Author:
- ABSTRACT.
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS
- Trends of visceral leishmaniasis relapse, PKDL and death in Pokot North.
- Visceral leishmaniasis patient’s BMI at the time of admission as obtained from hospital records.
- Descriptive and bivariate analyzes of respondent’s social demographic risk factors.
- Multivariate analyzes of social demographic risk factors.
- DISCUSSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization , 2023. Leishmaniasis. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leishmaniasis. Accessed March 5, 2023.
-
2.
Sreedharan V , Rao KVB , 2023. Protease inhibitors as a potential agent against visceral Leishmaniasis: A review to inspire future study. Braz J Infect Dis 27: 1–9.
-
3.
Choi HL , Jain S , Ruiz Postigo JA , Borisch B , Dagne DA , 2021. The global procurement landscape of leishmaniasis medicines. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15: 1–12.
-
4.
Ong YC , Roy S , Andrews PC , Gasser G , 2019. Metal compounds against neglected tropical diseases. Chem Rev 119: 730–796.
-
5.
Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative , 2018. Disease Factsheet. Leishmaniasis. Available at: https://dndi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Factsheet2018_Leishmaniasis.pdf. Accessed March 5, 2023.
-
6.
World Health Organization , 2020. Global leishmaniasis surveillance, 2017–2018, and first report on 5 additional indicators. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 95: 265–280.
-
7.
World Health Organization , 2022. Operational Manual on Leishmaniasis Vector Control, Surveillance, Monitoring and Evaluation [License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO]. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
8.
Ngure PK , Kimutai A , Ng’ang’a ZW , Rukunga G , Tonui WK , 2009. A review of Leishmaniasis in Eastern Africa. J Nanjing Med Univ 23: 79–86.
-
9.
Government of Kenya Ministry of Health , 2021. The Strategic Plan for Control of Leishmaniasis 2021–2025. 12: 351–376. Available at: https://www.crownagents.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/VL-Strategy-Kenya.pdf. Accessed December 19, 2021.
-
10.
Medenica S , Miladinović-Tasić N , Stojanović NM , Lakićević N , Rakočević B , 2023. Climate variables related to the incidence of human leishmaniosis in Montenegro in southeastern Europe during seven decades (1945–2014). Int J Environ Res Public Health 20: 1656.
-
11.
Margonari C , Menezes JA , Mayr De Lima Carvalho G , Miranda JB , Furtado de Sousa F , Rêgo FD , Campos AM , Monteiro CC , Madureira AP , Andrade Filho JD , 2020. Level of knowledge and risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis in a mining area of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2020: 6301310.
-
12.
Nackers F et al., 2015. Determinants of visceral leishmaniasis: A case–control study in Gedaref State, Sudan. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: 1–16.
-
13.
Gebremichael Tedla D , Bariagabr FH , Abreha HH , 2018. Incidence and trends of leishmaniasis and its risk factors in Humera, Western Tigray. J Parasitol Res 2018: 8463097.
-
14.
Akutaa Lotukoi J , 2017. Exposure factors associated with visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) in Loima Sub-County of Turkana County, Kenya. Am J Lab Med 2: 144.
-
15.
Paul A , Singh S , 2023. Visceral leishmaniasis in the COVID-19 pandemic era. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 117: 67–71.
-
16.
van Dijk N , Carter J , Omondi W , Mens P , Schallig H , 2023. Clinical features, immunological interactions and household determinants of visceral leishmaniasis and malaria coinfections in West Pokot, Kenya: Protocol for an observational study. BMJ Open 13: e068679.
-
17.
Malaria Consortium , 2010. Leishmaniasis Control in Eastern Africa: Past and Present Efforts and Future Needs. Situation and Gap Analysis. Available at: https://www.malariaconsortium.org/userfiles/file/NTD%20Resources/VL%20EA%20Situation%20Analysis%20Fina_Janl.pdf. Accessed December 10, 2021.
-
18.
HCC Informant , 2022. Obesity and Malnutrition. 2. Available at: https://www.ohsu.edu/sites/default/files/2022-06/Obesity%20and%20Malnutrition%20Mar%202022%20HCC%20Informant.pdf.
-
19.
Musa A et al., 2012. Sodium stibogluconate (SSG) & paromomycin combination compared to SSG for visceral leishmaniasis in east Africa: A randomised controlled trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1674.
-
20.
World Health Organization , 2010. Control of the leishmaniases. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser: 22–26.
-
21.
Melaku Y , Collin SM , Keus K , Gatluak F , Ritmeijer K , Davidson RN , 2007. Treatment of kala-azar in southern Sudan using a 17-day regimen of sodium stibogluconate combined with paromomycin: A retrospective comparison with 30-day sodium stibogluconate monotherapy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 89–94.
-
22.
Jiang D et al., 2021. Spatiotemporal patterns and spatial risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis from 2007 to 2017 in Western and Central China: A modelling analysis. Sci Total Environ 764: 144275.
-
23.
Barnett PG , Singh SP , Bern C , Hightower AW , Sundar S , 2005. Virgin soil: The spread of visceral leishmaniasis into Uttar Pradesh, India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 720–725.
-
24.
Kolaczinski JH , Reithinger R , Worku DT , Ocheng A , Kasimiro J , Kabatereine N , Brooker S , 2008. Risk factors of visceral leishmaniasis in East Africa: A case–control study in Pokot territory of Kenya and Uganda. Int J Epidemiol 37: 344–352.
-
25.
Braz BMDA , Silva RBS , Lins SC , Silva DRX , Ramalho WM , De Melo MA , 2021. Demographic and spatial study of visceral leishmaniasis in the state of Alagoas, Brazil, during 2007–2018. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 54: 1–8.
-
26.
Picado A , Ostyn B , Singh SP , Uranw S , Hasker E , Rijal S , Sundar S , Boelaert M , Chappuis F , 2014. Risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis and asymptomatic Leishmania donovani infection in India and Nepal. PLoS One 9: 1–8.
-
27.
County of West Pokot , 2018. West Pokot County Integrated Development Plan. County Integrated Development Plan, p. 19–20.
-
28.
Werneck GL , Hasselmann MH , Gouvêa TG , 2011. An overview of studies on nutrition and neglected diseases in Brazil. Cien Saude Colet 16: 39–62.
-
29.
Mengesha B , Endris M , Takele Y , Mekonnen K , Tadesse T , Feleke A , Diro E , 2014. Prevalence of malnutrition and associated risk factors among adult visceral leishmaniasis patients in northwest Ethiopia: A cross sectional study. BMC Res Notes 7: 1–6.
-
30.
Ali Mohammed Al-Selwi A , 2018. Geographical distribution of visceral leishmaniasis among children in Dhamar Governorate, Yemen. J Heal Environ Res 4: 16.
-
31.
Al-Salem W , Herricks JR , Hotez PJ , 2016. A review of visceral leishmaniasis during the conflict in South Sudan and the consequences for East African countries. Parasit Vectors 9: 1–11.
-
32.
Barros Sousa Silva R , Lima Porto M , de Oliveira Barbosa W , Cândido de Souza H , Dos Santos Pinto Marques NF , Santos Azevedo S , Paes de Andrade P , Almeida de Melo M , 2018. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with canine visceral leishmaniasis in the State of Paraíba, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 51: 683–688.
-
33.
Bruhn FRP , Morais MHF , Bruhn NCP , Cardoso DL , Ferreira F , Rocha CMBM , 2018. Human visceral leishmaniasis: Factors associated with deaths in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais state, Brazil from 2006 to 2013. Epidemiol Infect 146: 565–570.
-
34.
Yared S et al., 2014. Risk factors of visceral leishmaniasis: A case control study in north-western Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors 7: 1–11.
-
35.
Mandal PK , Wagle RR , Thakur AK , Uranw S , 2020. Risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis in selected high endemic areas of Morang, Nepal: A case control study. J Kathmandu Med Coll 9: 188–196.
-
36.
Oryan A , Akbari M , 2016. Worldwide risk factors in leishmaniasis. Asian Pac J Trop Med 9: 925–932.
-
37.
Bashaye S et al., 2009. Risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis in a new epidemic site in Amhara region, Ethiopia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 34–39.
-
38.
Coura-Vital W , Barbosa Reis A , Soares Reis LE , Leôncio Braga S , Mendes Roatt B , de oliveira Aguiar-Soares RD , Marques MJ , Veloso VM , Carneiro M , 2013. Canine visceral leishmaniasis: Incidence and risk factors for infection in a cohort study in Brazil. Vet Parasitol 197: 411–417.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2114 | 1971 | 371 |
| Full Text Views | 236 | 227 | 34 |
| PDF Downloads | 64 | 54 | 12 |
Social Demographic Characteristics Associated with Visceral Leishmaniasis in West Pokot, Kenya
Bulle Abdullahi
Bulle Abdullahi
Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, School of Health Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya;
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Joshua Mutiso
Joshua Mutiso
Department of Zoological Sciences, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
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Michael Gicheru
Michael Gicheru
Department of Zoological Sciences, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
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ABSTRACT.
Visceral leishmaniasis is a tropical disease with a significant global public health burden. This study aimed to determine the social demographic characteristics associated with visceral leishmaniasis in West Pokot of Kenya. A mixed-methods research design was adopted where household questionnaires and key informant interviews were administered. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS version 22, and qualitative data were analyzed to establish patterns for interpretation. Male children aged 10 years or younger were the most infected by Leishmania donovani in the community. The hospital record indicated that 60% of previously treated visceral leishmaniasis patients were severely malnourished during admission. Risk factors associated with the disease included low formal education (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 4.39; 95% CI = 1.66–11.59; P <0.05), peasant farming (aOR = 8.49; 95% CI = 2.77–26.00; P <0.05), and dog ownership (aOR = 4.86; 95% CI = 1.87–12.60; P <0.05). Social demographic risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis remain a major public health concern in West Pokot.
Author Notes
Financial support:
Authors’ addresses: Bulle Abdullahi, Department of Family Medicine Community Health and Epidemiology, School of Health Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya, E-mail: bulle07@hotmail.co.uk. Joshua Mutiso and Michael Gicheru, Department of Zoological Sciences, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya, E-mails: mutisovic@gmail.com and gicheru.michael@ku.ac.ke.
- ABSTRACT.
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS
- Trends of visceral leishmaniasis relapse, PKDL and death in Pokot North.
- Visceral leishmaniasis patient’s BMI at the time of admission as obtained from hospital records.
- Descriptive and bivariate analyzes of respondent’s social demographic risk factors.
- Multivariate analyzes of social demographic risk factors.
- DISCUSSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization , 2023. Leishmaniasis. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leishmaniasis. Accessed March 5, 2023.
-
2.
Sreedharan V , Rao KVB , 2023. Protease inhibitors as a potential agent against visceral Leishmaniasis: A review to inspire future study. Braz J Infect Dis 27: 1–9.
-
3.
Choi HL , Jain S , Ruiz Postigo JA , Borisch B , Dagne DA , 2021. The global procurement landscape of leishmaniasis medicines. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15: 1–12.
-
4.
Ong YC , Roy S , Andrews PC , Gasser G , 2019. Metal compounds against neglected tropical diseases. Chem Rev 119: 730–796.
-
5.
Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative , 2018. Disease Factsheet. Leishmaniasis. Available at: https://dndi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Factsheet2018_Leishmaniasis.pdf. Accessed March 5, 2023.
-
6.
World Health Organization , 2020. Global leishmaniasis surveillance, 2017–2018, and first report on 5 additional indicators. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 95: 265–280.
-
7.
World Health Organization , 2022. Operational Manual on Leishmaniasis Vector Control, Surveillance, Monitoring and Evaluation [License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO]. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
8.
Ngure PK , Kimutai A , Ng’ang’a ZW , Rukunga G , Tonui WK , 2009. A review of Leishmaniasis in Eastern Africa. J Nanjing Med Univ 23: 79–86.
-
9.
Government of Kenya Ministry of Health , 2021. The Strategic Plan for Control of Leishmaniasis 2021–2025. 12: 351–376. Available at: https://www.crownagents.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/VL-Strategy-Kenya.pdf. Accessed December 19, 2021.
-
10.
Medenica S , Miladinović-Tasić N , Stojanović NM , Lakićević N , Rakočević B , 2023. Climate variables related to the incidence of human leishmaniosis in Montenegro in southeastern Europe during seven decades (1945–2014). Int J Environ Res Public Health 20: 1656.
-
11.
Margonari C , Menezes JA , Mayr De Lima Carvalho G , Miranda JB , Furtado de Sousa F , Rêgo FD , Campos AM , Monteiro CC , Madureira AP , Andrade Filho JD , 2020. Level of knowledge and risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis in a mining area of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2020: 6301310.
-
12.
Nackers F et al., 2015. Determinants of visceral leishmaniasis: A case–control study in Gedaref State, Sudan. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: 1–16.
-
13.
Gebremichael Tedla D , Bariagabr FH , Abreha HH , 2018. Incidence and trends of leishmaniasis and its risk factors in Humera, Western Tigray. J Parasitol Res 2018: 8463097.
-
14.
Akutaa Lotukoi J , 2017. Exposure factors associated with visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) in Loima Sub-County of Turkana County, Kenya. Am J Lab Med 2: 144.
-
15.
Paul A , Singh S , 2023. Visceral leishmaniasis in the COVID-19 pandemic era. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 117: 67–71.
-
16.
van Dijk N , Carter J , Omondi W , Mens P , Schallig H , 2023. Clinical features, immunological interactions and household determinants of visceral leishmaniasis and malaria coinfections in West Pokot, Kenya: Protocol for an observational study. BMJ Open 13: e068679.
-
17.
Malaria Consortium , 2010. Leishmaniasis Control in Eastern Africa: Past and Present Efforts and Future Needs. Situation and Gap Analysis. Available at: https://www.malariaconsortium.org/userfiles/file/NTD%20Resources/VL%20EA%20Situation%20Analysis%20Fina_Janl.pdf. Accessed December 10, 2021.
-
18.
HCC Informant , 2022. Obesity and Malnutrition. 2. Available at: https://www.ohsu.edu/sites/default/files/2022-06/Obesity%20and%20Malnutrition%20Mar%202022%20HCC%20Informant.pdf.
-
19.
Musa A et al., 2012. Sodium stibogluconate (SSG) & paromomycin combination compared to SSG for visceral leishmaniasis in east Africa: A randomised controlled trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1674.
-
20.
World Health Organization , 2010. Control of the leishmaniases. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser: 22–26.
-
21.
Melaku Y , Collin SM , Keus K , Gatluak F , Ritmeijer K , Davidson RN , 2007. Treatment of kala-azar in southern Sudan using a 17-day regimen of sodium stibogluconate combined with paromomycin: A retrospective comparison with 30-day sodium stibogluconate monotherapy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 89–94.
-
22.
Jiang D et al., 2021. Spatiotemporal patterns and spatial risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis from 2007 to 2017 in Western and Central China: A modelling analysis. Sci Total Environ 764: 144275.
-
23.
Barnett PG , Singh SP , Bern C , Hightower AW , Sundar S , 2005. Virgin soil: The spread of visceral leishmaniasis into Uttar Pradesh, India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 720–725.
-
24.
Kolaczinski JH , Reithinger R , Worku DT , Ocheng A , Kasimiro J , Kabatereine N , Brooker S , 2008. Risk factors of visceral leishmaniasis in East Africa: A case–control study in Pokot territory of Kenya and Uganda. Int J Epidemiol 37: 344–352.
-
25.
Braz BMDA , Silva RBS , Lins SC , Silva DRX , Ramalho WM , De Melo MA , 2021. Demographic and spatial study of visceral leishmaniasis in the state of Alagoas, Brazil, during 2007–2018. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 54: 1–8.
-
26.
Picado A , Ostyn B , Singh SP , Uranw S , Hasker E , Rijal S , Sundar S , Boelaert M , Chappuis F , 2014. Risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis and asymptomatic Leishmania donovani infection in India and Nepal. PLoS One 9: 1–8.
-
27.
County of West Pokot , 2018. West Pokot County Integrated Development Plan. County Integrated Development Plan, p. 19–20.
-
28.
Werneck GL , Hasselmann MH , Gouvêa TG , 2011. An overview of studies on nutrition and neglected diseases in Brazil. Cien Saude Colet 16: 39–62.
-
29.
Mengesha B , Endris M , Takele Y , Mekonnen K , Tadesse T , Feleke A , Diro E , 2014. Prevalence of malnutrition and associated risk factors among adult visceral leishmaniasis patients in northwest Ethiopia: A cross sectional study. BMC Res Notes 7: 1–6.
-
30.
Ali Mohammed Al-Selwi A , 2018. Geographical distribution of visceral leishmaniasis among children in Dhamar Governorate, Yemen. J Heal Environ Res 4: 16.
-
31.
Al-Salem W , Herricks JR , Hotez PJ , 2016. A review of visceral leishmaniasis during the conflict in South Sudan and the consequences for East African countries. Parasit Vectors 9: 1–11.
-
32.
Barros Sousa Silva R , Lima Porto M , de Oliveira Barbosa W , Cândido de Souza H , Dos Santos Pinto Marques NF , Santos Azevedo S , Paes de Andrade P , Almeida de Melo M , 2018. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with canine visceral leishmaniasis in the State of Paraíba, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 51: 683–688.
-
33.
Bruhn FRP , Morais MHF , Bruhn NCP , Cardoso DL , Ferreira F , Rocha CMBM , 2018. Human visceral leishmaniasis: Factors associated with deaths in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais state, Brazil from 2006 to 2013. Epidemiol Infect 146: 565–570.
-
34.
Yared S et al., 2014. Risk factors of visceral leishmaniasis: A case control study in north-western Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors 7: 1–11.
-
35.
Mandal PK , Wagle RR , Thakur AK , Uranw S , 2020. Risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis in selected high endemic areas of Morang, Nepal: A case control study. J Kathmandu Med Coll 9: 188–196.
-
36.
Oryan A , Akbari M , 2016. Worldwide risk factors in leishmaniasis. Asian Pac J Trop Med 9: 925–932.
-
37.
Bashaye S et al., 2009. Risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis in a new epidemic site in Amhara region, Ethiopia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 34–39.
-
38.
Coura-Vital W , Barbosa Reis A , Soares Reis LE , Leôncio Braga S , Mendes Roatt B , de oliveira Aguiar-Soares RD , Marques MJ , Veloso VM , Carneiro M , 2013. Canine visceral leishmaniasis: Incidence and risk factors for infection in a cohort study in Brazil. Vet Parasitol 197: 411–417.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2114 | 1971 | 371 |
| Full Text Views | 236 | 227 | 34 |
| PDF Downloads | 64 | 54 | 12 |