- ABSTRACT.
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- STATISTICAL ANALYSES
- RESULTS
- Annual cases and geographic distribution of murine typhus.
- Seasonal and age distribution of murine typhus.
- Imported cases of murine typhus.
- Occupational classification of murine typhus.
- Clinical characteristics of murine typhus.
- Laboratory diagnosis of murine typhus.
- Phylogenetic analysis of isolated R. typhi strains.
- Mixed or coinfected murine typhus.
- DISCUSSION
- Supplemental Materials
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Azad AF , Radulovic S , Higgins JA , Noden BH , Troyer JM , 1997. Flea-borne rickettsioses: ecologic considerations. Emerg Infect Dis 3: 319–327.
-
2.
Anstead GM , 2020. History, rats, fleas, and opossums: The ascendency of flea-borne typhus in the United States, 1910–1944. Trop Med Infect Dis 5: 37.
-
3.
Azad AF , 1990. Epidemiology of murine typhus. Annu Rev Entomol 35: 553–569.
-
4.
Civen R , Ngo V , 2008. Murine typhus: An unrecognized suburban vector borne disease. Clin Infect Dis 46: 913–918.
-
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Tsioutis C , Zafeiri M , Avramopoulos A , Prousali E , Miligkos M , Karageorgos SA , 2017. Clinical and laboratory characteristics, epidemiology, and outcomes of murine typhus: A systematic review. Acta Trop 166: 16–24.
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Chaniotis B , Psarulaki A , Chaliotis G , Gozalo Garcia G , Gozadinos T , Tselentis Y , 1994. Transmission cycle of murine typhus in Greece. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 88: 645–647.
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7.
Soltani A , Borouji F , Abdollahi S , Arefe-sadat P , 2021. A systematic review of the arthropod-borne rickettsial diseases with a special emphasis on Iran. J Health Sci Surveill Syst 9: 208–217.
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Chikeka I , Dumler JS , 2015. Neglected bacterial zoonoses. Clin Microbiol Infect 21: 404–415.
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Carter CN , Ronald NC , Steele JH , Young E , Taylor JP , Russell LH Jr , Eugster AK , West JE , 1997. Knowledge-based patient screening for rare and emerging infectious/parasitic diseases: A case study of brucellosis and murine typhus. Emerg Infect Dis 3: 73–76.
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Dumler JS , Taylor JP , Walker DH , 1991. Clinical and laboratory features of murine typhus in south Texas, 1980 through 1987. JAMA 266: 1365–1370.
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Whiteford SF , Taylor JP , Dumler JS , 2001. Clinical, laboratory, and epidemiologic features of murine typhus in 97 Texas children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 155: 396–400.
-
13.
Doppler JF , Newton PN , 2020. A systematic review of the untreated mortality of murine typhus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14: e0008641.
-
14.
Osterloh A , 2020. The neglected challenge: Vaccination against rickettsiae. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14: e0008704.
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15.
Kuo CC , Wardrop N , Chang CT , Wang HC , Atkinson PM , 2017. Significance of major international seaports in the distribution of murine typhus in Taiwan. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e0005430.
-
16.
Chiang PS , Su SW , Yang SL , Shu PY , Lee WP , Li SY , Teng HJ , 2022. Delayed correlation between the incidence rate of indigenous murine typhus in humans and the seropositive rate of Rickettsia typhi infection in small mammals in Taiwan from 2007–2019. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 25: e0010394.
-
17.
Kumar S , Stecher G , Tamura K , 2016. MEGA7: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Mol Biol Evol 33: 1870–1874.
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18.
Tsai KH , Wang HC , Chen CH , Huang JH , Lu HY , Su CL , Shu PY , 2008. Isolation and identification of a novel spotted fever group Rickettsia, strain IG-1, from Ixodes granulatus ticks collected on Orchid Island (Lanyu), Taiwan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 256–261.
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19.
Tsai KH , Lu HY , Tsai JJ , Yu SK , Huang JH , Shu PY , 2008. Human case of Rickettsia felis infection, Taiwan. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 1970–1972.
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20.
Chen HF , Peng SH , Tsai KH , Yang CF , Chang MC , Hsueh YL , Su CL , Wang RY , Shu PY , Yang SL , 2022. Molecular epidemiology of scrub typhus in Taiwan during 2006–2016. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 16: e0010369.
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Epidemiology of Murine Typhus in Taiwan from 2013 to 2020
Yeou-Lin Hsueh
Yeou-Lin Hsueh
Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Hsiang-Fei Chen
Hsiang-Fei Chen
Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Mei-Chun Chang
Mei-Chun Chang
Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Tsai-Ying Yen
Tsai-Ying Yen
Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Chien-Ling Su
Chien-Ling Su
Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Hsien-Chun Chiu
Hsien-Chun Chiu
Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Huai-Chin Hu
Huai-Chin Hu
Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Ya-Ting Chung
Ya-Ting Chung
Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Pei-Yun Shu
Pei-Yun Shu
Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Su-Lin Yang
Su-Lin Yang
Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan, Republic of China
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ABSTRACT.
Murine typhus is a flea-borne disease caused by Rickettsia typhi infection. The disease is a notifiable infectious disease in Taiwan. Specimens from suspected cases are required to be sent to the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for laboratory diagnosis. In this study, 204 cases of murine typhus were identified by bacterial isolation, real-time polymerase chain reaction, or indirect immunofluorescence assay between 2013 and 2020. The average incidence rate was 0.11/100,000 person-years (95% CI: 0.08–0.13). Murine typhus occurred throughout the year, but it was most prevalent in summer (May to August). The majority of patients were males (75%), residents of Kaohsiung city (31%), and worked in agriculture, forestry, fishing, and animal husbandry (27%). Fever was the most common symptom, present in 95.6% of patients, followed by headache (41%), myalgia (33%), and liver dysfunction (33%). Only 13% of patients had a rash. Up to 80% of cases were among hospitalized patients, and 43% of patients developed severe manifestations. Serological assays also indicated coinfection events. Seven patients showed a 4-fold increase in antibody titers against Orientia tsutsugamushi (N = 2), Coxiella burnetii (n = 2), and Leptospira (N = 3). In conclusion, murine typhus is an endemic and important zoonotic rickettsial disease in Taiwan that cannot be ignored. Further epidemiological surveillance and clinical characteristics should be continuously investigated to prevent and control murine typhus.
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 303.70 KB)
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was supported by grants
Disclosure: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Authors’ addresses: Yeou-Lin Hsueh, Hsiang-Fei Chen, Mei-Chun Chang, Tsai-Ying Yen, Chien-Ling Su, Hsien-Chun Chiu, Huai-Chin Hu, Ya-Ting Chung, Pei-Yun Shu, and Su-Lin Yang, Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Republic of China, E-mails: ishashark@cdc.gov.tw, xiangfei@cdc.gov.tw, newlover@cdc.gov.tw, d00849002@ntu.edu.tw, sue@cdc.gov.tw, Hsienchun@cdc.gov.tw, huaichinhu@cdc.gov.tw, killna7877@cdc.gov.tw, pyshu@cdc.gov.tw, and cerline@cdc.gov.tw.
- ABSTRACT.
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- STATISTICAL ANALYSES
- RESULTS
- Annual cases and geographic distribution of murine typhus.
- Seasonal and age distribution of murine typhus.
- Imported cases of murine typhus.
- Occupational classification of murine typhus.
- Clinical characteristics of murine typhus.
- Laboratory diagnosis of murine typhus.
- Phylogenetic analysis of isolated R. typhi strains.
- Mixed or coinfected murine typhus.
- DISCUSSION
- Supplemental Materials
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Azad AF , Radulovic S , Higgins JA , Noden BH , Troyer JM , 1997. Flea-borne rickettsioses: ecologic considerations. Emerg Infect Dis 3: 319–327.
-
2.
Anstead GM , 2020. History, rats, fleas, and opossums: The ascendency of flea-borne typhus in the United States, 1910–1944. Trop Med Infect Dis 5: 37.
-
3.
Azad AF , 1990. Epidemiology of murine typhus. Annu Rev Entomol 35: 553–569.
-
4.
Civen R , Ngo V , 2008. Murine typhus: An unrecognized suburban vector borne disease. Clin Infect Dis 46: 913–918.
-
5.
Tsioutis C , Zafeiri M , Avramopoulos A , Prousali E , Miligkos M , Karageorgos SA , 2017. Clinical and laboratory characteristics, epidemiology, and outcomes of murine typhus: A systematic review. Acta Trop 166: 16–24.
-
6.
Chaniotis B , Psarulaki A , Chaliotis G , Gozalo Garcia G , Gozadinos T , Tselentis Y , 1994. Transmission cycle of murine typhus in Greece. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 88: 645–647.
-
7.
Soltani A , Borouji F , Abdollahi S , Arefe-sadat P , 2021. A systematic review of the arthropod-borne rickettsial diseases with a special emphasis on Iran. J Health Sci Surveill Syst 9: 208–217.
-
8.
Chikeka I , Dumler JS , 2015. Neglected bacterial zoonoses. Clin Microbiol Infect 21: 404–415.
-
9.
Carter CN , Ronald NC , Steele JH , Young E , Taylor JP , Russell LH Jr , Eugster AK , West JE , 1997. Knowledge-based patient screening for rare and emerging infectious/parasitic diseases: A case study of brucellosis and murine typhus. Emerg Infect Dis 3: 73–76.
-
10.
Dumler JS , Walker DH , Mandell GL , Bennett JE & Dolin R Principles and Practices of Infectious Diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, 2306–2309.
-
11.
Dumler JS , Taylor JP , Walker DH , 1991. Clinical and laboratory features of murine typhus in south Texas, 1980 through 1987. JAMA 266: 1365–1370.
-
12.
Whiteford SF , Taylor JP , Dumler JS , 2001. Clinical, laboratory, and epidemiologic features of murine typhus in 97 Texas children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 155: 396–400.
-
13.
Doppler JF , Newton PN , 2020. A systematic review of the untreated mortality of murine typhus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14: e0008641.
-
14.
Osterloh A , 2020. The neglected challenge: Vaccination against rickettsiae. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14: e0008704.
-
15.
Kuo CC , Wardrop N , Chang CT , Wang HC , Atkinson PM , 2017. Significance of major international seaports in the distribution of murine typhus in Taiwan. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e0005430.
-
16.
Chiang PS , Su SW , Yang SL , Shu PY , Lee WP , Li SY , Teng HJ , 2022. Delayed correlation between the incidence rate of indigenous murine typhus in humans and the seropositive rate of Rickettsia typhi infection in small mammals in Taiwan from 2007–2019. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 25: e0010394.
-
17.
Kumar S , Stecher G , Tamura K , 2016. MEGA7: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Mol Biol Evol 33: 1870–1874.
-
18.
Tsai KH , Wang HC , Chen CH , Huang JH , Lu HY , Su CL , Shu PY , 2008. Isolation and identification of a novel spotted fever group Rickettsia, strain IG-1, from Ixodes granulatus ticks collected on Orchid Island (Lanyu), Taiwan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79: 256–261.
-
19.
Tsai KH , Lu HY , Tsai JJ , Yu SK , Huang JH , Shu PY , 2008. Human case of Rickettsia felis infection, Taiwan. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 1970–1972.
-
20.
Chen HF , Peng SH , Tsai KH , Yang CF , Chang MC , Hsueh YL , Su CL , Wang RY , Shu PY , Yang SL , 2022. Molecular epidemiology of scrub typhus in Taiwan during 2006–2016. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 16: e0010369.
-
21.
Weng TC , Yen TS , 1961. Clinical observation on two weeks fever (murine typhus) in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc 60: 594–602.
-
22.
Yao-Shen CS-RW , Yung-Ching L , 1995. Flea-borne (endemic) typhus: A case report. Taiwan Epidemiology Bulletin 11: 263–266.
-
23.
Psaroulaki A , Christou C , Chochlakis D , Tsiligianni I , Sandalakis V , Georgalis L , Ioannou I , Giorgalas G , Tselentis Y , 2012. Murine typhus in Cyprus: A 9-year survey. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 106: 489–495.
-
24.
Punda-Polić V , Luksić B , Capkun V , 2008. Epidemiological features of Mediterranean spotted fever, murine typhus, and Q fever in Split-Dalmatia County (Croatia), 1982–2002. Epidemiol Infect 136: 972–979.
-
25.
Robaina-Bordón JM , Carranza-Rodríguez C , Hernández-Cabrera M , Bolaños-Rivero M , Pisos-Álamo E , Jaén-Sánchez N , Hernández-Betancor A , Suárez-Hormiga L , Pérez-Arellano JL , 2021. Murine typhus in Canary Islands, Spain, 1999–2015. Emerg Infect Dis 27: 570–573.
-
26.
Chang BJ , Kim SJ , Lee WC , Lee MJ , Choe NH , 2018. Comparative study on the epidemiological trends and aspects of murine typhus in Korea in the last decade (2006–2015). J Glob Infect Dis 10: 121–124.
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