- ABSTRACT.
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- Study area and period.
- Study design and population.
- Sample size determination, sampling technique, and procedure.
- Operational definitions.
- Data collection tool and quality management.
- Data collection methods, instruments, and procedure.
- Data quality assurance.
- Data management, processing, and analysis.
- Ethical consideration.
- RESULTS
- DISCUSSION
- CONCLUSION
- Supplemental Materials
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Khoury MJ et al., 2009. The scientific foundation for personal genomics: recommendations from a National Institutes of Health–Centers for Disease Control and Prevention multidisciplinary workshop. Genet Med 11: 559–567.
-
2.
Ryan MA , Christian RS , Wohlrabe J , 2001. Handwashing and respiratory illness among young adults in military training. Am J Prev Med 21: 79–83.
-
3.
Vessey JA , Sherwood JJ , Warner D , Clark D , 2007. Comparing hand washing to hand sanitizers in reducing elementary school students’ absenteeism. Pediatric Nurs 33: 368–372.
-
4.
Richards CL , Iademarco MF , Atkinson D , Pinner RW , Yoon P , Mac Kenzie WR , Lee B , Qualters JR , Frieden TR , 2017. Advances in public health surveillance and information dissemination at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Public Health Rep 132: 403–410.
-
5.
Okyay P , Ertug S , Gultekin B , Onen O , Beser E , 2004. Intestinal parasites prevalence and related factors in school children, a western city sample—Turkey. BMC Public Health 4: 1–6.
-
6.
Andrasfay T , Wu Q , Lee H , Crimmins EM , 2022. Adherence to social-distancing and personal hygiene behavior guidelines and risk of COVID-19 diagnosis: evidence from the Understanding America Study. Am J Public Health 112: 169–178.
-
7.
Shehmolo M , Gari T , Jember Tesfaye D , Boti N , Oumer B , 2021. Magnitude and factors associated with hygiene practice among primary school children in Mareko district, southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. J Multidiscip Healthc 14: 311–320.
-
8.
Assefa M , Kumie A , 2014. Assessment of factors influencing hygiene behaviour among school children in Mereb-Leke District, northern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Am J Public Health 14: 1000.
-
9.
Health Protection Agency , 2005. Health Protection in the 21st Century—Understanding the Burden of Disease; Preparing for the Future. London, United Kingdom: Health Protection Agency. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/294762/06-761-infectious-diseases-futures.pdf. Accessed February 15, 2024.
-
10.
Mathers CD , 2020. History of global burden of disease assessment at the World Health Organization. Arch Public Health 78: 1–13.
-
11.
Murray CJ , Lopez AD , Mathers CD , Stein C , 2001. The Global Burden of Disease 2000 Project: Aims, Methods and Data Sources. Geneva: World health organization.
-
12.
Scott B , Curtis V , Rabie T , Garbrah-Aidoo N , 2007. Health in our hands, but not in our heads: understanding hygiene motivation in Ghana. Health Policy Plan 22: 225–233.
-
13.
Rabie T , Curtis V , 2006. Handwashing and risk of respiratory infections: a quantitative systematic review. Trop Med Int Health 11: 258–267.
-
14.
Trinies V , Garn JV , Chang HH , Freeman MC , 2016. The impact of a school-based water, sanitation, and hygiene program on absenteeism, diarrhea, and respiratory infection: a matched–control trial in Mali. Am J Trop Med Hyg 94: 1418–1425.
-
15.
Saba D , Ercan A , Şenkaya I , Gebitekin C , Hayati Ö , 2001. Künt arkus aorta yaralanması iki olgu sunumu [Blunt injury of the aortic arch: report of two cases]. Turkish J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 7: 201–203.
-
16.
Eshetu D , Kifle T , Hirigo AT , 2020. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of hand washing among Aderash primary schoolchildren in Yirgalem Town, southern Ethiopia. J Multidiscip Healthc 13: 759–768.
-
17.
Admasie A , Guluma A , Feleke FW , 2022. Handwashing practices and its predictors among primary school children in Damote Woide District, south Ethiopia. An institution based cross-sectional study. Environ Health Insights 16: 11786302221086795.
-
18.
Besha B et al., 2016. Assessment of hand washing practice and its associated factors among first cycle primary school children in Arba Minch Town, Ethiopia, 2015. Epidemiology (Sunnyvale) 6: 1–10.
-
19.
Melaku A , Addis TJ , 2023. Handwashing practices and associated factors among school children in Kirkos and Akaki Kality sub-cities, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Environ Health Insights 17: 11786302231156299.
-
20.
Delea MG , Snyder JS , Belew M , Caruso BA , Garn JV , Sclar GD , Woreta M , Zewudie K , Gebremariam A , Freeman MC , 2019. Design of a parallel cluster-randomized trial assessing the impact of a demand-side sanitation and hygiene intervention on sustained behavior change and mental well-being in rural and peri-urban Amhara, Ethiopia: Andilaye study protocol. BMC Public Health 19: 801.
-
21.
Baxter A , Cleary V , 2002. Hand hygiene in local primary school children—an infection control and health promotion initiative. Br J Infect Control 3: 14–17.
-
22.
Rabie T , Curtis VJ , 2006. Handwashing and risk of respiratory infections: a quantitative systematic review. Trop Med Int Health 11: 258–267.
-
23.
Kumar S , Loughnan L , Luyendijk R , Hernandez O , Weinger M , Arnold F , Ram PK , 2017. Handwashing in 51 countries: analysis of proxy measures of handwashing behavior in multiple indicator cluster surveys and demographic and health surveys, 2010–2013. Am J Trop Med Hyg 97: 447–459.
-
24.
Notoatmodjo S , 2012. Promosi kesehatan dan perilaku kesehatan. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
-
25.
Tarekegn M , Tekie H , Dugassa S , Wolde-Hawariat Y , 2021. Malaria prevalence and associated risk factors in Dembiya district, north-western Ethiopia. Malar J 20: 1–11.
-
26.
Zamkov O, Avtonomov V, Doroshenko M, 2011. Ethiopia-Tana and Beles Integrated Water Resources Development Project: Procurement Plan. Washington, DC: World Bank Group.
-
27.
Berhanu A , Mengistu DA , Temesgen LM , Mulat S , Dirirsa G , Alemu FK , Mangasha AE , Gobena T , Geremew A , 2022. Hand washing practice among public primary school children and associated factors in Harar town, eastern Ethiopia: an institution-based cross-sectional study. Front Public Health 10: 975507.
-
28.
Assefa M , Kumie A , 2014. Assessment of factors influencing hygiene behaviour among school children in Mereb-Leke District, Northern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 14: 1–8.
-
29.
Berhe AA , Aregay AD , Abreha AA , Aregay AB , Gebretsadik AW , Negash DZ , Gebreegziabher EG , Demoz KG , Fenta KA , Mamo NB , 2020. Knowledge, attitude, and practices on water, sanitation, and hygiene among rural residents in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. J Environ Public Health 2020: 5460168.
-
30.
Lopez-Quintero C , Freeman P , Neumark Y , 2009. Hand washing among school children in Bogota, Colombia. Am J Public Health 99: 94–101.
-
31.
Shrestha A , Mubashir BA , 2015. Improving hand washing among school children: an educational intervention in south India. Al Ameen J Med Sci 8: 81–85.
-
32.
Dagne H , Bogale L , Borcha M , Tesfaye A , Dagnew B , 2019. Hand washing practice at critical times and its associated factors among mothers of under five children in Debark town, northwest Ethiopia, 2018. Ital J Pediatr 45: 120.
-
33.
Hosmer DW , Lemesbow S , 1980. Goodness of fit tests for the multiple logistic regression model. Commun Stat Theory Methods 9: 1043–1069.
-
34.
Shrestha B , Dunn LJ , 2019. The Declaration of Helsinki on medical research involving human subjects: a review of seventh revision. J Nepal Health Res Counc 17: 548–552.
-
35.
Oyibo PJ , 2012. Basic personal hygiene: knowledge and practices among school children aged 6–14 years in Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria. Cont J Trop Med 6: 5–11.
-
36.
Dube B , January J , 2012. Factors leading to poor water sanitation hygiene among primary school going children in Chitungwiza. J Public Health Africa 31: e7.
-
37.
Admasie A , Guluma A , Debebe A , 2020. Hand washing practice and associated factors among primary school children in Damot Woide Woreda of Wolaita Zone, south Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health Insights 16: 11786302221086795.
-
38.
Dobe M , Mandal RN , Jha A , 2013. Social determinants of good hand-washing practice (GHP) among adolescents in a rural Indian community. Fam Community Health 36: 172–177.
-
39.
Nazliansyah N , Wichaikull S , Wetasin K , 2016. Factors affecting hand washing practice among elementary schools students in Indonesia. Belitung Nurs J 2: 58–64.
-
40.
Kumie A , Ali A , 2005. An overview of environmental health status in Ethiopia with particular emphasis to its organization, drinking water and sanitation: a literature survey. Ethiopian J Health Dev 19: 89–103.
-
41.
Baxter A , Cleary V , 2002. Hand hygiene in local primary school children—an infection control and health promotion initiative. J Infect Prev 3: 14–17.
-
42.
Gizaw Z , Yalew AW , Bitew BD , Lee J , Bisesi M , 2022. Effects of local handwashing agents on microbial contamination of the hands in a rural setting in northwest Ethiopia: a cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 12: e056411.
-
43.
Moe CL , Rheingans RD , 2006. Global challenges in water, sanitation and health. J Water Health 4: 41–57.
-
44.
Sarkar M , 2013. Personal hygiene among primary school children living in a slum of Kolkata, India. J Prev Med Hyg 54: 153.
-
45.
Scott B , Curtis V , Rabie T , Garbrah-Aidoo N , 2007. Health in our hands, but not in our heads: understanding hygiene motivation in Ghana. Health Policy Plan 22: 225–233.
-
46.
Yizengaw H , Ebrahi H , Wassihun Y , Bazie GW , 2022. Hygiene behavior and its influencing factors among primary school children in Delanta District, north east Ethiopia [preprint]. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1337773/v1
-
47.
Haile D , Wolde J , Yohannes DJSOM , 2022. Determinants of practice of birth preparedness and complication readiness among pregnant women in Sodo Zuria District, southern Ethiopia: content analysis using Poisson’s regression. Sage Open Med 10: 20503121221079479.
-
48.
Vivas AP , Gelaye B , Aboset N , Kumie A , Berhane Y , Williams MA , 2010. Knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of hygiene among school children in Angolela, Ethiopia. J Prev Med Hyg 51: 73–79.
-
49.
Eshetu D , Kifle T , Hirigo AT , 2020. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of hand washing among Aderash primary schoolchildren in Yirgalem Town, southern Ethiopia. J Multidiscip Healthc 13: 759–768.
-
50.
Buda AS , Mekengo DE , Lodebo TM , Sadore AA , Mekonnen B , 2018. Knowledge, attitude and practice on hand washing and associated factors among public primary schools children in Hosanna town. Southern Ethiopia. 10: 205–214.
-
51.
Pengpid S , Peltzer K , 2011. Hygiene behaviour and associated factors among in-school adolescents in nine African countries. Int J Behav Med 18: 150–159.
-
52.
Bartram J , Sims J , Chartier Y , 2009. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Standards for Schools in Low-Cost Settings. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 848 | 848 | 24 |
| Full Text Views | 28 | 28 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 24 | 24 | 0 |
Handwashing Practices among Public Primary School Students in East Dembiya District, Ethiopia
Garedew Tadege Engdaw
Garedew Tadege Engdaw
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Ethiopia;
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Desalegn Alemu
Desalegn Alemu
East Belesa Woreda Health Department Offices, Northwest, Ethiopia
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Mekuriaw Alemayehu
Mekuriaw Alemayehu
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Ethiopia;
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Amensisa Hailu Tesfaye
Amensisa Hailu Tesfaye
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Ethiopia;
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ABSTRACT.
Poor water sanitation and hygiene is a public health problem in developing and underdeveloped countries, including Ethiopia, and remains an important public health issue among primary school students. Students have been repeatedly exposed to various communicable diseases associated with water sanitation and hygiene. The objective of this study was to assess predictors of handwashing practice among second-cycle public primary school students in East Dembiya District, northwestern Ethiopia, 2022. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 752 second-cycle primary school students. Data were gathered through face-to-face interviews using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire and observational checklists adopted and modified from different sources of literature. The data were checked further by visualizing and computing rates with the SPSS version 26 statistical software. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify predictors. The prevalence of washing practices among second-cycle primary school students was 57.6% (95% CI 53.90–61.10). Residency (urban) (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.17, 95% CI: 1.30–2.87), access to media (aOR = 1.66, 95% CI: 1.11–2.49), hygiene and sanitation club membership (aOR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.26–2.80), good knowledge about handwashing (aOR = 3.93, 95% CI: 2.34–6.60), and a positive attitude toward handwashing (aOR = 3.63, 95% CI: 2.01–5.584) were predictors of handwashing practice among second-cycle primary school students. This study showed that handwashing practice among primary school students was low. Availing handwashing facilities, better media access, formation of a hygiene and sanitation club in the school, celebration of “Handwashing Day” with students, and leading behavior change communication are all important for improving students’ handwashing practice.
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 266.37 KB)
Author Notes
Authors’ contributions: The study was conceptualized and designed by G. T. Engdaw and D. Alemu. The data collection tool was modified by G. T. Engdaw and D. Alemu. G. T. Engdaw was in charge of the statistical analysis and interpretation of the findings, as well as writing the original draft of the manuscript. G. T. Engdaw and A. H Tesfaye edited the manuscript. The final version of this work was read and approved by all authors.
Data availability: All the data supporting our results is shown in the manuscript. The datasets used and/or analyzed in the current study are available from the corresponding author upon legitimate request.
Authors’ addresses: Garedew Tadege Engdaw, Mekuriaw Alemayehu, and Amensisa Hailu Tesfaye, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Ethiopia, E-mails: garedewtadi27@gmail.com, mekuriaw04@gmail.com, and amensisahailu@gmail.com. Desalegn Alemu, East Belesa Woreda Health Department Offices, Northwest, Ethiopia, E-mail: desalegnalemu4444@gmail.com.
- ABSTRACT.
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- Study area and period.
- Study design and population.
- Sample size determination, sampling technique, and procedure.
- Operational definitions.
- Data collection tool and quality management.
- Data collection methods, instruments, and procedure.
- Data quality assurance.
- Data management, processing, and analysis.
- Ethical consideration.
- RESULTS
- DISCUSSION
- CONCLUSION
- Supplemental Materials
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Khoury MJ et al., 2009. The scientific foundation for personal genomics: recommendations from a National Institutes of Health–Centers for Disease Control and Prevention multidisciplinary workshop. Genet Med 11: 559–567.
-
2.
Ryan MA , Christian RS , Wohlrabe J , 2001. Handwashing and respiratory illness among young adults in military training. Am J Prev Med 21: 79–83.
-
3.
Vessey JA , Sherwood JJ , Warner D , Clark D , 2007. Comparing hand washing to hand sanitizers in reducing elementary school students’ absenteeism. Pediatric Nurs 33: 368–372.
-
4.
Richards CL , Iademarco MF , Atkinson D , Pinner RW , Yoon P , Mac Kenzie WR , Lee B , Qualters JR , Frieden TR , 2017. Advances in public health surveillance and information dissemination at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Public Health Rep 132: 403–410.
-
5.
Okyay P , Ertug S , Gultekin B , Onen O , Beser E , 2004. Intestinal parasites prevalence and related factors in school children, a western city sample—Turkey. BMC Public Health 4: 1–6.
-
6.
Andrasfay T , Wu Q , Lee H , Crimmins EM , 2022. Adherence to social-distancing and personal hygiene behavior guidelines and risk of COVID-19 diagnosis: evidence from the Understanding America Study. Am J Public Health 112: 169–178.
-
7.
Shehmolo M , Gari T , Jember Tesfaye D , Boti N , Oumer B , 2021. Magnitude and factors associated with hygiene practice among primary school children in Mareko district, southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. J Multidiscip Healthc 14: 311–320.
-
8.
Assefa M , Kumie A , 2014. Assessment of factors influencing hygiene behaviour among school children in Mereb-Leke District, northern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Am J Public Health 14: 1000.
-
9.
Health Protection Agency , 2005. Health Protection in the 21st Century—Understanding the Burden of Disease; Preparing for the Future. London, United Kingdom: Health Protection Agency. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/294762/06-761-infectious-diseases-futures.pdf. Accessed February 15, 2024.
-
10.
Mathers CD , 2020. History of global burden of disease assessment at the World Health Organization. Arch Public Health 78: 1–13.
-
11.
Murray CJ , Lopez AD , Mathers CD , Stein C , 2001. The Global Burden of Disease 2000 Project: Aims, Methods and Data Sources. Geneva: World health organization.
-
12.
Scott B , Curtis V , Rabie T , Garbrah-Aidoo N , 2007. Health in our hands, but not in our heads: understanding hygiene motivation in Ghana. Health Policy Plan 22: 225–233.
-
13.
Rabie T , Curtis V , 2006. Handwashing and risk of respiratory infections: a quantitative systematic review. Trop Med Int Health 11: 258–267.
-
14.
Trinies V , Garn JV , Chang HH , Freeman MC , 2016. The impact of a school-based water, sanitation, and hygiene program on absenteeism, diarrhea, and respiratory infection: a matched–control trial in Mali. Am J Trop Med Hyg 94: 1418–1425.
-
15.
Saba D , Ercan A , Şenkaya I , Gebitekin C , Hayati Ö , 2001. Künt arkus aorta yaralanması iki olgu sunumu [Blunt injury of the aortic arch: report of two cases]. Turkish J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 7: 201–203.
-
16.
Eshetu D , Kifle T , Hirigo AT , 2020. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of hand washing among Aderash primary schoolchildren in Yirgalem Town, southern Ethiopia. J Multidiscip Healthc 13: 759–768.
-
17.
Admasie A , Guluma A , Feleke FW , 2022. Handwashing practices and its predictors among primary school children in Damote Woide District, south Ethiopia. An institution based cross-sectional study. Environ Health Insights 16: 11786302221086795.
-
18.
Besha B et al., 2016. Assessment of hand washing practice and its associated factors among first cycle primary school children in Arba Minch Town, Ethiopia, 2015. Epidemiology (Sunnyvale) 6: 1–10.
-
19.
Melaku A , Addis TJ , 2023. Handwashing practices and associated factors among school children in Kirkos and Akaki Kality sub-cities, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Environ Health Insights 17: 11786302231156299.
-
20.
Delea MG , Snyder JS , Belew M , Caruso BA , Garn JV , Sclar GD , Woreta M , Zewudie K , Gebremariam A , Freeman MC , 2019. Design of a parallel cluster-randomized trial assessing the impact of a demand-side sanitation and hygiene intervention on sustained behavior change and mental well-being in rural and peri-urban Amhara, Ethiopia: Andilaye study protocol. BMC Public Health 19: 801.
-
21.
Baxter A , Cleary V , 2002. Hand hygiene in local primary school children—an infection control and health promotion initiative. Br J Infect Control 3: 14–17.
-
22.
Rabie T , Curtis VJ , 2006. Handwashing and risk of respiratory infections: a quantitative systematic review. Trop Med Int Health 11: 258–267.
-
23.
Kumar S , Loughnan L , Luyendijk R , Hernandez O , Weinger M , Arnold F , Ram PK , 2017. Handwashing in 51 countries: analysis of proxy measures of handwashing behavior in multiple indicator cluster surveys and demographic and health surveys, 2010–2013. Am J Trop Med Hyg 97: 447–459.
-
24.
Notoatmodjo S , 2012. Promosi kesehatan dan perilaku kesehatan. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
-
25.
Tarekegn M , Tekie H , Dugassa S , Wolde-Hawariat Y , 2021. Malaria prevalence and associated risk factors in Dembiya district, north-western Ethiopia. Malar J 20: 1–11.
-
26.
Zamkov O, Avtonomov V, Doroshenko M, 2011. Ethiopia-Tana and Beles Integrated Water Resources Development Project: Procurement Plan. Washington, DC: World Bank Group.
-
27.
Berhanu A , Mengistu DA , Temesgen LM , Mulat S , Dirirsa G , Alemu FK , Mangasha AE , Gobena T , Geremew A , 2022. Hand washing practice among public primary school children and associated factors in Harar town, eastern Ethiopia: an institution-based cross-sectional study. Front Public Health 10: 975507.
-
28.
Assefa M , Kumie A , 2014. Assessment of factors influencing hygiene behaviour among school children in Mereb-Leke District, Northern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 14: 1–8.
-
29.
Berhe AA , Aregay AD , Abreha AA , Aregay AB , Gebretsadik AW , Negash DZ , Gebreegziabher EG , Demoz KG , Fenta KA , Mamo NB , 2020. Knowledge, attitude, and practices on water, sanitation, and hygiene among rural residents in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia. J Environ Public Health 2020: 5460168.
-
30.
Lopez-Quintero C , Freeman P , Neumark Y , 2009. Hand washing among school children in Bogota, Colombia. Am J Public Health 99: 94–101.
-
31.
Shrestha A , Mubashir BA , 2015. Improving hand washing among school children: an educational intervention in south India. Al Ameen J Med Sci 8: 81–85.
-
32.
Dagne H , Bogale L , Borcha M , Tesfaye A , Dagnew B , 2019. Hand washing practice at critical times and its associated factors among mothers of under five children in Debark town, northwest Ethiopia, 2018. Ital J Pediatr 45: 120.
-
33.
Hosmer DW , Lemesbow S , 1980. Goodness of fit tests for the multiple logistic regression model. Commun Stat Theory Methods 9: 1043–1069.
-
34.
Shrestha B , Dunn LJ , 2019. The Declaration of Helsinki on medical research involving human subjects: a review of seventh revision. J Nepal Health Res Counc 17: 548–552.
-
35.
Oyibo PJ , 2012. Basic personal hygiene: knowledge and practices among school children aged 6–14 years in Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria. Cont J Trop Med 6: 5–11.
-
36.
Dube B , January J , 2012. Factors leading to poor water sanitation hygiene among primary school going children in Chitungwiza. J Public Health Africa 31: e7.
-
37.
Admasie A , Guluma A , Debebe A , 2020. Hand washing practice and associated factors among primary school children in Damot Woide Woreda of Wolaita Zone, south Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health Insights 16: 11786302221086795.
-
38.
Dobe M , Mandal RN , Jha A , 2013. Social determinants of good hand-washing practice (GHP) among adolescents in a rural Indian community. Fam Community Health 36: 172–177.
-
39.
Nazliansyah N , Wichaikull S , Wetasin K , 2016. Factors affecting hand washing practice among elementary schools students in Indonesia. Belitung Nurs J 2: 58–64.
-
40.
Kumie A , Ali A , 2005. An overview of environmental health status in Ethiopia with particular emphasis to its organization, drinking water and sanitation: a literature survey. Ethiopian J Health Dev 19: 89–103.
-
41.
Baxter A , Cleary V , 2002. Hand hygiene in local primary school children—an infection control and health promotion initiative. J Infect Prev 3: 14–17.
-
42.
Gizaw Z , Yalew AW , Bitew BD , Lee J , Bisesi M , 2022. Effects of local handwashing agents on microbial contamination of the hands in a rural setting in northwest Ethiopia: a cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 12: e056411.
-
43.
Moe CL , Rheingans RD , 2006. Global challenges in water, sanitation and health. J Water Health 4: 41–57.
-
44.
Sarkar M , 2013. Personal hygiene among primary school children living in a slum of Kolkata, India. J Prev Med Hyg 54: 153.
-
45.
Scott B , Curtis V , Rabie T , Garbrah-Aidoo N , 2007. Health in our hands, but not in our heads: understanding hygiene motivation in Ghana. Health Policy Plan 22: 225–233.
-
46.
Yizengaw H , Ebrahi H , Wassihun Y , Bazie GW , 2022. Hygiene behavior and its influencing factors among primary school children in Delanta District, north east Ethiopia [preprint]. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1337773/v1
-
47.
Haile D , Wolde J , Yohannes DJSOM , 2022. Determinants of practice of birth preparedness and complication readiness among pregnant women in Sodo Zuria District, southern Ethiopia: content analysis using Poisson’s regression. Sage Open Med 10: 20503121221079479.
-
48.
Vivas AP , Gelaye B , Aboset N , Kumie A , Berhane Y , Williams MA , 2010. Knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of hygiene among school children in Angolela, Ethiopia. J Prev Med Hyg 51: 73–79.
-
49.
Eshetu D , Kifle T , Hirigo AT , 2020. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of hand washing among Aderash primary schoolchildren in Yirgalem Town, southern Ethiopia. J Multidiscip Healthc 13: 759–768.
-
50.
Buda AS , Mekengo DE , Lodebo TM , Sadore AA , Mekonnen B , 2018. Knowledge, attitude and practice on hand washing and associated factors among public primary schools children in Hosanna town. Southern Ethiopia. 10: 205–214.
-
51.
Pengpid S , Peltzer K , 2011. Hygiene behaviour and associated factors among in-school adolescents in nine African countries. Int J Behav Med 18: 150–159.
-
52.
Bartram J , Sims J , Chartier Y , 2009. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Standards for Schools in Low-Cost Settings. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 848 | 848 | 24 |
| Full Text Views | 28 | 28 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 24 | 24 | 0 |