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World Health Organization , 2022. WHO Guidelines for Malaria (3 June 2022). Available at: https://reliefweb.int/report/world/who-guidelines-malaria-3-june-2022. Accessed May 26, 2023.
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Nema S , Ghanghoria P , Bharti PK , 2020. Malaria elimination in India: bridging the gap between control and elimination. Indian Pediatr 57: 613–617.
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World Health Organization , 2010. Basic Malaria Microscopy. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
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Moodley B , Chinorumba A , Hamman C , Matamba A , Sikaala CH , Kleinschmidt I , Frean J , 2021. Improving the quality of malaria diagnosis in southern Africa through the development of a regional malaria slide bank. Malar J 20: 365.
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6.
Snounou G , Viriyakosol S , Zhu XP , Jarra W , Pinheiro L , do Rosario VE , Thaithong S , Brown KN , 1993. High sensitivity of detection of human malaria parasites by the use of nested polymerase chain reaction. Mol Biochem Parasitol 61: 315–320.
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Horning MP et al., 2021. Performance of a fully‐automated system on a WHO malaria microscopy evaluation slide set. Malar J 20: 110.
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Nema S , Rahi M , Sharma A , Bharti PK , 2022. Strengthening malaria microscopy using artificial intelligence-based approaches in India. Lancet Reg Health Southeast Asia 5: 1000054.
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World Health Organization , 2016. Malaria Microscopy Quality Assurance Manual. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
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Nema S , Singh A , Krishna S , Poriya R , Dubey S , Ali NA , Singh MP , Verma AK , Das A , Bharti PK , 2022. Unreported mixed Plasmodium species infection may increase vivax malaria in India: a challenge for malaria elimination. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 116: 600–603.
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11.
Krishna S , Bharti PK , Chandel HS , Ahmad A , Kumar R , Singh PP , Singh MP , Singh N , 2015. Detection of mixed infections with Plasmodium spp. by PCR, India, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis 21: 1853–1857.
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12.
Ehtesham R , Fazaeli A , Raeisi A , Keshavarz H , Heidari A , 2015. Detection of mixed-species infections of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax by nested PCR and rapid diagnostic tests in southeastern Iran. Am J Trop Med Hyg 93: 181–185.
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13.
Ahmad A , Soni P , Kumar L , Singh MP , Verma AK , Sharma A , Das A , Bharti PK , 2021. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction, microscopy, and rapid diagnostic test in malaria detection in a high burden state (Odisha) of India. Pathog Glob Health 115: 267–272.
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Dhorda M et al., 2020. Towards harmonization of microscopy methods for malaria clinical research studies. Malar J 19: 324.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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Malaria Slide Bank to Strengthen and Improve the Quality of Malaria Diagnosis: A National Slide Repository in India
Shrikant Nema
Shrikant Nema
Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India;
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Bina Srivastava
Bina Srivastava
Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India;
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Naseem Ahmad
Naseem Ahmad
Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India;
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Supriya Sharma
Supriya Sharma
Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India;
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Anup R. Anvikar
Anup R. Anvikar
Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India;
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Manju Rahi
Manju Rahi
Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India;
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Amit Sharma
Amit Sharma
International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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Praveen Kumar Bharti
Praveen Kumar Bharti
Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India;
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Nitika Nitika
Nitika Nitika
Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India;
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ABSTRACT.
Malaria elimination is one of the top health care priorities in India, necessitating accessible and accurate diagnosis for effective treatment. A malaria slide bank in India is a collection of quality-controlled malaria-positive and -negative slides and is considered a vital asset for quality diagnosis. The collection of blood samples, preparation of blood smears, staining, quality control, molecular characterizations, and slide validation were carried out according to standard operating procedures in accordance with the WHO reference laboratory. The true count and parasite density per microliter were computed in accordance with WHO guidelines. Over 27 months, 48 batches (8,196 slides) were prepared. Overall, the majority of slide batches were Plasmodium vivax (45.9%; 22/48), followed by Plasmodium falciparum (25%; 12/48), malaria-negative infections (25%; 12/48), and mixed infections (4.1%; 2/48). All 48 batches passed internal validation by WHO-certified level-1 microscopists. For a batch, the true count was the median of the validators’ counts (range, 111–280,795 parasites/µL). Except for mixed infections, the PCR results agreed with the verified microscopy results. Malaria slide bank slides would be a valuable tool for quality control, assurance, and microscopist training.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was supported by the
Disclosure: The study was initiated after obtaining ethical approval from the ethics committee of the ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi.
Authors’ addresses: Shrikant Nema, Bina Srivastava, Naseem Ahmad, Supriya Sharma, Anup R. Anvikar, Praveen Kumar Bharti, and Nitika Nitika, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India, E-mails: drshrikantnema@gmail.com, shbira@gmail.com, nks.nimr@gmail.com, supsmicro@gmail.com, anvikar@gmail.com, saprapbs@yahoo.co.in, and dr.nitika11@gmail.com. Manju Rahi, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India, E-mail: drmanjurahi@gmail.com. Amit Sharma, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India, E-mail: amit.icgeb@gmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization , 2022. World Malaria Report. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240064898. Accessed May 26, 2023.
-
2.
World Health Organization , 2022. WHO Guidelines for Malaria (3 June 2022). Available at: https://reliefweb.int/report/world/who-guidelines-malaria-3-june-2022. Accessed May 26, 2023.
-
3.
Nema S , Ghanghoria P , Bharti PK , 2020. Malaria elimination in India: bridging the gap between control and elimination. Indian Pediatr 57: 613–617.
-
4.
World Health Organization , 2010. Basic Malaria Microscopy. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
5.
Moodley B , Chinorumba A , Hamman C , Matamba A , Sikaala CH , Kleinschmidt I , Frean J , 2021. Improving the quality of malaria diagnosis in southern Africa through the development of a regional malaria slide bank. Malar J 20: 365.
-
6.
Snounou G , Viriyakosol S , Zhu XP , Jarra W , Pinheiro L , do Rosario VE , Thaithong S , Brown KN , 1993. High sensitivity of detection of human malaria parasites by the use of nested polymerase chain reaction. Mol Biochem Parasitol 61: 315–320.
-
7.
Horning MP et al., 2021. Performance of a fully‐automated system on a WHO malaria microscopy evaluation slide set. Malar J 20: 110.
-
8.
Nema S , Rahi M , Sharma A , Bharti PK , 2022. Strengthening malaria microscopy using artificial intelligence-based approaches in India. Lancet Reg Health Southeast Asia 5: 1000054.
-
9.
World Health Organization , 2016. Malaria Microscopy Quality Assurance Manual. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
10.
Nema S , Singh A , Krishna S , Poriya R , Dubey S , Ali NA , Singh MP , Verma AK , Das A , Bharti PK , 2022. Unreported mixed Plasmodium species infection may increase vivax malaria in India: a challenge for malaria elimination. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 116: 600–603.
-
11.
Krishna S , Bharti PK , Chandel HS , Ahmad A , Kumar R , Singh PP , Singh MP , Singh N , 2015. Detection of mixed infections with Plasmodium spp. by PCR, India, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis 21: 1853–1857.
-
12.
Ehtesham R , Fazaeli A , Raeisi A , Keshavarz H , Heidari A , 2015. Detection of mixed-species infections of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax by nested PCR and rapid diagnostic tests in southeastern Iran. Am J Trop Med Hyg 93: 181–185.
-
13.
Ahmad A , Soni P , Kumar L , Singh MP , Verma AK , Sharma A , Das A , Bharti PK , 2021. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction, microscopy, and rapid diagnostic test in malaria detection in a high burden state (Odisha) of India. Pathog Glob Health 115: 267–272.
-
14.
Tangpukdee N , Duangdee C , Wilairatana P , Krudsood S , 2009. Malaria diagnosis: a brief review. Korean J Parasitol 47: 93–102.
-
15.
Dhorda M et al., 2020. Towards harmonization of microscopy methods for malaria clinical research studies. Malar J 19: 324.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 843 | 843 | 185 |
| Full Text Views | 95 | 95 | 20 |
| PDF Downloads | 49 | 49 | 0 |