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, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and
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1.
World Health Organization , 2023. Tuberculosis Fact Sheet. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis. Accessed November 28, 2023.
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2.
World Health Organization , 2021. Global Tuberculosis Report 2021. Available at: http://apps.who.int/bookorders. Accessed November 28, 2023.
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3.
Weiman S , 2020. The Science Must Go On: Announcing ESymposia Virtual Meetings. Colorado: Keystone Symposia.
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4.
Remmel A , 2021. Scientists want virtual meetings to stay after the COVID pandemic. Nature 591: 185–186.
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5.
Weiman S et al., 2023. Reimagining scientific conferences: A Keystone Symposia report. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1527: 49–59.
-
6.
Johnson D , Klinman JP , 2023. Reimagining Scientific Conferences: Pandemic Lessons In Reducing Carbon Footprint, Engaging New Audiences & Rethinking Strategies For Scientific Exchange. Available at: https://keypoint.keystonesymposia.org/home/reimagining-scientific-conferences. Accessed February 14, 2024.
-
7.
Barret D , 2020. Estimating, monitoring and minimizing the travel footprint associated with the development of the Athena X-ray Integral Field Unit: An on-line travel footprint calculator released to the science community. Exp Astron (Dordr) 49: 183–216.
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8.
World Bank Blogs, 2023. Blog on “Carbon Footprint” from World Bank Group Staff Air Travel. Available at: https://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/blog-carbon-footprint-world-bank-group-staff-air-travel. Accessed November 29, 2023.
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Burtscher L , Barret D , Borkar AP , Grinberg V , Jahnke K , Kendrew S , Maffey G , McCaughrean MJ , 2020. The carbon footprint of large astronomy meetings. Nat Astron 4: 823–825.
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13.
Schivley G , Azevedo I , Samaras C , 2018. Assessing the evolution of power sector carbon intensity in the United States. Environ Res Lett 13: 064018.
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14.
Kasmar AG , Andrade Rodrigo BB , Corrêa-Oliveira DA , 2020. Virtual Keystone Symposium: Tuberculosis: Science Aimed at Ending the Epidemic. Available at: https://virtual.keystonesymposia.org/live/551/page/6392. Accessed November 28, 2023.
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15.
Aslan J , Mayers K , Koomey JG , France C , 2018. Electricity intensity of internet data transmission untangling the estimates. J Ind Ecol 22: 785–798.
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16.
The World Bank Group, World Bank Country and Lending Groups , 2023. Class. Available at: https://datacatalogfiles.worldbank.org/ddh-published/0037712/DR0090755/CLASS.xlsx. Accessed November 28, 2023.
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NASA Science , 2023. Space Place. Available at: https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/moon-distance/en/. Accessed November 28, 2023.
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Pali-Schöll I , Hermuth-Kleinschmidt K , Dramburg S , Agache I , Mayerhofer H , Jensen-Jarolim E , Goshua A , Nadeau KC , 2023. An EAACI review: Go green in health care and research: Practical suggestions for sustainability in clinical practice, laboratories, and scientific meetings. Allergy 78: 2606–2622.
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Dylan R, Jessica P, Alex H, Laura B, Lindsey P, 2023. Of meetings and members: the interconnected future of conferences and scholarly societies. Available at: https://doi.org/10.18665/sr.319388. Accessed February 28, 2024.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 871 | 690 | 20 |
| Full Text Views | 239 | 238 | 45 |
| PDF Downloads | 54 | 52 | 11 |
Geographic Equity and Environmental Sustainability of Conference Models: Results of a Comparative Analysis
Kate E. Whitfield
Kate E. Whitfield
Zeroverse, Okinawa, Japan;
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Angela Ares Pita
Angela Ares Pita
Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan;
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Thale C. Jarvis
Thale C. Jarvis
Keystone Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology, Silverthorne, Colorado;
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Shannon Weimen
Shannon Weimen
Keystone Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology, Silverthorne, Colorado;
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Teun Bousema
Teun Bousema
Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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ABSTRACT.
We conducted a comparative analysis of in-person, virtual, and hybrid conferences on tuberculosis hosted by Keystone Symposia and examined the number of participants, their country of residence, carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e) produced, and participant impressions regarding scientific quality. Data were available from three in-person meetings, one virtual meeting, and one hybrid. The virtual conference hosted 2.5-fold more participants compared with the in-person conferences (842 versus an average of 328) from more than double the number of countries (68 versus an average of 33). The virtual conference attracted 4.5-fold more participants from countries with a high burden of tuberculosis, compared with the average in-person conference (209 versus an average of 46). For in-person meetings, an average of 79% of participants were based in high-income countries. For the virtual meeting, 53% of participants were from high-income countries, and 47% from low- and middle-income countries. For the hybrid conference, there were 465 participants from 43 countries, of which 289 attended in person from a total of 20 countries, and 176 participated virtually from 34 countries. Of those who took part in person, 91% were from high-income countries. The average CO2e emissions from an in-person conference was 696 tons of CO2e, with 96.0% from air travel. The virtual meeting produced 0.48 ton of CO2e from electricity usage, a 1,450-fold decrease compared with in-person events. Virtual conferences scored a content quality rating of 87.3% to 90.8% compared with a range of 86.4% to 92.2% for in-person conferences.
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 130.84 KB)
Author Notes
Authors’ addresses: Kate E. Whitfield, Zeroverse, Okinawa, Japan, E-mail: kate.whitfield@zeroverse.org. Angela Ares Pita, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan, E-mail: angela.arespita@oist.jp. Thale C. Jarvis and Shannon Weimen, Keystone Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology, Silverthorne, CO, E-mails: thale.jarvis@gmail.com and shannonw@keystonesymposia.org. Teun Bousema, Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, E-mail: teun.bousema@radboudumc.nl.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization , 2023. Tuberculosis Fact Sheet. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis. Accessed November 28, 2023.
-
2.
World Health Organization , 2021. Global Tuberculosis Report 2021. Available at: http://apps.who.int/bookorders. Accessed November 28, 2023.
-
3.
Weiman S , 2020. The Science Must Go On: Announcing ESymposia Virtual Meetings. Colorado: Keystone Symposia.
-
4.
Remmel A , 2021. Scientists want virtual meetings to stay after the COVID pandemic. Nature 591: 185–186.
-
5.
Weiman S et al., 2023. Reimagining scientific conferences: A Keystone Symposia report. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1527: 49–59.
-
6.
Johnson D , Klinman JP , 2023. Reimagining Scientific Conferences: Pandemic Lessons In Reducing Carbon Footprint, Engaging New Audiences & Rethinking Strategies For Scientific Exchange. Available at: https://keypoint.keystonesymposia.org/home/reimagining-scientific-conferences. Accessed February 14, 2024.
-
7.
Barret D , 2020. Estimating, monitoring and minimizing the travel footprint associated with the development of the Athena X-ray Integral Field Unit: An on-line travel footprint calculator released to the science community. Exp Astron (Dordr) 49: 183–216.
-
8.
World Bank Blogs, 2023. Blog on “Carbon Footprint” from World Bank Group Staff Air Travel. Available at: https://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/blog-carbon-footprint-world-bank-group-staff-air-travel. Accessed November 29, 2023.
-
9.
U.S. Environment Protection Agency , 2022. EPA Emission Standards for Light-Duty Vehicles and Trucks and Motorcycles. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/emission-standards-reference-guide/epa-emission-standards-light-duty-vehicles-and-trucks-and. Accessed November 29, 2023.
-
10.
Google , 2023. Google Maps. Available at: https://maps.google.com/. Accessed November 28, 2023.
-
11.
Berners-Lee M , 2020. How bad are bananas? In How Bad are Bananas?. London, United Kingdom: Profile Books Ltd.
-
12.
Burtscher L , Barret D , Borkar AP , Grinberg V , Jahnke K , Kendrew S , Maffey G , McCaughrean MJ , 2020. The carbon footprint of large astronomy meetings. Nat Astron 4: 823–825.
-
13.
Schivley G , Azevedo I , Samaras C , 2018. Assessing the evolution of power sector carbon intensity in the United States. Environ Res Lett 13: 064018.
-
14.
Kasmar AG , Andrade Rodrigo BB , Corrêa-Oliveira DA , 2020. Virtual Keystone Symposium: Tuberculosis: Science Aimed at Ending the Epidemic. Available at: https://virtual.keystonesymposia.org/live/551/page/6392. Accessed November 28, 2023.
-
15.
Aslan J , Mayers K , Koomey JG , France C , 2018. Electricity intensity of internet data transmission untangling the estimates. J Ind Ecol 22: 785–798.
-
16.
The World Bank Group, World Bank Country and Lending Groups , 2023. Class. Available at: https://datacatalogfiles.worldbank.org/ddh-published/0037712/DR0090755/CLASS.xlsx. Accessed November 28, 2023.
-
17.
NASA Science , 2023. Space Place. Available at: https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/moon-distance/en/. Accessed November 28, 2023.
-
18.
Pali-Schöll I , Hermuth-Kleinschmidt K , Dramburg S , Agache I , Mayerhofer H , Jensen-Jarolim E , Goshua A , Nadeau KC , 2023. An EAACI review: Go green in health care and research: Practical suggestions for sustainability in clinical practice, laboratories, and scientific meetings. Allergy 78: 2606–2622.
-
19.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate , 2015. The Paris Agreement. Available at: https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement. Accessed November 28, 2023.
-
20.
Dylan R, Jessica P, Alex H, Laura B, Lindsey P, 2023. Of meetings and members: the interconnected future of conferences and scholarly societies. Available at: https://doi.org/10.18665/sr.319388. Accessed February 28, 2024.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 871 | 690 | 20 |
| Full Text Views | 239 | 238 | 45 |
| PDF Downloads | 54 | 52 | 11 |