Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Costa F , Hagan JE , Calcagno J , Kane M , Torgerson P , Martinez-Silveira MS , Stein C , Abela-Ridder B , Ko AI , 2015. Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003898.
-
2.
Philip N et al., 2020. Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira kirschneri are the dominant Leptospira species causing human leptospirosis in central Malaysia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14: e0008197.
-
3.
Haake DA , Levett PN , 2015. Leptospirosis in humans. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 387: 65.
-
4.
Lane AB , Dore MM , 2016. Leptospirosis: A clinical review of evidence based diagnosis, treatment and prevention. World J Clin Infect Dis 6: 61–66.
-
5.
Waggoner JJ , Pinsky BA , 2016. Molecular diagnostics for human leptospirosis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 29: 440–445.
-
6.
Deodhar D , John M , 2011. Leptospirosis: Experience at a tertiary care hospital in northern India. Natl Med J India 24: 78–80.
-
7.
Center for Disease Control and Prevention , 2018. Leptospirosis—Fact Sheet for Clinicians. Atlanta, GA: CDC.
-
8.
Chirathaworn C , Inwattana R , Poovorawan Y , Suwancharoen D , 2014. Interpretation of microscopic agglutination test for leptospirosis diagnosis and seroprevalence. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 4 (Suppl 1 ):S162–S164.
-
9.
Levett PN , 2001. Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 14: 296–326.
-
10.
Goris MGA , Hartskeerl RA , 2014. Leptospirosis serodiagnosis by the microscopic agglutination test. Curr Protoc Microbiol (Suppl 32 ):1–18.
-
11.
India WCO , 2007. Leptospirosis Laboratory Manual. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/205429. Accessed March 5, 2023.
-
12.
Holla R , Darshan B , Pandey L , Unnikrishnan B , Kumar N , Thapar R , Mithra P , Kulkarni V , 2018. Leptospirosis in coastal south India: A facility based study. BioMed Res Int 2018: 1759125.
-
13.
Mansoor SM , Hemant K , Jayaram S , Poojari , 2015. A clinico-epidemiological profile of cases of leptospirosis in a tertiary care hospital. Indian J Commun Dis 1: 53–60.
-
14.
Arumugam M , Ganesan R , Khan IS , Kalaiselvan V , 2016. A study on clinical profile and complications of leptospirosis at Kilpauk Medical College, Chennai. J Evol Med Dent Sci 5: 5030–5035.
-
15.
Guerrier G , Hie P , Gourinat AC , Huguon E , Polfrit Y , Goarant C , d’Ortenzio E , Missotte I , 2013. Association between age and severity to leptospirosis in children. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2436.
-
16.
Patil H , Agrawal V , Patil V , 2012. Clinical profile and outcome of leptospirosis at tertiary care centre in western Maharashtra. J Acad Med Sci 2: 30.
-
17.
Sethi S , Sharma N , Kakkar N , Taneja J , Chatterjee SS , Banga SS , Sharma M , 2010. Increasing trends of leptospirosis in northern India: A clinico-epidemiological study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e579.
-
18.
Daher ED , Abreu KL , Silva GB Jr , 2010. Leptospirosis-associated acute kidney injury. Brazilian J Nephrol 32: 408–415.
-
19.
Kularathna MDSV , Kularatne SAM , Pathirage M , Nanayakkara PTMA , 2021. Severe leptospirosis complicated with multiorgan dysfunction successfully managed with plasma exchange: A case report. J Med Case Reports 15: 1–6.
-
20.
Vandroux D et al., 2019. Acute respiratory distress syndrome in leptospirosis. J Crit Care 51: 165–169.
-
21.
Chierakul W , Farrar J , Hotez PJ , Junghanss T , Kang G , Lalloo D & White NJ Manson’s Tropical Diseases. Elsevier, 433–440.e1.
-
22.
da Rochas Medeiros F , Spichler A , Athanazio DA , 2010. Leptospirosis-associated disturbances of blood vessels lungs, and hemostasis. Acta Trop 115: 155–162.
-
23.
Tubiana S , Mikulski M , Becam J , Lacassin F , Lefèvre P , Gourinat AC , Goarant C , d’Ortenzio E , 2013. Risk factors and predictors of severe leptospirosis in New Caledonia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e1991.
-
24.
De E, Daher F, Soares De Abreu KL, Bezerra Da Silva Junior G, De DE, Rua FD, et al., 2010. Leptospirosis-associated acute kidney injury. Brazilian J Nephrol. 32: 408–415.
-
25.
Bourquin V , Ponte B , Hirschel B , Pugin J , Martin P-Y , Saudan P , 2011. Severe leptospirosis with multiple organ failure successfully treated by plasma exchange and high-volume hemofiltration. Case Rep Nephrol 2011: 817414.
-
26.
Mavatkar MV , Pol DS , Singh V , Gokhe SB , 2017. A study of five years trend of Case fatality rate of leptospirosis in a tertiary care hospital in Mumbai, India. Int J Curr Reasearch Med Sci 3: 39–47.
-
27.
Goarant C , 2016. Leptospirosis: Risk factors and management challenges in developing countries. Res Rep Trop Med 7: 49–62.
-
28.
Balamurugan V , Alamuri A , Kumar KV , Varghese B , Govindaraj G , Hemadri D , Roy P , 2021. Prevalence of anti-leptospiral antibodies and frequency distribution of Leptospira serovars in small ruminants in enzootic South Peninsular India. Vet World 14: 2023–2030.
-
29.
Cordonin C , Turpin M , Bringart M , Bascands JL , Flores O , Dellagi K , Mavingui P , Roche M , Tortosa P , 2020. Pathogenic Leptospira and their animal reservoirs: Testing host specificity through experimental infection. Sci Rep 10: 1–8.
-
30.
Rojas P , Monahan AM , Schuller S , Miller IS , Markey BK , Nally JE , 2010. Detection and quantification of leptospires in urine of dogs: A maintenance host for the zoonotic disease leptospirosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 29: 1305–1309.
-
31.
Boey K , Shiokawa K , Rajeev S , 2019. Leptospira infection in rats: A literature review of global prevalence and distribution. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13: e0007499.
-
32.
Divya D , Joseph S , Mini M , Nair RS , Davis KJ , 2021. Seroprevalence of leptospirosis in animals in Thrissur District of Kerala. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 10: 1616–1620.
-
33.
Sharun K , Anjana S , Dhivahar M , Ambily VR , Pillai UN , 2019. Diagnosis and treatment of canine leptospirosis due to serovar Bataviae—a case report. Comp Clin Pathol 28: 1829–1833.
-
34.
Blanco RM , dos Santos LF , Galloway RL , Romero EC , 2016. Is the microagglutination test (MAT) good for predicting the infecting serogroup for leptospirosis in Brazil? Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 44: 34–36.
-
35.
Guedes IB , de Souza GO , de Castro JFP , Cavalini MB , de Souza Filho AF , Heinemann MB , 2021. Usefulness of the ranking technique in the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) to predict the most likely infecting serogroup of Leptospira. Front Vet Sci 8: 176.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1561 | 1306 | 151 |
| Full Text Views | 66 | 58 | 24 |
| PDF Downloads | 55 | 45 | 12 |
Identification of Dominant Leptospira Serogroups among Leptospirosis Cases and Their Clinical Outcomes: A Prospective Hospital-Based Study in Mangaluru, India
Gillaine Vail Pinto
Gillaine Vail Pinto
Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbial Genomics, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India;
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Kuppusamy Senthilkumar
Kuppusamy Senthilkumar
Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India;
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Praveen Rai
Praveen Rai
Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbial Genomics, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India;
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Shama Prakash Kabekkodu
Shama Prakash Kabekkodu
Department of General Medicine, K.S. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India;
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Indrani Karunasagar
Indrani Karunasagar
DST-NUTEC, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
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Ballamoole Krishna Kumar
Ballamoole Krishna Kumar
Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbial Genomics, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India;
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ABSTRACT.
Leptospirosis is a reemerging zoonotic disease of worldwide significance, endemic to the southern region of India, with clinical manifestations similar to other febrile illnesses; hence, it is often misdiagnosed and underreported. Inadequate information about the disease burden and the regional circulating serogroups contributes to its neglected disease status. This study aimed to identify the infecting Leptospira serogroup in the coastal region of Mangaluru and study the clinical symptoms and outcome among leptospirosis patients. Serum samples were collected from 30 patients with confirmed leptospirosis admitted to a tertiary care center in Mangaluru and screened by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for the infecting serogroup. The clinical profile of these cases was reviewed, and data regarding epidemiological factors such as age, sex, complications, and mortality were recorded. The MAT identified a higher occurrence of serogroup Bataviae (n = 7, 43.75%) and serogroup Australis (n = 5, 31.25%) compared with other serogroups screened in this study population. Patients were aged 16 to 65 years, with a predominance of males. The clinical presentation of leptospirosis ranged from a mild febrile illness to multiorgan failure. Fever (n = 29, 96%) was the common clinical presentation, followed by myalgia, nausea, and abdominal pain. Acute kidney injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome were the common complications observed. Determining the circulating serogroup is necessary to understand the epidemiology and diversity of Leptospira serogroups among animals and humans to strategize appropriate preventive measures.
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 21.922 KB)
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by the
Authors’ addresses: Gillaine Vail Pinto, Praveen Rai, and Ballamoole Krishna Kumar, Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbial Genomics, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India, E-mails: pintogillaine@gmail.com, raiprav@nitte.edu.in, and krishnakumarb@nitte.edu.in. Kuppusamy Senthilkumar, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India, E-mail: senthilkumar.k@tanuvas.ac.in. Shama Prakash Kabekkodu, Department of General Medicine, K.S. Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India, E-mail: drkspprakash@nitte.edu.in. Indrani Karunasagar, DST-NUTEC, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India, E-mail: indrani.karunasagar@nitte.edu.in.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Costa F , Hagan JE , Calcagno J , Kane M , Torgerson P , Martinez-Silveira MS , Stein C , Abela-Ridder B , Ko AI , 2015. Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003898.
-
2.
Philip N et al., 2020. Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira kirschneri are the dominant Leptospira species causing human leptospirosis in central Malaysia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14: e0008197.
-
3.
Haake DA , Levett PN , 2015. Leptospirosis in humans. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 387: 65.
-
4.
Lane AB , Dore MM , 2016. Leptospirosis: A clinical review of evidence based diagnosis, treatment and prevention. World J Clin Infect Dis 6: 61–66.
-
5.
Waggoner JJ , Pinsky BA , 2016. Molecular diagnostics for human leptospirosis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 29: 440–445.
-
6.
Deodhar D , John M , 2011. Leptospirosis: Experience at a tertiary care hospital in northern India. Natl Med J India 24: 78–80.
-
7.
Center for Disease Control and Prevention , 2018. Leptospirosis—Fact Sheet for Clinicians. Atlanta, GA: CDC.
-
8.
Chirathaworn C , Inwattana R , Poovorawan Y , Suwancharoen D , 2014. Interpretation of microscopic agglutination test for leptospirosis diagnosis and seroprevalence. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 4 (Suppl 1 ):S162–S164.
-
9.
Levett PN , 2001. Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 14: 296–326.
-
10.
Goris MGA , Hartskeerl RA , 2014. Leptospirosis serodiagnosis by the microscopic agglutination test. Curr Protoc Microbiol (Suppl 32 ):1–18.
-
11.
India WCO , 2007. Leptospirosis Laboratory Manual. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/205429. Accessed March 5, 2023.
-
12.
Holla R , Darshan B , Pandey L , Unnikrishnan B , Kumar N , Thapar R , Mithra P , Kulkarni V , 2018. Leptospirosis in coastal south India: A facility based study. BioMed Res Int 2018: 1759125.
-
13.
Mansoor SM , Hemant K , Jayaram S , Poojari , 2015. A clinico-epidemiological profile of cases of leptospirosis in a tertiary care hospital. Indian J Commun Dis 1: 53–60.
-
14.
Arumugam M , Ganesan R , Khan IS , Kalaiselvan V , 2016. A study on clinical profile and complications of leptospirosis at Kilpauk Medical College, Chennai. J Evol Med Dent Sci 5: 5030–5035.
-
15.
Guerrier G , Hie P , Gourinat AC , Huguon E , Polfrit Y , Goarant C , d’Ortenzio E , Missotte I , 2013. Association between age and severity to leptospirosis in children. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2436.
-
16.
Patil H , Agrawal V , Patil V , 2012. Clinical profile and outcome of leptospirosis at tertiary care centre in western Maharashtra. J Acad Med Sci 2: 30.
-
17.
Sethi S , Sharma N , Kakkar N , Taneja J , Chatterjee SS , Banga SS , Sharma M , 2010. Increasing trends of leptospirosis in northern India: A clinico-epidemiological study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e579.
-
18.
Daher ED , Abreu KL , Silva GB Jr , 2010. Leptospirosis-associated acute kidney injury. Brazilian J Nephrol 32: 408–415.
-
19.
Kularathna MDSV , Kularatne SAM , Pathirage M , Nanayakkara PTMA , 2021. Severe leptospirosis complicated with multiorgan dysfunction successfully managed with plasma exchange: A case report. J Med Case Reports 15: 1–6.
-
20.
Vandroux D et al., 2019. Acute respiratory distress syndrome in leptospirosis. J Crit Care 51: 165–169.
-
21.
Chierakul W , Farrar J , Hotez PJ , Junghanss T , Kang G , Lalloo D & White NJ Manson’s Tropical Diseases. Elsevier, 433–440.e1.
-
22.
da Rochas Medeiros F , Spichler A , Athanazio DA , 2010. Leptospirosis-associated disturbances of blood vessels lungs, and hemostasis. Acta Trop 115: 155–162.
-
23.
Tubiana S , Mikulski M , Becam J , Lacassin F , Lefèvre P , Gourinat AC , Goarant C , d’Ortenzio E , 2013. Risk factors and predictors of severe leptospirosis in New Caledonia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e1991.
-
24.
De E, Daher F, Soares De Abreu KL, Bezerra Da Silva Junior G, De DE, Rua FD, et al., 2010. Leptospirosis-associated acute kidney injury. Brazilian J Nephrol. 32: 408–415.
-
25.
Bourquin V , Ponte B , Hirschel B , Pugin J , Martin P-Y , Saudan P , 2011. Severe leptospirosis with multiple organ failure successfully treated by plasma exchange and high-volume hemofiltration. Case Rep Nephrol 2011: 817414.
-
26.
Mavatkar MV , Pol DS , Singh V , Gokhe SB , 2017. A study of five years trend of Case fatality rate of leptospirosis in a tertiary care hospital in Mumbai, India. Int J Curr Reasearch Med Sci 3: 39–47.
-
27.
Goarant C , 2016. Leptospirosis: Risk factors and management challenges in developing countries. Res Rep Trop Med 7: 49–62.
-
28.
Balamurugan V , Alamuri A , Kumar KV , Varghese B , Govindaraj G , Hemadri D , Roy P , 2021. Prevalence of anti-leptospiral antibodies and frequency distribution of Leptospira serovars in small ruminants in enzootic South Peninsular India. Vet World 14: 2023–2030.
-
29.
Cordonin C , Turpin M , Bringart M , Bascands JL , Flores O , Dellagi K , Mavingui P , Roche M , Tortosa P , 2020. Pathogenic Leptospira and their animal reservoirs: Testing host specificity through experimental infection. Sci Rep 10: 1–8.
-
30.
Rojas P , Monahan AM , Schuller S , Miller IS , Markey BK , Nally JE , 2010. Detection and quantification of leptospires in urine of dogs: A maintenance host for the zoonotic disease leptospirosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 29: 1305–1309.
-
31.
Boey K , Shiokawa K , Rajeev S , 2019. Leptospira infection in rats: A literature review of global prevalence and distribution. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13: e0007499.
-
32.
Divya D , Joseph S , Mini M , Nair RS , Davis KJ , 2021. Seroprevalence of leptospirosis in animals in Thrissur District of Kerala. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 10: 1616–1620.
-
33.
Sharun K , Anjana S , Dhivahar M , Ambily VR , Pillai UN , 2019. Diagnosis and treatment of canine leptospirosis due to serovar Bataviae—a case report. Comp Clin Pathol 28: 1829–1833.
-
34.
Blanco RM , dos Santos LF , Galloway RL , Romero EC , 2016. Is the microagglutination test (MAT) good for predicting the infecting serogroup for leptospirosis in Brazil? Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 44: 34–36.
-
35.
Guedes IB , de Souza GO , de Castro JFP , Cavalini MB , de Souza Filho AF , Heinemann MB , 2021. Usefulness of the ranking technique in the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) to predict the most likely infecting serogroup of Leptospira. Front Vet Sci 8: 176.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1561 | 1306 | 151 |
| Full Text Views | 66 | 58 | 24 |
| PDF Downloads | 55 | 45 | 12 |