ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Costa F , Hagan JE , Calcagno J , Kane M , Torgerson P , Martinez-Silveira MS , Stein C , Abela-Ridder B , Ko AI , 2015. Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003898.
-
2.
Berlioz-Arthaud A , Kiedrzynski T , Singh N , Yvon JF , Roualen G , Coudert C , Uluiviti V , 2007. Multicentre survey of incidence and public health impact of leptospirosis in the Western Pacific. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 714–721.
-
3.
Victoriano AFB et al., 2009. Leptospirosis in the Asia Pacific region. BMC Infect Dis 9: 147.
-
4.
Musso D , Roche C , Marfel M , Bel M , Nilles EJ , Cao-Lormeau V , 2014. Improvement of leptospirosis surveillance in remote Pacific islands using serum spotted on filter paper. Int J Infect Dis 20: 74–76.
-
5.
Guernier V , Goarant C , Benschop J , Lau CL , 2018. A systematic review of human and animal leptospirosis in the Pacific Islands reveals pathogen and reservoir diversity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12: e0006503.
-
6.
Gasem MH , Wagenaar JFP , Goris MGA , Adi MS , Isbandrio BB , Hartskeerl RA , Rolain JM , Raoult D , van Gorp ECM , 2009. Murine typhus and leptospirosis as causes of acute undifferentiated fever, Indonesia. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 975–977.
-
7.
Mayxay M et al., 2013. Causes of nonmalarial fever in Laos: A prospective study. Lancet Glob Health 1: 46–54.
-
8.
Crump JA et al., 2013. Etiology of severe nonmalaria febrile illness in northern Tanzania: A prospective cohort study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2324.
-
9.
Reller ME , Wunder EA Jr , Miles JJ , Flom JE , Mayorga O , Woods CW , Ko AI , Dumler JS , Matute AJ , 2014. Unsuspected leptospirosis is a cause of acute febrile illness in Nicaragua. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e2941.
-
10.
Mørch K et al., 2017. Acute undifferentiated fever in India: A multicentre study of aetiology and diagnostic accuracy. BMC Infect Dis 17: 665.
-
11.
Wangdi K , Kasturiaratchi K , Nery SV , Lau CL , Gray DJ , Clements ACA , 2019. Diversity of infectious aetiologies of acute undifferentiated febrile illnesses in south and Southeast Asia: A systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 9: 577.
-
12.
Watts DM et al., 2022. Etiologies of acute undifferentiated febrile illnesses in and near Iquitos from 1993 to 1999 in the amazon river basin of Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 107: 1114–1128.
-
13.
Bharti AR et al., 2003. Leptospirosis: A zoonotic disease of global importance. Lancet Infect Dis 12: 757–771.
-
14.
Faine S , Adler B , Bolin C , Perolat P , 1999. Leptospira and Leptospirosis. 2nd ed. Melbourne, Australia: MediSci.
-
15.
Levett PN , 2001. Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 14: 296–326.
-
16.
Goldstein RE , 2010. Canine leptospirosis. Vet Clin Small Anim 40: 1091–1101.
-
17.
Ellis WA , 2015. Animal leptospirosis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 387: 99–117.
-
18.
Martins G , Penna B , Lilenbaum W , 2012. The dog in the transmission of human leptospirosis under tropical conditions: Victim or villain? Epidemiol Infect 140: 207–208.
-
19.
Haddock RL , Gilmore JW , Pimentel F , 2002. A leptospirosis outbreak on Guam associated with an athletic event. Pac Health Dialog 9: 186–189.
-
20.
Colt S , Pavlin BI , Kool JL , Johnson E , McCool JP , Woodward AJ , 2014. Human leptospirosis in the Federated States of Micronesia: A hospital-based febrile illness survey. BMC Infect Dis 14: 186.
-
21.
Saville P , 1999. The Animal Health Status of Palau. Noumea, New Caledonia: Secretariat of the Pacific Community.
-
22.
Simms J , 1998. Animal leptospirosis in the Federated States of Micronesia. Pac Health Dialog 5: 30–37.
-
23.
Pineda MD , 2001. Leptospirosis in Palau. Inform’action 8: 9–11.
-
24.
Stevens AM , Carter K , Kiep R , Stevenson K , Schneeweiss R , 2011. The epidemiology of leptospirosis in Palau. Pac Health Dialog 17: 129–138.
-
25.
Matono T , Kutsuna S , Koizumi N , Fujiya Y , Takeshita N , Hayakawa K , Kanagawa S , Kato Y , Ohmagari N , 2015. Imported flood-related leptospirosis from Palau: Awareness of risk factors leads to early treatment. J Travel Med 22: 422–424.
-
26.
Koizumi N , Mizutani Muto M , Akachi S , Okano S , Yamamoto S , Horikawa K , Harada S , Funatsumaru S , Ohnishi M , 2013. Molecular and serological investigation of Leptospira and leptospirosis in dogs in Japan. J Med Microbiol 62: 630–636.
-
27.
Bankevich A et al., 2012. SPAdes: A new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing. J Comput Biol 19: 455–477.
-
28.
Guglielmini J , Bourhy P , Schiettekatte O , Zinini F , Brisse S , Picardeau M , 2019. Genus-wide Leptospira core genome multilocus sequence typing for strain taxonomy and global surveillance. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13: e0007374.
-
29.
Ahmed N , Devi SM , de los A Valverde M , Vijayachari P , Machang’u RS , Ellis WA , Hartskeerl RA , 2006. Multilocus sequence typing method for identification and genotypic classification of pathogenic Leptospira species. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 5: 28.
-
30.
Boonsilp S et al., 2013. A single multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for seven pathogenic Leptospira species. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e1954.
-
31.
Varni V , Ruybal P , Lauthier JJ , Tomasini N , Brihuega B , Koval A , Caimi K , 2014. Reassessment of MLST schemes for Leptospira spp. typing worldwide. Infect Genet Evol 22: 216–222.
-
32.
Office of the Environment, Response and Coordination, Republic of Palau , 2014. Republic of Palau Fifth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Available at: https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/pw/pw-nr-05-en.pdf. Accessed March 24, 2024.
-
33.
Nwe YY , Suzuki R , Sugiura H , 2021. Current agriculture situation. Kitalong C, Nwe YY, Omae H, eds. Agriculture in Palau: A Manual for Production through Soil Assessment. Koror, Palau: Palau Community College and Tsukuba, Japan: Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, 52–59.
-
34.
Lau CL , Watson CH , Lowry JH , David MC , Craig SB , Wynwood SJ , Kama M , Nilles EJ , 2016. Human leptospirosis infection in Fiji: An eco-epidemiological approach to identifying risk factors and environmental drivers for transmission. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004405.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 786 | 786 | 334 |
| Full Text Views | 36 | 36 | 10 |
| PDF Downloads | 37 | 37 | 15 |
Bacteriological and Serological Investigation of Leptospirosis in Dogs and Pigs in Palau
Ryo Suzuki
Ryo Suzuki
Bureau of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and the Environment, Koror, Palau;
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Sayaka Suzuki
Sayaka Suzuki
Koror State Animal Shelter/Clinic, Koror, Palau;
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Obak Sherman Sato
Obak Sherman Sato
Koror State Animal Shelter/Clinic, Koror, Palau;
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Rush Alfonso
Rush Alfonso
Koror State Animal Shelter/Clinic, Koror, Palau;
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Christopher Kitalong
Christopher Kitalong
Cooperative Research and Extension, Palau Community College, Koror, Palau;
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Yin Yin Nwe
Yin Yin Nwe
Cooperative Research and Extension, Palau Community College, Koror, Palau;
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Kyosuke Takabe
Kyosuke Takabe
Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Masatomo Morita
Masatomo Morita
Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Yukihiro Akeda
Yukihiro Akeda
Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Nobuo Koizumi
Nobuo Koizumi
Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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ABSTRACT.
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the pathogenic spirochaetes of the genus Leptospira. It is a public health concern in the Pacific Islands and is considered endemic in Palau. However, information on the genotypes and serotypes of causative Leptospira spp. in the country is limited. In this study, we isolated leptospires and detected antileptospiral antibodies in dogs and pigs. The isolates were characterized using a serological method and whole-genome sequencing. Leptospira interrogans was isolated from five of the 20 symptomatic dogs and one of the 58 healthy pigs. Their serogroups were identified as Icterohaemorrhagiae and Pyrogenes; however, the serogroup of one isolate could not be determined. Anti-Leptospira antibodies were detected in 14.4% (26/181) of the dogs and 20% (10/50) of the pigs. The reactive serogroups in dogs and pigs were almost identical, except for the Panama serogroup. Core genome multilocus sequence typing revealed that five of the six core genome sequence types (cgSTs) were newly identified in this study. The cgSTs from the serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae isolates belonged to the same group as the Copenhageni and Icterohaemorrhagiae serovars isolated in other countries, whereas no similar cgSTs were identified in the Pyrogenes or unidentified serogroup strains. We demonstrated a high incidence of canine and porcine leptospirosis and identified new L. interrogans genotypes (cgSTs) circulating in Palau. Further investigations are needed to determine whether dogs and pigs serve as maintenance hosts for newly identified L. interrogans genotypes and whether they pose a risk of leptospirosis transmission to humans.
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 333.80 KB)
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was supported by the intramural research program of the
Current contact information: Ryo Suzuki, Tama Branch Office, Tokyo Metropolitan Animal Protection Consultation Center, Tokyo, Japan, E-mail: oioioi1357@yahoo.co.jp. Sayaka Suzuki, Obak Sherman Sato, and Rush Alfonso, Koror State Animal Shelter/Clinic, Koror, Republic of Palau, E-mails: wakharn@hotmail.com, obakssato@gmail.com, and rushalfonso@gmail.com. Christopher Kitalong, Pacific Academic Institute for Research, Palau Community College, Koror, Republic of Palau, Email: ckitalon@gmail.com. Yin Yin Nwe, Palau Community College, Koror, Republic of Palau, E-mail: yinyyinnwe@gmail.com. Kyosuke Takabe, Masatomo Morita, Yukihiro Akeda, and Nobuo Koizumi, Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan, E-mails: takabe88@niid.go.jp, mmorita@niid.go.jp, akeda@niid.go.jp, and nkoizumi@niid.go.jp.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Costa F , Hagan JE , Calcagno J , Kane M , Torgerson P , Martinez-Silveira MS , Stein C , Abela-Ridder B , Ko AI , 2015. Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003898.
-
2.
Berlioz-Arthaud A , Kiedrzynski T , Singh N , Yvon JF , Roualen G , Coudert C , Uluiviti V , 2007. Multicentre survey of incidence and public health impact of leptospirosis in the Western Pacific. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 714–721.
-
3.
Victoriano AFB et al., 2009. Leptospirosis in the Asia Pacific region. BMC Infect Dis 9: 147.
-
4.
Musso D , Roche C , Marfel M , Bel M , Nilles EJ , Cao-Lormeau V , 2014. Improvement of leptospirosis surveillance in remote Pacific islands using serum spotted on filter paper. Int J Infect Dis 20: 74–76.
-
5.
Guernier V , Goarant C , Benschop J , Lau CL , 2018. A systematic review of human and animal leptospirosis in the Pacific Islands reveals pathogen and reservoir diversity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12: e0006503.
-
6.
Gasem MH , Wagenaar JFP , Goris MGA , Adi MS , Isbandrio BB , Hartskeerl RA , Rolain JM , Raoult D , van Gorp ECM , 2009. Murine typhus and leptospirosis as causes of acute undifferentiated fever, Indonesia. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 975–977.
-
7.
Mayxay M et al., 2013. Causes of nonmalarial fever in Laos: A prospective study. Lancet Glob Health 1: 46–54.
-
8.
Crump JA et al., 2013. Etiology of severe nonmalaria febrile illness in northern Tanzania: A prospective cohort study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2324.
-
9.
Reller ME , Wunder EA Jr , Miles JJ , Flom JE , Mayorga O , Woods CW , Ko AI , Dumler JS , Matute AJ , 2014. Unsuspected leptospirosis is a cause of acute febrile illness in Nicaragua. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e2941.
-
10.
Mørch K et al., 2017. Acute undifferentiated fever in India: A multicentre study of aetiology and diagnostic accuracy. BMC Infect Dis 17: 665.
-
11.
Wangdi K , Kasturiaratchi K , Nery SV , Lau CL , Gray DJ , Clements ACA , 2019. Diversity of infectious aetiologies of acute undifferentiated febrile illnesses in south and Southeast Asia: A systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 9: 577.
-
12.
Watts DM et al., 2022. Etiologies of acute undifferentiated febrile illnesses in and near Iquitos from 1993 to 1999 in the amazon river basin of Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 107: 1114–1128.
-
13.
Bharti AR et al., 2003. Leptospirosis: A zoonotic disease of global importance. Lancet Infect Dis 12: 757–771.
-
14.
Faine S , Adler B , Bolin C , Perolat P , 1999. Leptospira and Leptospirosis. 2nd ed. Melbourne, Australia: MediSci.
-
15.
Levett PN , 2001. Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 14: 296–326.
-
16.
Goldstein RE , 2010. Canine leptospirosis. Vet Clin Small Anim 40: 1091–1101.
-
17.
Ellis WA , 2015. Animal leptospirosis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 387: 99–117.
-
18.
Martins G , Penna B , Lilenbaum W , 2012. The dog in the transmission of human leptospirosis under tropical conditions: Victim or villain? Epidemiol Infect 140: 207–208.
-
19.
Haddock RL , Gilmore JW , Pimentel F , 2002. A leptospirosis outbreak on Guam associated with an athletic event. Pac Health Dialog 9: 186–189.
-
20.
Colt S , Pavlin BI , Kool JL , Johnson E , McCool JP , Woodward AJ , 2014. Human leptospirosis in the Federated States of Micronesia: A hospital-based febrile illness survey. BMC Infect Dis 14: 186.
-
21.
Saville P , 1999. The Animal Health Status of Palau. Noumea, New Caledonia: Secretariat of the Pacific Community.
-
22.
Simms J , 1998. Animal leptospirosis in the Federated States of Micronesia. Pac Health Dialog 5: 30–37.
-
23.
Pineda MD , 2001. Leptospirosis in Palau. Inform’action 8: 9–11.
-
24.
Stevens AM , Carter K , Kiep R , Stevenson K , Schneeweiss R , 2011. The epidemiology of leptospirosis in Palau. Pac Health Dialog 17: 129–138.
-
25.
Matono T , Kutsuna S , Koizumi N , Fujiya Y , Takeshita N , Hayakawa K , Kanagawa S , Kato Y , Ohmagari N , 2015. Imported flood-related leptospirosis from Palau: Awareness of risk factors leads to early treatment. J Travel Med 22: 422–424.
-
26.
Koizumi N , Mizutani Muto M , Akachi S , Okano S , Yamamoto S , Horikawa K , Harada S , Funatsumaru S , Ohnishi M , 2013. Molecular and serological investigation of Leptospira and leptospirosis in dogs in Japan. J Med Microbiol 62: 630–636.
-
27.
Bankevich A et al., 2012. SPAdes: A new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing. J Comput Biol 19: 455–477.
-
28.
Guglielmini J , Bourhy P , Schiettekatte O , Zinini F , Brisse S , Picardeau M , 2019. Genus-wide Leptospira core genome multilocus sequence typing for strain taxonomy and global surveillance. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13: e0007374.
-
29.
Ahmed N , Devi SM , de los A Valverde M , Vijayachari P , Machang’u RS , Ellis WA , Hartskeerl RA , 2006. Multilocus sequence typing method for identification and genotypic classification of pathogenic Leptospira species. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 5: 28.
-
30.
Boonsilp S et al., 2013. A single multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for seven pathogenic Leptospira species. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e1954.
-
31.
Varni V , Ruybal P , Lauthier JJ , Tomasini N , Brihuega B , Koval A , Caimi K , 2014. Reassessment of MLST schemes for Leptospira spp. typing worldwide. Infect Genet Evol 22: 216–222.
-
32.
Office of the Environment, Response and Coordination, Republic of Palau , 2014. Republic of Palau Fifth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Available at: https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/pw/pw-nr-05-en.pdf. Accessed March 24, 2024.
-
33.
Nwe YY , Suzuki R , Sugiura H , 2021. Current agriculture situation. Kitalong C, Nwe YY, Omae H, eds. Agriculture in Palau: A Manual for Production through Soil Assessment. Koror, Palau: Palau Community College and Tsukuba, Japan: Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, 52–59.
-
34.
Lau CL , Watson CH , Lowry JH , David MC , Craig SB , Wynwood SJ , Kama M , Nilles EJ , 2016. Human leptospirosis infection in Fiji: An eco-epidemiological approach to identifying risk factors and environmental drivers for transmission. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004405.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 786 | 786 | 334 |
| Full Text Views | 36 | 36 | 10 |
| PDF Downloads | 37 | 37 | 15 |