ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Hotez PJ , Brindley PJ , Bethony JM , King CH , Pearce EJ , Jacobson J , 2008. Helminth infections: the great neglected tropical diseases. J Clin Invest 118: 1311–1321.
-
2.
Katz N , 2018, Inquérito Nacional de Prevalência da Esquistossomose Mansoni e Geo-helmintoses Belo Horizonte: CPqRR, 22. Available at: https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/25662. Accessed November 15, 2022.
-
3.
World Health Organization , 2023. Fact Sheet: Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs366/en/. Accessed April 23, 2023.
-
4.
Pullan RL , Brooker SJ , 2012. The global limits and population at risk of soil-transmitted helminth infections in 2010. Parasit Vectors 5: 81.
-
5.
Oliveira Filho AA , Abrantes HFL , Fernandes HMB , Viana WP , de Almeida PMS , Cavalcanti AL , de Sousa Freitas FI , 2012. Perfil enteroparasitológico dos habitantes de uma cidade do Nordeste do Brasil. Rev Bras Clin Med 10: 179–182.
-
6.
Ferreira MU , Ferreira CS , Monteiro CA , 2000. Tendência secular das parasitoses intestinais na infância na cidade de São Paulo (1984–1996). Rev Saude Publica 34: 73–82.
-
7.
Lodo M , de Oliveira CGB , Fonseca ALA , Caputto LZ , Packer MLT , Valenti VE , Fonseca FL , 2010. Prevalência de enteroparasitas na cidade de Bom Jesus dos Perdões–São Paulo–Brasil. Rev Bras Cresc Desenv Hum 20: 769–777.
-
8.
Chammartin F , Guimarães LH , Scholte RG , Bavia ME , Utzinger J , Vounatsou P , 2014. Spatio-temporal distribution of soil-transmitted helminth infections in Brazil. Parasit Vectors 7: 440.
-
9.
Vasconcelos WC , Silva-Vasconcelos A , 2021. Health education actions as a prevention and control strategy for intestinal parasites: a systematic literature review study. Res Soc Dev 10: 11.
-
10.
Teixeira PA , Fantinatti M , Gonçalves MP , Silva JS , 2020. Parasitoses intestinais e saneamento básico no Brasil: estudo de revisão integrativa. Braz J Develop 6: 22867–22890.
-
11.
Dickson R , Awasthi S , Williamson P , Demellweek C , Garner P , 2000. Effects of treatment for intestinal helminth infection on growth and cognitive performance in children: systematic review of randomised trials. BMJ 320: 1697–1701.
-
12.
Ezeamama A , Friedman JF , Acosta LP , Bellinger DC , Langdon GC , Manalo DL , Olveda RM , Kurtis JD , McGarvey ST , 2005. Helminth infection and cognitive impairment among Filipino children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72: 540–548.
-
13.
Yap P et al., 2012. Soil-transmitted helminth infections and physical fitness in school-aged Bulang children in southwest China: results from a cross-sectional survey. Parasit Vectors 5: 50.
-
14.
Liu C et al., 2015. Soil-transmitted helminths in southwestern China: a cross-sectional study of links to cognitive ability, nutrition, and school performance among children. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003877.
-
15.
Blouin B , Casapia M , Joseph L , Gyorkos TW , 2018. A longitudinal cohort study of soil-transmitted helminth infections during the second year of life and associations with reduced long-term cognitive and verbal abilities. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12: e0006688.
-
16.
Jardim-Botelho A , Raff S , Rodrigues RA , Hoffman HJ , Diemert DJ , Corrêa-Oliveira R , Bethony JM , Gazzinelli MF , 2008. Hookworm: Ascaris lumbricoides infection and polyparasitism associated with poor cognitive performance in Brazilian schoolchildren. Trop Med Int Health 13: 994–1004.
-
17.
Pabalan N , Singian E , Tabangay L , Jarjanazi H , Boivin MJ , Ezeamama AE , 2018. Soil-transmitted helminth infection, loss of education and cognitive impairment in school-aged children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12: e0005523.
-
18.
Esrey SA , Potash JB , Roberts L , Shiff C , 1991. Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infections, schistosomiasis and trachoma. Bull World Health Organ 69: 609–621.
-
19.
Asaolu SO , Ofoezie IE , 2003. The role of health education and sanitation in the control of helminth infections. Acta Trop 86: 283–294.
-
20.
Nithikathkul C , Akarachantachote N , Wannapinyosheep S , Pumdonming W , Brodsky M , Sukthana Y , 2005. Impact of health educational programmes on the prevalence of enterobiasis in schoolchildren in Thailand. J Helminthol 79: 61–65.
-
21.
Nock TH , Aken’ova T , Galadima M , 2006. Deworming: adding public health education to the equation. Trends Parasitol 22: 7–8.
-
22.
World Health Organization , 1997. Report of a WHO Expert Committee on Comprehensive School Health Education and Promotion. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
23.
Gil FF , Busatti HGNO , Cruz VL , Santos JFG , Gomes MA , 2013. High prevalence of enteroparasitoses in urban slums of Belo Horizonte-Brazil: presence of enteroparasites as a risk factor in the family group. Pathog Glob Health 107: 320–324.
-
24.
Albright JW , Basaric-Keys J , 2006. Instruction in behavior modification can significantly alter soil-transmitted helminth (STH) re-infection following therapeutic de-worming. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 37: 48–57.
-
25.
Jia TW , Melville S , Utzinger J , King CH , Zhou XN , 2012. Soil-transmitted helminth reinfection after drug treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1621.
-
26.
Ziegelbauer K , Speich B , Mausezahl D , Bos R , Keiser J , Utzinger J , 2012. Effect of sanitation on soil-transmitted helminth infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 9: e1001162.
-
27.
Welch VA et al., 2017. Mass deworming to improve developmental health and wellbeing of children in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 5: e40–e50.
-
28.
Ignacio CF , Silva MECD , Handam NB , Alencar MFL , Sotero-Martins A , Barata MML , Moraes-Neto AHA , 2017. Socioenvironmental conditions and intestinal parasitic infections in Brazilian urban slums: a cross-sectional study. Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo 59: e56.
-
29.
Nasr NA , Al-Mekhlafi HM , Ahmed A , Roslan MA , Bulgiba A , 2013. Towards an effective control programme of soil-transmitted helminth infections among Orang Asli in rural Malaysia: part 2: knowledge, attitude, and practices. Parasit Vectors 28: 28.
-
30.
Bieri FA et al., 2013. Health-education package to prevent worm infections in Chinese schoolchildren. N Engl J Med 368: 1603–1612.
-
31.
Gyorkos TW , Maheu-Giroux M , Blouin B , Casapia M , 2013. Impact of health education on soil-transmitted helminth infections in schoolchildren of the Peruvian Amazon: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2397.
-
32.
Tomono N , Anantaphruti MT , Jongsuksuntigul P , Thongthien P , Leerapan P , Silapharatsamee Y , Kojima S , Looareesuwan S , 2003. Risk factors of helminthiases among schoolchildren in southern Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 34: 264–268.
-
33.
Bassey DB , Mogaji HO , Dedeke GA , Akeredolu-Ale BI , Abe EM , Oluwole AS , Adeniran AA , Agboola OA , Mafiana CF , Ekpo UF , 2020. The impact of Worms and Ladders, an innovative health educational board game on soil-transmitted helminthiasis control in Abeokuta, Southwest Nigeria. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14: e0008486.
-
34.
Long-Shan X , Bao-Jun P , Jin-Xiang L , Li-Ping C , Sen-Hai Y , Jones J , 2000. Creating health-promoting schools in rural China: a project started from deworming. Health Promot Int 15: 197–206.
-
35.
Pereira AP , Alencar MF , Cohen SC , Souza-Júnior PRB , Cecchetto F , Mathias LS , Neto ADM , 2012. The influence of health education on the prevalence of intestinal parasites in a low-income community of Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Parasitology 139: 791–801.
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36.
Simplicio NDCS , Cordova BC , Oliveira-Filho EC , 2016. Analysis of the approach to parasitic cycles in Brazilian science textbooks as a tool for education in health and environment. Int J Environ Sci Educ 11: 867–880.
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37.
Thériault FL , Maheu-Giroux M , Blouin B , Casapía M , Gyorkos TW , 2014. Effects of a post-deworming health hygiene education intervention on absenteeism in school-age children of the Peruvian Amazon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e3007.
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Effectiveness of a School Intervention Based on Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Soil-Transmitted Helminths
Viviany Viriato
Viviany Viriato
Department of Biodiversity and Biostatistics, Section of Parasitology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
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Newton Goulart Madeira
Newton Goulart Madeira
Department of Biodiversity and Biostatistics, Section of Parasitology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
Search for other papers by Newton Goulart Madeira in
Current site
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ABSTRACT.
More than 1.5 billion people are infected by soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) worldwide, comprising one of the world’s most serious public health problems. School-age children are the most affected as a result of precarious hygienic habits, especially in economically poor areas that lack appropriate sanitation. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate a didactic method via a health education approach as a complement to the school curriculum of the sixth-grade students of public schools, distributed among six cities in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. For this, a didactic booklet was elaborated with educational explanatory activities about worms, their life cycle, and how to avoid infections. The intervention was measured by the change caused by knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP), in students before and after using the notebook, through a questionnaire with high validity and internal consistency. Schools were assigned randomly into intervention and control groups, receiving both the didactic material and the questionnaires, versus the questionnaires only, respectively. The results were submitted to an analysis of covariance that revealed a significant difference pre- and postintervention for knowledge (P < 0.001), with greater means (0.54) compared with the control group (0.44); attitude (P < 0.005), with respective means of 0.56 versus 0.48; and practice (P < 0.001), with means of 0.75 versus 0.57. These findings set the didactic material as a potential tool to complement the school curriculum through KAP without disrupting the teaching system, in addition to assisting teachers in health education at schools aiming to prevent children’s infections by STHs.
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 1539.3 KB)
Author Notes
Financial support: The research was supported by
Disclosure: The project was submitted to the coordinating agency of the state schools (local Board of Education in Botucatu) and was approved. Permission was also obtained to conduct the study with those responsible for each school involved and was approved by the National Research Ethics Commission (6.175.600).
Authors’ addresses: Viviany Viriato, School of Agriculture, Department of Crop Science, Section of Horticulture, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil, E-mail: viviany.viriato@unesp.br. Newton Goulart Madeira, Department of Biodiversity and Biostatistics, Section of Parasitology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil, E-mail: n.madeira@unesp.br.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Hotez PJ , Brindley PJ , Bethony JM , King CH , Pearce EJ , Jacobson J , 2008. Helminth infections: the great neglected tropical diseases. J Clin Invest 118: 1311–1321.
-
2.
Katz N , 2018, Inquérito Nacional de Prevalência da Esquistossomose Mansoni e Geo-helmintoses Belo Horizonte: CPqRR, 22. Available at: https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/25662. Accessed November 15, 2022.
-
3.
World Health Organization , 2023. Fact Sheet: Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs366/en/. Accessed April 23, 2023.
-
4.
Pullan RL , Brooker SJ , 2012. The global limits and population at risk of soil-transmitted helminth infections in 2010. Parasit Vectors 5: 81.
-
5.
Oliveira Filho AA , Abrantes HFL , Fernandes HMB , Viana WP , de Almeida PMS , Cavalcanti AL , de Sousa Freitas FI , 2012. Perfil enteroparasitológico dos habitantes de uma cidade do Nordeste do Brasil. Rev Bras Clin Med 10: 179–182.
-
6.
Ferreira MU , Ferreira CS , Monteiro CA , 2000. Tendência secular das parasitoses intestinais na infância na cidade de São Paulo (1984–1996). Rev Saude Publica 34: 73–82.
-
7.
Lodo M , de Oliveira CGB , Fonseca ALA , Caputto LZ , Packer MLT , Valenti VE , Fonseca FL , 2010. Prevalência de enteroparasitas na cidade de Bom Jesus dos Perdões–São Paulo–Brasil. Rev Bras Cresc Desenv Hum 20: 769–777.
-
8.
Chammartin F , Guimarães LH , Scholte RG , Bavia ME , Utzinger J , Vounatsou P , 2014. Spatio-temporal distribution of soil-transmitted helminth infections in Brazil. Parasit Vectors 7: 440.
-
9.
Vasconcelos WC , Silva-Vasconcelos A , 2021. Health education actions as a prevention and control strategy for intestinal parasites: a systematic literature review study. Res Soc Dev 10: 11.
-
10.
Teixeira PA , Fantinatti M , Gonçalves MP , Silva JS , 2020. Parasitoses intestinais e saneamento básico no Brasil: estudo de revisão integrativa. Braz J Develop 6: 22867–22890.
-
11.
Dickson R , Awasthi S , Williamson P , Demellweek C , Garner P , 2000. Effects of treatment for intestinal helminth infection on growth and cognitive performance in children: systematic review of randomised trials. BMJ 320: 1697–1701.
-
12.
Ezeamama A , Friedman JF , Acosta LP , Bellinger DC , Langdon GC , Manalo DL , Olveda RM , Kurtis JD , McGarvey ST , 2005. Helminth infection and cognitive impairment among Filipino children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72: 540–548.
-
13.
Yap P et al., 2012. Soil-transmitted helminth infections and physical fitness in school-aged Bulang children in southwest China: results from a cross-sectional survey. Parasit Vectors 5: 50.
-
14.
Liu C et al., 2015. Soil-transmitted helminths in southwestern China: a cross-sectional study of links to cognitive ability, nutrition, and school performance among children. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003877.
-
15.
Blouin B , Casapia M , Joseph L , Gyorkos TW , 2018. A longitudinal cohort study of soil-transmitted helminth infections during the second year of life and associations with reduced long-term cognitive and verbal abilities. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12: e0006688.
-
16.
Jardim-Botelho A , Raff S , Rodrigues RA , Hoffman HJ , Diemert DJ , Corrêa-Oliveira R , Bethony JM , Gazzinelli MF , 2008. Hookworm: Ascaris lumbricoides infection and polyparasitism associated with poor cognitive performance in Brazilian schoolchildren. Trop Med Int Health 13: 994–1004.
-
17.
Pabalan N , Singian E , Tabangay L , Jarjanazi H , Boivin MJ , Ezeamama AE , 2018. Soil-transmitted helminth infection, loss of education and cognitive impairment in school-aged children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12: e0005523.
-
18.
Esrey SA , Potash JB , Roberts L , Shiff C , 1991. Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infections, schistosomiasis and trachoma. Bull World Health Organ 69: 609–621.
-
19.
Asaolu SO , Ofoezie IE , 2003. The role of health education and sanitation in the control of helminth infections. Acta Trop 86: 283–294.
-
20.
Nithikathkul C , Akarachantachote N , Wannapinyosheep S , Pumdonming W , Brodsky M , Sukthana Y , 2005. Impact of health educational programmes on the prevalence of enterobiasis in schoolchildren in Thailand. J Helminthol 79: 61–65.
-
21.
Nock TH , Aken’ova T , Galadima M , 2006. Deworming: adding public health education to the equation. Trends Parasitol 22: 7–8.
-
22.
World Health Organization , 1997. Report of a WHO Expert Committee on Comprehensive School Health Education and Promotion. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
23.
Gil FF , Busatti HGNO , Cruz VL , Santos JFG , Gomes MA , 2013. High prevalence of enteroparasitoses in urban slums of Belo Horizonte-Brazil: presence of enteroparasites as a risk factor in the family group. Pathog Glob Health 107: 320–324.
-
24.
Albright JW , Basaric-Keys J , 2006. Instruction in behavior modification can significantly alter soil-transmitted helminth (STH) re-infection following therapeutic de-worming. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 37: 48–57.
-
25.
Jia TW , Melville S , Utzinger J , King CH , Zhou XN , 2012. Soil-transmitted helminth reinfection after drug treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1621.
-
26.
Ziegelbauer K , Speich B , Mausezahl D , Bos R , Keiser J , Utzinger J , 2012. Effect of sanitation on soil-transmitted helminth infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 9: e1001162.
-
27.
Welch VA et al., 2017. Mass deworming to improve developmental health and wellbeing of children in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 5: e40–e50.
-
28.
Ignacio CF , Silva MECD , Handam NB , Alencar MFL , Sotero-Martins A , Barata MML , Moraes-Neto AHA , 2017. Socioenvironmental conditions and intestinal parasitic infections in Brazilian urban slums: a cross-sectional study. Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo 59: e56.
-
29.
Nasr NA , Al-Mekhlafi HM , Ahmed A , Roslan MA , Bulgiba A , 2013. Towards an effective control programme of soil-transmitted helminth infections among Orang Asli in rural Malaysia: part 2: knowledge, attitude, and practices. Parasit Vectors 28: 28.
-
30.
Bieri FA et al., 2013. Health-education package to prevent worm infections in Chinese schoolchildren. N Engl J Med 368: 1603–1612.
-
31.
Gyorkos TW , Maheu-Giroux M , Blouin B , Casapia M , 2013. Impact of health education on soil-transmitted helminth infections in schoolchildren of the Peruvian Amazon: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2397.
-
32.
Tomono N , Anantaphruti MT , Jongsuksuntigul P , Thongthien P , Leerapan P , Silapharatsamee Y , Kojima S , Looareesuwan S , 2003. Risk factors of helminthiases among schoolchildren in southern Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 34: 264–268.
-
33.
Bassey DB , Mogaji HO , Dedeke GA , Akeredolu-Ale BI , Abe EM , Oluwole AS , Adeniran AA , Agboola OA , Mafiana CF , Ekpo UF , 2020. The impact of Worms and Ladders, an innovative health educational board game on soil-transmitted helminthiasis control in Abeokuta, Southwest Nigeria. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14: e0008486.
-
34.
Long-Shan X , Bao-Jun P , Jin-Xiang L , Li-Ping C , Sen-Hai Y , Jones J , 2000. Creating health-promoting schools in rural China: a project started from deworming. Health Promot Int 15: 197–206.
-
35.
Pereira AP , Alencar MF , Cohen SC , Souza-Júnior PRB , Cecchetto F , Mathias LS , Neto ADM , 2012. The influence of health education on the prevalence of intestinal parasites in a low-income community of Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Parasitology 139: 791–801.
-
36.
Simplicio NDCS , Cordova BC , Oliveira-Filho EC , 2016. Analysis of the approach to parasitic cycles in Brazilian science textbooks as a tool for education in health and environment. Int J Environ Sci Educ 11: 867–880.
-
37.
Thériault FL , Maheu-Giroux M , Blouin B , Casapía M , Gyorkos TW , 2014. Effects of a post-deworming health hygiene education intervention on absenteeism in school-age children of the Peruvian Amazon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e3007.
-
38.
DeBoer GE , 2011. The globalization of science education. J Res Sci Teach 48: 567–591.
-
39.
Secretary of Education for the State of São Paulo , 2011. Currículo do Estado de São Paulo: Ciências da Natureza e Suas Tecnologias. Available at: https://www.educacao.sp.gov.br/a2sitebox/arquivos/documentos/235.pdf. Accessed September 17, 2022.
-
40.
World Health Organization , 2008. Advocacy, Communication and Social Mobilization for TB Control: A Guide to Developing Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Surveys. No. WHO/HTM/STB/2008.46. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
41.
Raosoft Inc , 2004. Sample Size Calculator. Available at: http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.htm. Accessed June 28, 2022.
-
42.
Dugard P , Todman J , 1995. Analysis of pre‐test‐post‐test control group designs in educational research. Educ Psychol 15: 181–198.
-
43.
Cohen J , 1992. A power primer. Psychol Bull 112: 155–159.
-
44.
Liu Z , Xu HM , Wen LM , Peng YZ , Lin LZ , Zhou S , Li WH , Wang HJ , 2019. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the overall effects of school-based obesity prevention interventions and effect differences by intervention components. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 16: 1–12.
-
45.
Lenhard W , Lenhard A , 2016. Calculation of Effect Sizes. Available at: https://www.psychometrica.de/effect_size.html. Accessed June 25, 2022.
-
46.
Fritz CO , Morris PE , Richler JJ , 2012. Effect size estimates: current use, calculations, and interpretation. J Exp Psychol Gen 141: 2–18.
-
47.
Connell DB , Turner RR , Mason EF , 1985. Summary of findings of the school health education evaluation: health promotion effectiveness, implementation, and costs. J Sch Health 55: 316–321.
-
48.
Jourdan D , 2011. Health Education in Schools: The Challenge of Teacher Training. Paris, France: Institut National de Prévention et d’Éducation pour la Santé.
-
49.
Kramer AW , Jansen JJ , Zuithoff P , Düsman H , Tan LHC , Grol RPTM , Van Der Vleuten CPM , 2002. Predictive validity of a written knowledge test of skills for an OSCE in postgraduate training for general practice. Med Educ 36: 812–819.
-
50.
Patterson F , Lopes S , Harding S , Vaux E , Berkin L , Black D , 2017. The predictive validity of a situational judgement test, a clinical problem solving test and the core medical training selection methods for performance in specialty training. Clin Med (Lond) 17: 13–17.
-
51.
Kepha S , Mwandawiro CS , Anderson RM , Pullan RL , Nuwaha F , Cano J , Nikolay B , 2017. Impact of single annual treatment and four-monthly treatment for hookworm and Ascaris lumbricoides, and factors associated with residual infection among Kenyan school children. Infect Dis Poverty 6: 1–12.
-
52.
Bonate PL , 2000. Analysis of Pretest–Posttest Designs. Boca Raton, FL: Chapman & Hall/CRC.
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