Bhatt S et al., 2015. The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015. Nature 526: 207–211.
Musso D , Rousset D , Peyrefitte C , 2022. Special issue “endemic arboviruses”. Viruses 14: 645.
Asebe G , Michlmayr D , Mamo G , Abegaz WE , Endale A , Medhin G , Larrick JW , Legesse M , 2021. Seroprevalence of yellow fever, chikungunya, and zika virus at a community level in the Gambella Region, South West Ethiopia. PLoS One 16: e0253953.
Adam A , Jassoy C , 2021. Epidemiology and laboratory diagnostics of dengue, yellow fever, zika, and chikungunya virus infections in Africa. Pathogens 10: 1324.
Were F , 2012. The dengue situation in Africa. Paediatr Int Child Health 32 (Suppl 1):18–21.
Waggoner J et al., 2017. Malaria and chikungunya detected using molecular diagnostics among febrile Kenyan children. Open Forum Infect Dis 4: ofx110.
Institut National de la Statistique, Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme and ICF , 2022. Enquête sur les Indicateurs du Paludisme au Mali 2021. Bamako, Mali and Rockville, MD; 66.
Safronetz D et al., 2016. Vectorborne infections, Mali. Emerg Infect Dis 22: 340–342.
Chinedu Eneh S , Uwishema O , Nazir A , El Jurdi E , Faith Olanrewaju O , Abbass Z , Mustapha Jolayemi M , Mina N , Kseiry L , Onyeaka H , 2023. Chikungunya outbreak in Africa: A review of the literature. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 85: 3545–3552.
Niang M , Loucoubar C , Sow A , Diagne MM , Faye O , Faye O , Diallo M , Toure-Balde A , Sall AA , 2016. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from concurrent malaria and arbovirus co-infections in Kedougou, southeastern Senegal. Malar J 15: 155.
Dieng I , Cunha M , Diagne MM , Sembene PM , Zanotto PMA , Faye O , Faye O , Sall AA , 2021. Origin and spread of the dengue virus type 1, genotype V in Senegal, 2015–2019. Viruses 13: 57.
Carrillo-Hernandez MY , Ruiz-Saenz J , Villamizar LJ , Gomez-Rangel SY , Martinez-Gutierrez M , 2018. Co-circulation and simultaneous co-infection of dengue, chikungunya, and zika viruses in patients with febrile syndrome at the Colombian–Venezuelan border. BMC Infect Dis 18: 61.
Girard M , Nelson CB , Picot V , Gubler DJ , 2020. Arboviruses: A global public health threat. Vaccine 38: 3989–3994.
Sogoba N et al., 2016. Lassa virus seroprevalence in Sibirilia Commune, Bougouni District, southern Mali. Emerg Infect Dis 22: 657–663.
Cissoko M et al., 2022. Stratification at the health district level for targeting malaria control interventions in Mali. Sci Rep 12: 8271.
Tandina F , Doumbo O , Yaro AS , Traore SF , Parola P , Robert V , 2018. Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and mosquito-borne diseases in Mali, West Africa. Parasit Vectors 11: 467.
World Health Organization, Région africaine , 2021. Le changement climatique responsable de la multiplication d’épidémies en Afrique [Climate Change Responsible for the Multiplication of Epdiemics in Africa]. Available at: https://www.afro.who.int/fr/regional-director/regional-director-commentaries/le-changement-climatique-responsable-de-la. Accessed February 3, 2024.
PMI. US President’s Malaria Initiative , 2018. Malaria Operational Plan FY 2018. Available at: https://d1u4sg1s9ptc4z.cloudfront.net/uploads/2021/03/fy-2018-mali-malaria-operational-plan.pdf. Accessed May 29, 2024.
Ayo D , Odongo B , Omara J , Andolina C , Mulder O , Staedke SG , Bousema T , 2021. Plasmodium malariae infections as a cause of febrile disease in an area of high Plasmodium falciparum transmission intensity in eastern Uganda. Malar J 20: 425.
Dembele L et al., 2021. Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium falciparum comparative susceptibility to antimalarial drugs in Mali. J Antimicrob Chemother 76: 2079–2087.
Roucher C , Rogier C , Sokhna C , Tall A , Trape JF , 2014. A 20-year longitudinal study of Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae prevalence and morbidity in a West African population. PLoS One 9: e87169.
Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme , 2016. Directives nationales pour la prise en charge des cas de paludisme au Mali. Available at: https://www.severemalaria.org/sites/mmv-smo/files/content/attachments/2017-07-25/Mali%20treatment%20guidelines_0.pdf. Accessed September 9, 2023.
Konate D et al., 2023. Effect of a fifth round of seasonal malaria chemoprevention in children aged 5-14 years in Dangassa, an area of long transmission in Mali. Parasite Epidemiol Control 20: e00283.
Diawara SI et al., 2022. Effect of seasonal malaria chemoprevention in children between 5 and 9 years old in Kita and Bafoulabe districts, Mali. Parasite Epidemiol Control 18: e00258.
Phoutrides EK et al., 2011. Dengue virus seroprevalence among febrile patients in Bamako, Mali: Results of a 2006 surveillance study. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 11: 1479–1485.
Ngwe Tun MM , Muta Y , Inoue S , Morita K , 2016. Persistence of neutralizing antibody against dengue virus 2 after 70 years from infection in Nagasaki. Biores Open Access 5: 188–191.
Mease LE , Coldren RL , Musila LA , Prosser T , Ogolla F , Ofula VO , Schoepp RJ , Rossi CA , Adungo N , 2011. Seroprevalence and distribution of arboviral infections among rural Kenyan adults: A cross-sectional study. Virol J 8: 371.
Bacci A , Marchi S , Fievet N , Massougbodji A , Perrin RX , Chippaux JP , Sambri V , Landini MP , Varani S , Rossini G , 2015. High seroprevalence of chikungunya virus antibodies among pregnant women living in an urban area in Benin, West Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 92: 1133–1136.
Hoze N et al., 2021. Model-based assessment of chikungunya and O’nyong-nyong virus circulation in Mali in a serological cross-reactivity context. Nat Commun 12: 6735.
Tinto B et al., 2022. Serological evidence of Zika virus circulation in Burkina Faso. Pathogens 11: 741.
Faye O , Freire CC , Iamarino A , Faye O , de Oliveira JV , Diallo M , Zanotto PM , Sall AA , 2014. Molecular evolution of Zika virus during its emergence in the 20th century. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e2636.
Marchi S et al., 2020. Zika virus in West Africa: A seroepidemiological study between 2007 and 2012. Viruses 12: 641.
Diarra I et al., 2020. Zika virus circulation in Mali. Emerg Infect Dis 26: 945–952.
Muller GC , Tsabari O , Traore MM , Traore SF , Doumbia S , Kravchenko VD , Junnila A , Beier JC , 2016. First record of Aedes albopictus in inland Africa along the River Niger in Bamako and Mopti, Mali. Acta Trop 162: 245–247.
O’Hearn AE , Voorhees MA , Fetterer DP , Wauquier N , Coomber MR , Bangura J , Fair JN , Gonzalez JP , Schoepp RJ , 2016. Serosurveillance of viral pathogens circulating in West Africa. Virol J 13: 163.
Bygbjerg IC , Simonsen L , Schioler KL , 2018. Elimination of falciparum malaria and emergence of severe dengue: An independent or interdependent phenomenon? Front Microbiol 9: 1120.
Ng RJ , Chong ZL , Abdul Mutalip MH , Ng CW , 2022. Dengue seroprevalence and factors associated with dengue seropositivity in Petaling District, Malaysia. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19: 7170.
Simmons CP et al., 2007. Maternal antibody and viral factors in the pathogenesis of dengue virus in infants. J Infect Dis 196: 416–424.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 2282 | 2282 | 77 |
Full Text Views | 193 | 193 | 14 |
PDF Downloads | 244 | 244 | 11 |
Diagnostics for febrile illnesses other than malaria are not readily available in rural sub-Saharan Africa. This study assessed exposure to three mosquito-borne arboviruses—dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and chikungunya virus (CHIKV)—in southern Mali. Seroprevalence for DENV, CHIKV, and ZIKV was analyzed by detection of IgG antibodies and determined to be 77.2%, 31.2%, and 25.8%, respectively. Among study participants, 11.3% were IgG-positive for all three arboviruses. DENV had the highest seroprevalence rate at all sites; the highest seroprevalence of CHIKV and ZIKV was observed in Bamba. The seroprevalence for all three arboviruses increased with age, and the highest seroprevalence was observed among adults older than 50 years. The prevalence of Plasmodium spp. in the cohort was analyzed by microscopy and determined to be 44.5% (N = 600) with Plasmodium falciparum representing 95.1% of all infections. This study demonstrates the co-circulation of arboviruses in a region hyperendemic for malaria and highlights the needs for arbovirus diagnostics in rural sub-Saharan Africa.
Financial support: This work was funded by the
Disclosure: The research protocol was approved by the ethic committees of the Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontostomatology, University of Bamako, and the U.S. National Institutes of Health (Protocol NIH No. 18-I8-N060).
Authors’ addresses: Sidy Bane, Sory Diawara, Moussa Keita, Ousmane Maiga, Mahamadou Diakite, Seydou Doumbia, and Nafomon Sogoba, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali, E-mails: sbane@icermali.org, sdiawara@icermali.org, moussa@icermali.org, maigao2601@gmail.com, mdiakite@icermali.org, sdoumbi@icermali.org, and nafomon@icermali.org. Kyle Rosenke, Kimberly Meade-White, and Heinz Feldmann, Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, E-mails: kyle.rosenke@nih.gov, kmeade-white@niaid.nih.gov, and feldmannh@niaid.nih.gov. Friederike Feldmann, Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, E-mail: feldmannfe@niaid.nih.gov. David Safronetz, Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada, E-mail: david.safronetz@canada.ca.
Bhatt S et al., 2015. The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015. Nature 526: 207–211.
Musso D , Rousset D , Peyrefitte C , 2022. Special issue “endemic arboviruses”. Viruses 14: 645.
Asebe G , Michlmayr D , Mamo G , Abegaz WE , Endale A , Medhin G , Larrick JW , Legesse M , 2021. Seroprevalence of yellow fever, chikungunya, and zika virus at a community level in the Gambella Region, South West Ethiopia. PLoS One 16: e0253953.
Adam A , Jassoy C , 2021. Epidemiology and laboratory diagnostics of dengue, yellow fever, zika, and chikungunya virus infections in Africa. Pathogens 10: 1324.
Were F , 2012. The dengue situation in Africa. Paediatr Int Child Health 32 (Suppl 1):18–21.
Waggoner J et al., 2017. Malaria and chikungunya detected using molecular diagnostics among febrile Kenyan children. Open Forum Infect Dis 4: ofx110.
Institut National de la Statistique, Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme and ICF , 2022. Enquête sur les Indicateurs du Paludisme au Mali 2021. Bamako, Mali and Rockville, MD; 66.
Safronetz D et al., 2016. Vectorborne infections, Mali. Emerg Infect Dis 22: 340–342.
Chinedu Eneh S , Uwishema O , Nazir A , El Jurdi E , Faith Olanrewaju O , Abbass Z , Mustapha Jolayemi M , Mina N , Kseiry L , Onyeaka H , 2023. Chikungunya outbreak in Africa: A review of the literature. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 85: 3545–3552.
Niang M , Loucoubar C , Sow A , Diagne MM , Faye O , Faye O , Diallo M , Toure-Balde A , Sall AA , 2016. Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from concurrent malaria and arbovirus co-infections in Kedougou, southeastern Senegal. Malar J 15: 155.
Dieng I , Cunha M , Diagne MM , Sembene PM , Zanotto PMA , Faye O , Faye O , Sall AA , 2021. Origin and spread of the dengue virus type 1, genotype V in Senegal, 2015–2019. Viruses 13: 57.
Carrillo-Hernandez MY , Ruiz-Saenz J , Villamizar LJ , Gomez-Rangel SY , Martinez-Gutierrez M , 2018. Co-circulation and simultaneous co-infection of dengue, chikungunya, and zika viruses in patients with febrile syndrome at the Colombian–Venezuelan border. BMC Infect Dis 18: 61.
Girard M , Nelson CB , Picot V , Gubler DJ , 2020. Arboviruses: A global public health threat. Vaccine 38: 3989–3994.
Sogoba N et al., 2016. Lassa virus seroprevalence in Sibirilia Commune, Bougouni District, southern Mali. Emerg Infect Dis 22: 657–663.
Cissoko M et al., 2022. Stratification at the health district level for targeting malaria control interventions in Mali. Sci Rep 12: 8271.
Tandina F , Doumbo O , Yaro AS , Traore SF , Parola P , Robert V , 2018. Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and mosquito-borne diseases in Mali, West Africa. Parasit Vectors 11: 467.
World Health Organization, Région africaine , 2021. Le changement climatique responsable de la multiplication d’épidémies en Afrique [Climate Change Responsible for the Multiplication of Epdiemics in Africa]. Available at: https://www.afro.who.int/fr/regional-director/regional-director-commentaries/le-changement-climatique-responsable-de-la. Accessed February 3, 2024.
PMI. US President’s Malaria Initiative , 2018. Malaria Operational Plan FY 2018. Available at: https://d1u4sg1s9ptc4z.cloudfront.net/uploads/2021/03/fy-2018-mali-malaria-operational-plan.pdf. Accessed May 29, 2024.
Ayo D , Odongo B , Omara J , Andolina C , Mulder O , Staedke SG , Bousema T , 2021. Plasmodium malariae infections as a cause of febrile disease in an area of high Plasmodium falciparum transmission intensity in eastern Uganda. Malar J 20: 425.
Dembele L et al., 2021. Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium falciparum comparative susceptibility to antimalarial drugs in Mali. J Antimicrob Chemother 76: 2079–2087.
Roucher C , Rogier C , Sokhna C , Tall A , Trape JF , 2014. A 20-year longitudinal study of Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae prevalence and morbidity in a West African population. PLoS One 9: e87169.
Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme , 2016. Directives nationales pour la prise en charge des cas de paludisme au Mali. Available at: https://www.severemalaria.org/sites/mmv-smo/files/content/attachments/2017-07-25/Mali%20treatment%20guidelines_0.pdf. Accessed September 9, 2023.
Konate D et al., 2023. Effect of a fifth round of seasonal malaria chemoprevention in children aged 5-14 years in Dangassa, an area of long transmission in Mali. Parasite Epidemiol Control 20: e00283.
Diawara SI et al., 2022. Effect of seasonal malaria chemoprevention in children between 5 and 9 years old in Kita and Bafoulabe districts, Mali. Parasite Epidemiol Control 18: e00258.
Phoutrides EK et al., 2011. Dengue virus seroprevalence among febrile patients in Bamako, Mali: Results of a 2006 surveillance study. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 11: 1479–1485.
Ngwe Tun MM , Muta Y , Inoue S , Morita K , 2016. Persistence of neutralizing antibody against dengue virus 2 after 70 years from infection in Nagasaki. Biores Open Access 5: 188–191.
Mease LE , Coldren RL , Musila LA , Prosser T , Ogolla F , Ofula VO , Schoepp RJ , Rossi CA , Adungo N , 2011. Seroprevalence and distribution of arboviral infections among rural Kenyan adults: A cross-sectional study. Virol J 8: 371.
Bacci A , Marchi S , Fievet N , Massougbodji A , Perrin RX , Chippaux JP , Sambri V , Landini MP , Varani S , Rossini G , 2015. High seroprevalence of chikungunya virus antibodies among pregnant women living in an urban area in Benin, West Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 92: 1133–1136.
Hoze N et al., 2021. Model-based assessment of chikungunya and O’nyong-nyong virus circulation in Mali in a serological cross-reactivity context. Nat Commun 12: 6735.
Tinto B et al., 2022. Serological evidence of Zika virus circulation in Burkina Faso. Pathogens 11: 741.
Faye O , Freire CC , Iamarino A , Faye O , de Oliveira JV , Diallo M , Zanotto PM , Sall AA , 2014. Molecular evolution of Zika virus during its emergence in the 20th century. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e2636.
Marchi S et al., 2020. Zika virus in West Africa: A seroepidemiological study between 2007 and 2012. Viruses 12: 641.
Diarra I et al., 2020. Zika virus circulation in Mali. Emerg Infect Dis 26: 945–952.
Muller GC , Tsabari O , Traore MM , Traore SF , Doumbia S , Kravchenko VD , Junnila A , Beier JC , 2016. First record of Aedes albopictus in inland Africa along the River Niger in Bamako and Mopti, Mali. Acta Trop 162: 245–247.
O’Hearn AE , Voorhees MA , Fetterer DP , Wauquier N , Coomber MR , Bangura J , Fair JN , Gonzalez JP , Schoepp RJ , 2016. Serosurveillance of viral pathogens circulating in West Africa. Virol J 13: 163.
Bygbjerg IC , Simonsen L , Schioler KL , 2018. Elimination of falciparum malaria and emergence of severe dengue: An independent or interdependent phenomenon? Front Microbiol 9: 1120.
Ng RJ , Chong ZL , Abdul Mutalip MH , Ng CW , 2022. Dengue seroprevalence and factors associated with dengue seropositivity in Petaling District, Malaysia. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19: 7170.
Simmons CP et al., 2007. Maternal antibody and viral factors in the pathogenesis of dengue virus in infants. J Infect Dis 196: 416–424.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 2282 | 2282 | 77 |
Full Text Views | 193 | 193 | 14 |
PDF Downloads | 244 | 244 | 11 |