ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Costa F , Hagan JE , Calcagno J , Kane M , Torgerson P , Martinez-Silveira MS , Stein C , Abela-ridder B , Ko AI , Small PLC , 2015. Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003898.
-
2.
Levett PN , 2001. Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 14: 296–326.
-
3.
Picardeau M , 2015. Leptospirosis: Updating the global picture of an emerging neglected disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0004039.
-
4.
Fraga TR , Barbosa AS , Isaac L , 2011. Leptospirosis: Aspects of innate immunity, immunopathogenesis and immune evasion from the complement system. Scand J Immunol 73: 408–419.
-
5.
Delmas B , Jabot J , Chanareille P , Ferdynus C , Allyn J , Allou N , Raffay L , Gaüzere BA , Martinet O , Vandroux D , 2018. Leptospirosis in ICU: A retrospective study of 134 consecutive admissions. Crit Care Med 46: 93–99.
-
6.
Insee , 2021. L’essentiel sur Mayotte: Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques. Available at: https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4632225. Accessed July 4, 2022.
-
7.
Laurent J , Stéphane A , Leïla B , 2011. Impacts des changements climatiques sur les arboviroses dans une île tropicale en développement (Mayotte) [in French]. Available at: https://journals.openedition.org/vertigo/10538. Accessed July 4, 2022.
-
8.
Raunet M , 1996. Physical Environment and Soils of Reunion: Consequences for Effective Agricultural and Use. Available at: https://agritrop.cirad.fr/341960/. Accessed July 4, 2022.
-
9.
Indien CO et al., 2017. Bulletin Surveillance CIRE OI. Leptospirose 2017. CIRE Ocean Indien 2018. Available at: https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/regions/ocean-indien/documents/bulletin-regional/2018/situation-de-la-leptospirose-a-la-reunion.-point-epidemiologique-au-21-fevrier-2017. Accessed July 3, 2022.
-
10.
Ratsitorahina M , Rahelinirina S , Michault A , Rajerison M , Rajatonirina S , Richard V ; 2011 Surveillance Workshop , 2015. Has Madagascar lost its exceptional leptospirosis free-like status? PLoS One 10: e0122683.
-
11.
Biscornet L , de Comarmond J , Bibi J , Mavingui P , Dellagi K , Tortosa P , Pagès F , 2020. An observational study of human leptospirosis in Seychelles. Am J Trop Med Hyg 103: 999–1008.
-
12.
Biscornet L et al., 2017. Human leptospirosis in Seychelles: A prospective study confirms the heavy burden of the disease but suggests that rats are not the main reservoir. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11: e0005831.
-
13.
Gomard Y , Silai R , Hoarau G , Bon K , Gonneau F , Yssouf A , Michault A , Dellagi K , Tortosa P , 2014. Serologic evidence of leptospirosis in humans, Union of the Comoros, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis 20: 720–722.
-
14.
Pagès F , Polycarpe D , Dehecq J-S , Picardeau M , Caillère N , Jaffar-Bandjee M-C , Michault A , Filleul L , 2014. Human leptospirosis on Reunion Island: Past and current burden. Int J Environ Res Public Health 11: 968–982.
-
15.
Bourhy P , Collet L , Brisse S , Picardeau M , 2014. Leptospira mayottensis sp. nov., a pathogenic species of the genus Leptospira isolated from humans. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 64: 4061–4067.
-
16.
Bourhy P , Collet L , Clément S , Huerre M , Ave P , Giry C , Pettinelli F , Picardeau M , Peacock SJ , 2010. Isolation and characterization of new Leptospira genotypes from patients in Mayotte (Indian Ocean). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e724.
-
17.
Tantet C , Collet L , Bourhy P , Jean M , Woessner J , Durasnel P , Valyi L , Henry S , Michaud C , Blondé R , 2016. Particularités des formes graves de leptospirose [in French]. Med Mal Infect 46: 108.
-
18.
Giry C , Roquebert B , Li-Pat-Yuen G , Gasque P , Jaffar-Bandjee M-C , 2017. Simultaneous detection of chikungunya virus, dengue virus and human pathogenic Leptospira genomes using a multiplex TaqMan® assay. BMC Microbiol 17: 105.
-
19.
Waggoner J-J et al., 2014. Multiplex nucleic acid amplification test for diagnosis of dengue fever, malaria, and leptospirosis. J Clin Microbiol 52: 2011–2018.
-
20.
Thibeaux R , Girault D , Bierque E , Soupé-Gilbert ME , Rettinger A , Douyère A , Meyer M , Iraola G , Picardeau M , Goarant C , 2018. Biodiversity of environmental Leptospira: Improving identification and revisiting the diagnosis. Front Microbiol 9: 816.
-
21.
Dietrich M et al., 2018. Biogeography of Leptospira in wild animal communities inhabiting the insular ecosystem of the western Indian Ocean islands and neighboring Africa. Emerg Microbes Infect 7: 57.
-
22.
Guernier V , Lagadec E , Cordonin C , Le Minter G , Gomard Y , Pagès F , Jaffar-Bandjee MC , Michault A , Tortosa P , Dellagi K , 2016. Human leptospirosis on Reunion Island, Indian Ocean: Are rodents the (only) ones to blame? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004733.
-
23.
Lagadec E , Gomard Y , Guernier V , Dietrich M , Pascalis H , Temmam S , Ramasindrazana B , Goodman S , Tortosa P , Dellagi K , 2012. Pathogenic Leptospira spp. in bats, Madagascar and Union of the Comoros. Emerg Infect Dis 18: 1696.
-
24.
Rajaonarivelo JA , Desmoulin A , Maillard O , Collet L , Baudino F , Jaffar-Bandjee M-C , Blondé R , Raffray L , Tortosa P , 2023. Clinical manifestations of human leptospirosis: Bacteria matter. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 13: 1259599.
-
25.
Insee , 2010. Structuration par Âge (TER). Available at: https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1290126. Accessed May 7, 2023.
-
26.
Paganin F et al., 2007. Leptospirosis in Reunion Island (Indian Ocean): Analysis of factors associated with severity in 147 confirmed cases. Intensive Care Med 33: 1959–1966.
-
27.
Tubiana S , Mikulski M , Becam J , Lacassin F , Lefèvre P , Gourinat A-C , Goarant C , D’Ortenzio E , 2013. Risk factors and predictors of severe leptospirosis in New Caledonia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e1991.
-
28.
Miyahara S , Saito M , Kanemaru T , Villanueva SYAM , Gloriani NG , Yoshida S , 2014. Destruction of the hepatocyte junction by intercellular invasion of Leptospira causes jaundice in a hamster model of Weil’s disease. Int J Exp Pathol 95: 271–281.
-
29.
Garcia-Monco JC , Benach JL , 2013. A disconnect between the neurospirochetoses in humans and rodent models of disease. PLoS Pathog 9: e1003288.
-
30.
Romero EC , Billerbeck AE , Lando VS , Camargo ED , Souza CC , Yasuda PH , 1998. Detection of Leptospira DNA in patients with aseptic meningitis by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 36: 1453–1455.
-
31.
Toutlemonde F , 2021. Les Établissements de Santé dans les DROM: Activité et Capacités d’Accueil. Available at: https://drees.solidarites-sante.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/2021-07/Fiche%2009%20-%20Les%20établissements%20de%20santé%20dans%20les%20DROM.pdf. Accessed July 3, 2022.
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32.
Bergonzoni A , 2020. Nombre de Lits de Réanimation, de Soins Intensifs et de Soins Continus en France, fin 2013 et 2019. Available at: https://drees.solidarites-sante.gouv.fr/article/nombre-de-lits-de-reanimation-de-soins-intensifs-et-de-soins-continus-en-france-fin-2013-et. Accessed July 20, 2022.
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33.
Lebeau-Desmoulin L , Bruneau L , Commins J , Herbreteau V , Raffray L , 2020. Identifying factors associated with treatment delay in leptospirosis: A retrospective study of patients admitted to hospital in Reunion (Indian Ocean) between 2014 and 2015. Med Mal Infect 50: 352–360.
-
34.
Picardeau M , 2017. Virulence of the zoonotic agent of leptospirosis: Still terra incognita? Nat Rev Microbiol 15: 297–307.
-
35.
Cordonin C , Turpin M , Bascands J-L , Dellagi K , Mavingui P , Tortosa P , Roche M , 2019. Three Leptospira strains from western Indian Ocean wildlife show highly distinct virulence phenotypes through hamster experimental infection. Front Microbiol 10: 382.
-
36.
Sokolova M , Marshall JC , Benschop J , 2021. Risk factors for hospitalisation amongst leptospirosis patients in New Zealand. Trop Med Infect Dis 6: 188.
-
37.
Picardeau M , 2022. CNR de la Leptopirose, années d’exercice 2020–2021. Available at: https://www.pasteur.fr/fr/file/45320/download. Accessed May 7, 2023.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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A Comparative Study of Human Leptospirosis between Mayotte and Reunion Islands Highlights Distinct Clinical and Microbial Features Arising from Distinct Inter-Island Bacterial Ecology
Anissa Desmoulin
Anissa Desmoulin
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Réunion, Saint-Pierre, France;
Centre Hospitalier de Mayotte, Mamoudzou, France;
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Centre Hospitalier de Mayotte, Mamoudzou, France;
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Arline Rajaonarivelo
Arline Rajaonarivelo
Unité Mixte de Recherche Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (UMR PIMIT), Université de La Réunion, CNRS 9192, INSERM 1187, IRD 249, Plateforme de recherche CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, France;
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Olivier Maillard
Olivier Maillard
Centre d’Investigation Clinique, INSERM CIC 1410, Saint-Pierre, France;
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, France;
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Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, France;
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Louis Collet
Louis Collet
Centre Hospitalier de Mayotte, Mamoudzou, France;
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Marie-Christine Jaffar-Bandjee
Marie-Christine Jaffar-Bandjee
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, France;
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Marie-Pierre Moiton
Marie-Pierre Moiton
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, France;
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Patrice Poubeau
Patrice Poubeau
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Réunion, Saint-Pierre, France;
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Stéphanie Fayeulle
Stéphanie Fayeulle
Groupe Hospitalier Est Réunion, Saint-Benoît, France;
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Claire François-Wattrelot
Claire François-Wattrelot
Centre Hospitalier Ouest Réunion, Saint-Paul, France
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Renaud Blondé
Renaud Blondé
Centre Hospitalier de Mayotte, Mamoudzou, France;
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Pablo Tortosa
Pablo Tortosa
Unité Mixte de Recherche Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (UMR PIMIT), Université de La Réunion, CNRS 9192, INSERM 1187, IRD 249, Plateforme de recherche CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, France;
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Loïc Raffray
Loïc Raffray
Unité Mixte de Recherche Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (UMR PIMIT), Université de La Réunion, CNRS 9192, INSERM 1187, IRD 249, Plateforme de recherche CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, France;
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, France;
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Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, France;
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ABSTRACT.
Leptospirosis is a neglected zoonosis for which investigations assessing host-pathogen interaction are scarce. The aim of this study was to compare the severity and bacterial species involved in human cases of leptospirosis on Reunion and Mayotte islands, territories located in the southwest Indian Ocean that have recorded high human leptospirosis incidence but display fairly distinct epidemiological situations. A retrospective multicentric study including all patients over 18 years of age from Mayotte or Reunion with proven leptospirosis was conducted from January 2018 to April 2020. This study collected demographic, geographical, clinical, and biological data. Overall, 490 patients were included, 222 on Mayotte and 268 on Reunion. More patients were hospitalized on Reunion (n = 215, 80%) compared with Mayotte (n = 102, 46%). Severe disease was more common on Reunion (n = 75, 28%) than on Mayotte (n = 22, 10%). The dominant Leptospira species on Reunion was Leptospira interrogans (79%) followed by Leptospira borgpetersenii (21%), contrasting with the epidemiological situation on Mayotte where L. interrogans was found in only a minority of patients (10%). The high frequency of severe cases on Reunion could be explained not only by higher comorbidities but also by the higher occurrence of L. interrogans infections compared with Mayotte. Finally, the distribution of cases linked to L. borgpetersenii was found almost exclusively on the west coast of Reunion, raising the potential role of a ruminant reservoir.
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 403.35 KB)
Author Notes
Disclosures: The study received a favorable opinion from the ethics committee of the Société de Pathologie Infectieuse de Langue Française (SPILF), N° CER-MIT 2022-0505. The data presented in this study are available in the Supplementary Materials.
Authors’ contributions: Conceptualization: A. Desmoulin, O. Maillard, and L. Raffray; Data curation: A. Desmoulin, A. Rajaonarivelo, and L. Raffray; Formal analysis: O. Maillard; Investigation: A. Desmoulin, A. Rajaonarivelo, and L. Raffray; Methodology: A. Desmoulin and O. Maillard; Supervision: P. Tortosa and L. Raffray; Validation: A. Desmoulin, O. Maillard, and L. Raffray; Writing – original draft: A. Desmoulin and L. Raffray; and Writing – review and editing: L. Collet, M.-C. Jaffar-Bandjee, M.-P. Moiton, P. Poubeau, S. Fayeulle, C. François-Wattrelot, R. Blondé, and P. Tortosa.
Current contact information: Anissa Desmoulin and Patrice Poubeau, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Réunion, Saint-Pierre, France, E-mails: anissa.desmoulin@hotmail.fr and patrice.poubeau@chu-reunion.fr. Arline Rajaonarivelo and Pablo Tortosa, Unité Mixte de Recherche Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (UMR PIMIT), Université de La Réunion, CNRS 9192, INSERM 1187, IRD 249. Plateforme de recherche CYROI, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97490 Ste Clotilde, France, E-mails: rajaonaryline@gmail.com and pablo.tortosa@univ-reunion.fr. Olivier Maillard, Centre d’Investigation Clinique, INSERM CIC 1410, Saint-Pierre, France, E-mail: olivier.maillard@chu-reunion.fr. Louis Collet and Renaud Blondé, Centre Hospitalier de Mayotte, Mamoudzou, France, E-mails: l.collet@chmayotte.fr and renaud.blonde@chu-reunion.fr. Marie-Christine Jaffar-Bandjee, Marie-Pierre Moiton, and Loïc Raffray, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, France, E-mails: marie-christine.jaffarbandjee@chu-reunion.fr, marie-pierre.moiton@chu-reunion.fr, and loic.raffray@chu-reunion.fr. Stéphanie Fayeulle, Groupe Hospitalier Est Réunion, Saint-Benoît, France, E-mail: s.fayeulle@gher.fr. Claire François-Wattrelot, Centre Hospitalier Ouest Réunion, Saint-Paul, France, E-mail: cl.francois@chor.re.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Costa F , Hagan JE , Calcagno J , Kane M , Torgerson P , Martinez-Silveira MS , Stein C , Abela-ridder B , Ko AI , Small PLC , 2015. Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003898.
-
2.
Levett PN , 2001. Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 14: 296–326.
-
3.
Picardeau M , 2015. Leptospirosis: Updating the global picture of an emerging neglected disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0004039.
-
4.
Fraga TR , Barbosa AS , Isaac L , 2011. Leptospirosis: Aspects of innate immunity, immunopathogenesis and immune evasion from the complement system. Scand J Immunol 73: 408–419.
-
5.
Delmas B , Jabot J , Chanareille P , Ferdynus C , Allyn J , Allou N , Raffay L , Gaüzere BA , Martinet O , Vandroux D , 2018. Leptospirosis in ICU: A retrospective study of 134 consecutive admissions. Crit Care Med 46: 93–99.
-
6.
Insee , 2021. L’essentiel sur Mayotte: Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques. Available at: https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4632225. Accessed July 4, 2022.
-
7.
Laurent J , Stéphane A , Leïla B , 2011. Impacts des changements climatiques sur les arboviroses dans une île tropicale en développement (Mayotte) [in French]. Available at: https://journals.openedition.org/vertigo/10538. Accessed July 4, 2022.
-
8.
Raunet M , 1996. Physical Environment and Soils of Reunion: Consequences for Effective Agricultural and Use. Available at: https://agritrop.cirad.fr/341960/. Accessed July 4, 2022.
-
9.
Indien CO et al., 2017. Bulletin Surveillance CIRE OI. Leptospirose 2017. CIRE Ocean Indien 2018. Available at: https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/regions/ocean-indien/documents/bulletin-regional/2018/situation-de-la-leptospirose-a-la-reunion.-point-epidemiologique-au-21-fevrier-2017. Accessed July 3, 2022.
-
10.
Ratsitorahina M , Rahelinirina S , Michault A , Rajerison M , Rajatonirina S , Richard V ; 2011 Surveillance Workshop , 2015. Has Madagascar lost its exceptional leptospirosis free-like status? PLoS One 10: e0122683.
-
11.
Biscornet L , de Comarmond J , Bibi J , Mavingui P , Dellagi K , Tortosa P , Pagès F , 2020. An observational study of human leptospirosis in Seychelles. Am J Trop Med Hyg 103: 999–1008.
-
12.
Biscornet L et al., 2017. Human leptospirosis in Seychelles: A prospective study confirms the heavy burden of the disease but suggests that rats are not the main reservoir. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11: e0005831.
-
13.
Gomard Y , Silai R , Hoarau G , Bon K , Gonneau F , Yssouf A , Michault A , Dellagi K , Tortosa P , 2014. Serologic evidence of leptospirosis in humans, Union of the Comoros, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis 20: 720–722.
-
14.
Pagès F , Polycarpe D , Dehecq J-S , Picardeau M , Caillère N , Jaffar-Bandjee M-C , Michault A , Filleul L , 2014. Human leptospirosis on Reunion Island: Past and current burden. Int J Environ Res Public Health 11: 968–982.
-
15.
Bourhy P , Collet L , Brisse S , Picardeau M , 2014. Leptospira mayottensis sp. nov., a pathogenic species of the genus Leptospira isolated from humans. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 64: 4061–4067.
-
16.
Bourhy P , Collet L , Clément S , Huerre M , Ave P , Giry C , Pettinelli F , Picardeau M , Peacock SJ , 2010. Isolation and characterization of new Leptospira genotypes from patients in Mayotte (Indian Ocean). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e724.
-
17.
Tantet C , Collet L , Bourhy P , Jean M , Woessner J , Durasnel P , Valyi L , Henry S , Michaud C , Blondé R , 2016. Particularités des formes graves de leptospirose [in French]. Med Mal Infect 46: 108.
-
18.
Giry C , Roquebert B , Li-Pat-Yuen G , Gasque P , Jaffar-Bandjee M-C , 2017. Simultaneous detection of chikungunya virus, dengue virus and human pathogenic Leptospira genomes using a multiplex TaqMan® assay. BMC Microbiol 17: 105.
-
19.
Waggoner J-J et al., 2014. Multiplex nucleic acid amplification test for diagnosis of dengue fever, malaria, and leptospirosis. J Clin Microbiol 52: 2011–2018.
-
20.
Thibeaux R , Girault D , Bierque E , Soupé-Gilbert ME , Rettinger A , Douyère A , Meyer M , Iraola G , Picardeau M , Goarant C , 2018. Biodiversity of environmental Leptospira: Improving identification and revisiting the diagnosis. Front Microbiol 9: 816.
-
21.
Dietrich M et al., 2018. Biogeography of Leptospira in wild animal communities inhabiting the insular ecosystem of the western Indian Ocean islands and neighboring Africa. Emerg Microbes Infect 7: 57.
-
22.
Guernier V , Lagadec E , Cordonin C , Le Minter G , Gomard Y , Pagès F , Jaffar-Bandjee MC , Michault A , Tortosa P , Dellagi K , 2016. Human leptospirosis on Reunion Island, Indian Ocean: Are rodents the (only) ones to blame? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004733.
-
23.
Lagadec E , Gomard Y , Guernier V , Dietrich M , Pascalis H , Temmam S , Ramasindrazana B , Goodman S , Tortosa P , Dellagi K , 2012. Pathogenic Leptospira spp. in bats, Madagascar and Union of the Comoros. Emerg Infect Dis 18: 1696.
-
24.
Rajaonarivelo JA , Desmoulin A , Maillard O , Collet L , Baudino F , Jaffar-Bandjee M-C , Blondé R , Raffray L , Tortosa P , 2023. Clinical manifestations of human leptospirosis: Bacteria matter. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 13: 1259599.
-
25.
Insee , 2010. Structuration par Âge (TER). Available at: https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1290126. Accessed May 7, 2023.
-
26.
Paganin F et al., 2007. Leptospirosis in Reunion Island (Indian Ocean): Analysis of factors associated with severity in 147 confirmed cases. Intensive Care Med 33: 1959–1966.
-
27.
Tubiana S , Mikulski M , Becam J , Lacassin F , Lefèvre P , Gourinat A-C , Goarant C , D’Ortenzio E , 2013. Risk factors and predictors of severe leptospirosis in New Caledonia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e1991.
-
28.
Miyahara S , Saito M , Kanemaru T , Villanueva SYAM , Gloriani NG , Yoshida S , 2014. Destruction of the hepatocyte junction by intercellular invasion of Leptospira causes jaundice in a hamster model of Weil’s disease. Int J Exp Pathol 95: 271–281.
-
29.
Garcia-Monco JC , Benach JL , 2013. A disconnect between the neurospirochetoses in humans and rodent models of disease. PLoS Pathog 9: e1003288.
-
30.
Romero EC , Billerbeck AE , Lando VS , Camargo ED , Souza CC , Yasuda PH , 1998. Detection of Leptospira DNA in patients with aseptic meningitis by PCR. J Clin Microbiol 36: 1453–1455.
-
31.
Toutlemonde F , 2021. Les Établissements de Santé dans les DROM: Activité et Capacités d’Accueil. Available at: https://drees.solidarites-sante.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/2021-07/Fiche%2009%20-%20Les%20établissements%20de%20santé%20dans%20les%20DROM.pdf. Accessed July 3, 2022.
-
32.
Bergonzoni A , 2020. Nombre de Lits de Réanimation, de Soins Intensifs et de Soins Continus en France, fin 2013 et 2019. Available at: https://drees.solidarites-sante.gouv.fr/article/nombre-de-lits-de-reanimation-de-soins-intensifs-et-de-soins-continus-en-france-fin-2013-et. Accessed July 20, 2022.
-
33.
Lebeau-Desmoulin L , Bruneau L , Commins J , Herbreteau V , Raffray L , 2020. Identifying factors associated with treatment delay in leptospirosis: A retrospective study of patients admitted to hospital in Reunion (Indian Ocean) between 2014 and 2015. Med Mal Infect 50: 352–360.
-
34.
Picardeau M , 2017. Virulence of the zoonotic agent of leptospirosis: Still terra incognita? Nat Rev Microbiol 15: 297–307.
-
35.
Cordonin C , Turpin M , Bascands J-L , Dellagi K , Mavingui P , Tortosa P , Roche M , 2019. Three Leptospira strains from western Indian Ocean wildlife show highly distinct virulence phenotypes through hamster experimental infection. Front Microbiol 10: 382.
-
36.
Sokolova M , Marshall JC , Benschop J , 2021. Risk factors for hospitalisation amongst leptospirosis patients in New Zealand. Trop Med Infect Dis 6: 188.
-
37.
Picardeau M , 2022. CNR de la Leptopirose, années d’exercice 2020–2021. Available at: https://www.pasteur.fr/fr/file/45320/download. Accessed May 7, 2023.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 838 | 838 | 357 |
| Full Text Views | 49 | 49 | 13 |
| PDF Downloads | 60 | 60 | 19 |