026–2017.
World Health Organization , 2021. WHO Integrated Global Surveillance on ESBL-Producing E. coli Using a “One Health” Approach: Implementation and Opportunities. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
Flores-Mireles AL , Walker JN , Caparon M , Hultgren SJ , 2015. Urinary tract infections: Epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options. Nat Rev Microbiol 13: 269–284.
Meštrović T , Matijašić M , Perić M , Čipčić Paljetak H , Barešić A , Verbanac D , 2020. The role of gut, vaginal, and urinary microbiome in urinary tract infections: From bench to bedside. Diagnostics (Basel) 11: 7.
Magruder M et al., 2019. Gut uropathogen abundance is a risk factor for development of bacteriuria and urinary tract infection. Nat Commun 10: 5521.
Grigoryan L , Trautner BW , Gupta K , 2014. Diagnosis and management of urinary tract infections in the outpatient setting: A review. JAMA 312: 1677–1684.
Stewardson AJ , Gaïa N , François P , Malhotra-Kumar S , Delémont C , Martinez de Tejada B , Schrenzel J , Harbarth S , Lazarevic V ; SATURN WP1 and WP3 Study Groups , 2015. Collateral damage from oral ciprofloxacin versus nitrofurantoin in outpatients with urinary tract infections: A culture-free analysis of gut microbiota. Clin Microbiol Infect 21: 344.e1–344.e11.
Gupta K , Bhadelia N , 2014. Management of urinary tract infections from multidrug-resistant organisms. Infect Dis Clin North Am 28: 49–59.
Foxman B , 2014. Urinary tract infection syndromes: Occurrence, recurrence, bacteriology, risk factors, and disease burden. Infect Dis Clin North Am 28: 1–13.
Société de Pathologie Infectieuse de Langue Française , 2015. Diagnostic et antibiothérapie des infections urinaires bactériennes communautairesde l’adulte. Actualisation au 11 décembre 2015 des recommandations initialement mises en ligne en mai 2014.
Caron F et al., 2018. Practice guidelines for the management of adult community-acquired urinary tract infections. Med Mal Infect 48: 327–358.
Tandogdu Z , Wagenlehner FME , 2016. Global epidemiology of urinary tract infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis 29: 73–79.
Patjas A , Martelius A , Ollgren J , Kantele A , 2024. International travel increases risk of urinary tract infection caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales-three-arm case-control study. J Travel Med 31: taad155.
Michael CA , Dominey-Howes D , Labbate M , 2014. The antimicrobial resistance crisis: Causes, consequences, and management. Front Public Health 2: 145.
Planta MB , 2007. The role of poverty in antimicrobial resistance. J Am Board Fam Med 20: 533–539.
Kallel H , Rozé B , Pons B , Mayence C , Mathien C , Resiere D , Melot B , Hommel D , Mehdaoui H , Carles M , 2019. Infections tropicales graves dans les départements français d’Amérique, Antilles françaises et Guyane. Méd Intensive Réa 28: 202–216.
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the community is increasing worldwide. We aimed to assess AMR trends in Escherichia coli from the community urine isolates in French Amazonia. We conducted a retrospective study from January 2016 to December 2022 in the Cayenne General Hospital microbiology laboratory (French Guiana). It included all urine samples positive for E. coli collected from adult outpatients. During the study period, 3,443 urinalyses positive for E. coli were studied. In 46% of cases, patients were women. In 64.4% of cases, E. coli were β-lactamase producers. The most frequently diagnosed resistance mechanisms were penicillinase production and sparing third-generation cephalosporins. Isolated E. coli were extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers in 6.1% of cases. Overall, E. coli was susceptible to amoxicillin in 35.9% [95% CI: 34.3–37.5], to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in 62.2% [95% CI: 60.6–63.9], to cefotaxime in 94% [95% CI: 93.1–94.7], to gentamicin in 92.1% [95% CI: 89.1–92.6], to ofloxacin in 76.8% [95% CI: 75.3–78.2], to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT) in 58.8% [95% CI: 57.1–60.5], to fosfomycin in 99.1% [95% CI: 98.6–99.4], and to nitrofurantoin in 99% of cases [95% CI: 98.6–99.3]. We have observed a gradual decline in the susceptibility profile of E. coli for amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (P <0.001), piperacillin/tazobactam (P = 0.003), and temocillin (P = 0.006). However, susceptibility to ciprofloxacin was increasing (P = 0.001). In contrast, the susceptibility trends for amoxicillin, third-generation cephalosporins, gentamicin, SXT, nitrofurantoin, and fosfomycin remained stable over the 28 quarters of the study. In conclusion, isolated E. coli from outpatient urinalyses showed increased resistance profiles involving penicillinase and ESBL production. Close monitoring and strategies to decrease antibiotic consumption in the community are needed.
Current contact information: Flaubert Nkontcho, Pharmacy Department, Cayenne General Hospital, French Guiana, E-mail: nkontcho@hotmail.com. Vincent Sainte-Rose and Magalie Demar, Laboratory of Microbiology, Cayenne General Hospital, French Guiana, E-mails: Vincent.sainte-rose@ch-cayenne.fr and magalie.demar@ch-cayenne.fr. Guy Roger Lontsi Ngoulla, Ariane Roujansky, and Stephanie Houcke, Intensive Care Unit, Cayenne General Hospital, French Guiana, E-mails: guylon6@orange.fr, Ariane.roujansky@ch-cayenne.fr, and stephanie.houcke@ch-cayenne.fr. Philippe Abboud, Gaelle Walter, and Felix Djossou, Tropical and Infectious Diseases Department, Cayenne General Hospital, French Guiana, E-mails: philippe.abboud@ch-cayenne.fr, gaelle.walter@ch-cayenne.fr, and felix.djossou@ch-cayenne.fr. Hatem Kallel, Intensive Care Unit, Cayenne General Hospital, French Guiana, and Tropical Biome and Immunopathology CNRS UMR-9017, Inserm U 1019, Université de Guyane, French Guiana, E-mail: kallelhat@yahoo.fr. Jean Marc Pujo, Emergency Department, Cayenne General Hospital, French Guiana, E-mail: jean.pujo@ch-cayenne.fr.
Murray CJL et al., 2022. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: A systematic analysis. Lancet 399: 629–655.
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control , 2022. Assessing the Health Burden of Infections with Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in the EU/EEA, 2016–2020. Stockholm, Sweden: ECDC.
Thaden JT , Fowler VG , Sexton DJ , Anderson DJ , 2016. Increasing incidence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in community hospitals throughout the southeastern United States. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 37: 49–54.
Mestrovic T et al., 2022. The burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in the WHO European region in 2019: A cross-country systematic analysis. Lancet Public Health 7: e897–e913.
Santé Publique France , 2023. Surveillance de la résistance bactérienne aux antibiotiques en soins de ville et en établissements pour personnes âgées dépendantes. Mission Primo: résultats 2021. Saint-Maurice, France: Santé Publique France.
World Health Organization , 2020. Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (GLASS) Report: Early Implementation 2020. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
Goossens H , Ferech M , Vander Stichele R , Elseviers M ; ESAC Project Group , 2005. Outpatient antibiotic use in Europe and association with resistance: A cross-national database study. Lancet 365: 579–587.
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control , 2021. Antimicrobial Consumption in the EU/EEA (ESAC-Net)—Annual Epidemiological Report for 2020. Stockholm, Sweden: ECDC.
Gonzales R , Steiner JF , Sande MA , 1997. Antibiotic prescribing for adults with colds, upper respiratory tract infections, and bronchitis by ambulatory care physicians. JAMA 278: 901–904.
Nyquist AC , Gonzales R , Steiner JF , Sande MA , 1998. Antibiotic prescribing for children with colds, upper respiratory tract infections, and bronchitis. JAMA 279: 875–877.
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control , 2022. Antimicrobial Consumption in the EU/EEA (ESAC-Net)—Annual Epidemiological Report 2021. Stockholm, Sweden: ECDC.
Etienne C , Pulcini C , 2015. Évaluation prospective des prescriptions antibiotiques d’un échantillon de médecins généralistes français. Presse Med 44: e59–e66.
Cassini A et al., 2019. Attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years caused by infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and the European Economic Area in 2015: A population-level modelling analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 19: 56–66.
Puvača N , de Llanos Frutos R , 2021. Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli strains isolated from humans and pet animals. Antibiotics (Basel) 10: 69.
Rodrigues WF , Miguel CB , Nogueira APO , Ueira-Vieira C , Paulino TDP , Soares SDC , De Resende EAMR , Lazo-Chica JE , Araújo MC , Oliveira CJ , 2016. Antibiotic resistance of bacteria involved in urinary infections in Brazil: A cross-sectional and retrospective study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 13: 918.
Curtis SJ , Kwong JC , Chaung YL , Mazza D , Walsh CJ , Chua KY , Stewardson AJ , 2024. Resistance to first-line antibiotic therapy among patients with uncomplicated acute cystitis in Melbourne, Australia: Prevalence, predictors and clinical impact. JAC Antimicrob Resist 6: dlad145.
MacKinnon MC , Sargeant JM , Pearl DL , Reid-Smith RJ , Carson CA , Parmley EJ , McEwen SA , 2020. Evaluation of the health and healthcare system burden due to antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli infections in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 9: 200.
Poirel L , Madec J-Y , Lupo A , Schink A-K , Kieffer N , Nordmann P , Schwarz S , 2018. Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli. Microbiol Spectr 6. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0026-2017.
Ruppé É , Woerther P-L , Barbier F , 2015. Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacilli. Ann Intensive Care 5: 21.
Sodagari HR , Varga C , 2023. Evaluating antimicrobial resistance trends in commensal Escherichia coli isolated from cecal samples of swine at slaughter in the United States, 2013–2019. Microorganisms 11: 1033.
Anjum MF et al., 2021. The potential of using E. coli as an indicator for the surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the environment. Curr Opin Microbiol 64: 152–158.
Sali V , Nykäsenoja S , Heikinheimo A , Hälli O , Tirkkonen T , Heinonen M , 2021. Antimicrobial use and susceptibility of indicator Escherichia coli in Finnish integrated pork production. Front Microbiol 12: 754894.
Klingeberg A , Willrich N , Schneider M , Schmiemann G , Gágyor I , Richter D , Noll I , Eckmanns T , 2024. The percentage of antibiotic resistance in uncomplicated community-acquired urinary tract infections—Findings of the RedAres Project. Dtsch Arztebl Int 121: 175–181.
García A , Fox JG , 2021. A One Health perspective for defining and deciphering Escherichia coli pathogenic potential in multiple hosts. Comp Med 71: 3–45.
GBD 2019 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators , 2022. Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 400: 2221–2248.
Tacconelli E et al., 2018. Discovery, research, and development of new antibiotics: The WHO priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and tuberculosis. Lancet Infect Dis 18: 318–327.
Wang S , Zhao S , Zhou Y , Jin S , Ye T , Pan X , 2023. Antibiotic resistance spectrum of E. coli strains from different samples and age-grouped patients: A 10-year retrospective study. BMJ Open 13: e067490.
Woerther P-L et al., 2013. Characterization of fecal extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in a remote community during a long time period. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57: 5060–5066.
Raphael E , Glymour MM , Chambers HF , 2021. Trends in prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from patients with community- and healthcare-associated bacteriuria: Results from 2014 to 2020 in an urban safety-net healthcare system. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 10: 118.
NkontCho F et al., 2023. Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Community-Acquired Urine Bacterial Isolates in French Amazonia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 108: 927–935.
Kallel H , Resiere D , Houcke S , Hommel D , Pujo JM , Martino F , Carles M , Mehdaoui H , Antilles-Guyane Association of Critical Care Medicine , 2021. Critical care medicine in the French territories in the Americas: Current situation and prospects. Rev Panam Salud Publica 45: e46.
Societe Francaise de Microbiologie , 2018. Infections urinaires. Référentiels en microbiologie clinique. Paris, France: Société Française de Microbiologie, 181–197.
Société Française de Microbiologie , 2018. Tableaux des concentrations critiques pour l’interprétation des CMI et des diamètres critiques des zones d’inhibition. CASFM/EUCAST. Paris, France: Société Française de Microbiologie; 36–45.
Société Française de Microbiologie , 2020. Tableaux des concentrations critiques pour l’interprétation des CMI et des diamètres critiques des zones d’inhibition. CASFM/EUCAST. Paris, France: Société Française de Microbiologie; 36–45.
Société Française de Microbiologie , 2013. Tableaux des concentrations critiques pour l’interprétation des CMI et des diamètres critiques des zones d’inhibition. CASFM/EUCAST. Paris, France: Société Française de Microbiologie; 29–36.
Kahlmeter G , Brown DFJ , Goldstein FW , MacGowan AP , Mouton JW , Osterlund A , Rodloff A , Steinbakk M , Urbaskova P , Vatopoulos A , 2003. European harmonization of MIC breakpoints for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacteria. J Antimicrob Chemother 52: 145–148.
Jarlier V , Nicolas MH , Fournier G , Philippon A , 1988. Extended broad-spectrum beta-lactamases conferring transferable resistance to newer beta-lactam agents in Enterobacteriaceae: Hospital prevalence and susceptibility patterns. Rev Infect Dis 10: 867–878.
Chaïbi EB , Sirot D , Paul G , Labia R , 1999. Inhibitor-resistant TEM beta-lactamases: Phenotypic, genetic and biochemical characteristics. J Antimicrob Chemother 43: 447–458.
Poirel L , Madec J-Y , Lupo A , Schink A-K , Kieffer N , Nordmann P , Schwarz S , 2018. Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli. Microbiol Spectr 6. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.arba-0026–2017.
World Health Organization , 2021. WHO Integrated Global Surveillance on ESBL-Producing E. coli Using a “One Health” Approach: Implementation and Opportunities. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
Flores-Mireles AL , Walker JN , Caparon M , Hultgren SJ , 2015. Urinary tract infections: Epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options. Nat Rev Microbiol 13: 269–284.
Meštrović T , Matijašić M , Perić M , Čipčić Paljetak H , Barešić A , Verbanac D , 2020. The role of gut, vaginal, and urinary microbiome in urinary tract infections: From bench to bedside. Diagnostics (Basel) 11: 7.
Magruder M et al., 2019. Gut uropathogen abundance is a risk factor for development of bacteriuria and urinary tract infection. Nat Commun 10: 5521.
Grigoryan L , Trautner BW , Gupta K , 2014. Diagnosis and management of urinary tract infections in the outpatient setting: A review. JAMA 312: 1677–1684.
Stewardson AJ , Gaïa N , François P , Malhotra-Kumar S , Delémont C , Martinez de Tejada B , Schrenzel J , Harbarth S , Lazarevic V ; SATURN WP1 and WP3 Study Groups , 2015. Collateral damage from oral ciprofloxacin versus nitrofurantoin in outpatients with urinary tract infections: A culture-free analysis of gut microbiota. Clin Microbiol Infect 21: 344.e1–344.e11.
Gupta K , Bhadelia N , 2014. Management of urinary tract infections from multidrug-resistant organisms. Infect Dis Clin North Am 28: 49–59.
Foxman B , 2014. Urinary tract infection syndromes: Occurrence, recurrence, bacteriology, risk factors, and disease burden. Infect Dis Clin North Am 28: 1–13.
Société de Pathologie Infectieuse de Langue Française , 2015. Diagnostic et antibiothérapie des infections urinaires bactériennes communautairesde l’adulte. Actualisation au 11 décembre 2015 des recommandations initialement mises en ligne en mai 2014.
Caron F et al., 2018. Practice guidelines for the management of adult community-acquired urinary tract infections. Med Mal Infect 48: 327–358.
Tandogdu Z , Wagenlehner FME , 2016. Global epidemiology of urinary tract infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis 29: 73–79.
Patjas A , Martelius A , Ollgren J , Kantele A , 2024. International travel increases risk of urinary tract infection caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales-three-arm case-control study. J Travel Med 31: taad155.
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