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1.
Damhorst GL , Watts A , Hernandez-Romieu A , Mel N , Palmore M , Ali IKM , Neill SG , Kalapila A , Cope JR , 2022. Acanthamoeba castellanii encephalitis in a patient with AIDS: a case report and literature review. Lancet Infect Dis 22: e59–e65.
-
2.
Khan NA , 2008. Acanthamoeba and the blood–brain barrier: the breakthrough. J Med Microbiol 57: 1051–1057.
-
3.
Schroeder JM , Booton GC , Hay J , Niszl IA , Seal DV , Markus MB , Fuerst PA , Byers TJ , 2001. Use of subgenic 18S ribosomal DNA PCR and sequencing for genus and genotype identification of Acanthamoebae from humans with keratitis and from sewage sludge. J Clin Microbiol 39: 1903–1911.
-
4.
Haston JC , O’Laughlin K , Matteson K , Roy S , Qvarnstrom Y , Ali IKM , Cope JR , 2023. The epidemiology and clinical features of non-keratitis Acanthamoeba infections in the United States, 1956–2020. Open Forum Infect Dis 10: ofac682.
-
5.
Tunkel AR , Glaser CA , Bloch KC , Sejvar JJ , Marra CM , Roos KL , Hartman BJ , Kaplan SL , Scheld WM , Whitley RJ , 2008. The management of encephalitis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 47: 303–327.
-
6.
Chen X-T , Zhang Q , Wen S-Y , Chen F-F , Zhou C-Q , 2023. Pathogenic free-living amoebic encephalitis from 48 cases in China: a systematic review. Front Neurol 14: 1100785.
-
7.
Bellini NK , Thiemann OH , Reyes-Batlle M , Lorenzo-Morales J , Costa AO , 2022. A history of over 40 years of potentially pathogenic free-living amoeba studies in Brazil – a systematic review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 117: e210373.
-
8.
Siddiqui R , Khan NA , 2012. Biology and pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba. Parasit Vectors 5: 6.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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Case Report: A Series of Three Meningoencephalitis Cases Caused by Acanthamoeba spp. from Eastern India
Soumendra Nath Haldar
Soumendra Nath Haldar
Department of Infectious Diseases and Advanced Microbiology, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, India;
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Kokila Banerjee
Kokila Banerjee
Drs. Tribedi and Roy Diagnostic Laboratory, Kolkata, India;
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Dolanchampa Modak
Dolanchampa Modak
Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, India;
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Agnibho Mondal
Agnibho Mondal
Department of Infectious Diseases and Advanced Microbiology, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, India;
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Chayan Sharma
Chayan Sharma
Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India;
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Teja Vasireddy
Teja Vasireddy
Department of Infectious Diseases and Advanced Microbiology, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, India;
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Rucha Kalyan Karad
Rucha Kalyan Karad
Department of Infectious Diseases and Advanced Microbiology, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, India;
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Hardik Bharatbhai Patel
Hardik Bharatbhai Patel
Department of Infectious Diseases and Advanced Microbiology, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, India;
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Debajyoti Majumdar
Debajyoti Majumdar
Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, India;
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Boudhayan Bhattacharjee
Boudhayan Bhattacharjee
Department of Infectious Diseases and Advanced Microbiology, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, India;
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Sumeeta Khurana
Sumeeta Khurana
Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India;
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Tapashi Ghosh
Tapashi Ghosh
Department of Microbiology, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, India;
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Subhasish Kamal Guha
Subhasish Kamal Guha
School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, India
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Bibhuti Saha
Bibhuti Saha
Department of Infectious Diseases and Advanced Microbiology, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, India;
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ABSTRACT.
Acanthamoeba spp. are rare etiological agents of meningoencephalitis with high mortality. We present three cases of Acanthamoeba meningoencephalitis in immunocompetent individuals from Eastern India. The first patient presented with fever and headache; the second with headache, visual disturbance, and squint; and the third presented in a drowsy state. The cases presented on March 3, 18, and 21, 2023 respectively. The first two patients had concomitant tubercular meningitis for which they received antitubercular therapy and steroid. Their cerebrospinal fluid showed slight lymphocytic pleocytosis and increased protein. The diagnosis was done by microscopy, culture, and polymerase chain reaction. They received a combination therapy comprising rifampicin, fluconazole, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The first patient additionally received miltefosine. She responded well to therapy and survived, but the other two patients died despite intensive care. Detection of three cases within a period of 1 month from Eastern India is unusual. It is imperative to sensitize healthcare providers about Acanthamoeba meningoencephalitis to facilitate timely diagnosis and treatment of the disease.
Author Notes
Authors’ addresses: Soumendra Nath Haldar, Agnibho Mondal, Teja Vasireddy, Rucha Kalyan Karad, Hardik Bharatbhai Patel, Boudhayan Bhattacharjee, and Bibhuti Saha, Department of Infectious Diseases and Advanced Microbiology, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, India, E-mails: soumenhaldar79@gmail.com, mondal@agnibho.com, tejavasireddy77@gmail.com, ruchakarad78@gmail.com, h9327777333@gmail.com, bou.bhatta@gmail.com, and s_bibhuti@hotmail.com. Kokila Banerjee, Drs. Tribedi and Roy Diagnostic Laboratory, Kolkata, India, E-mail: drkokilabanerjee1@gmail.com. Dolanchampa Modak and Debajyoti Majumdar, Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, India, E-mails: drdolanmodak@gmail.com and dr.debajyotimajumdar@gmail.com. Chayan Sharma and Sumeeta Khurana, Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India, E-mails: chayansharma_1993@yahoo.com and khuranasumeeta@gmail.com. Tapashi Ghosh, Department of Microbiology, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, India, E-mail: mgmtapashi@gmail.com. Subhasish Kamal Guha, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, India, E-mail: drskguha@gmail.com.
ProCite
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Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Damhorst GL , Watts A , Hernandez-Romieu A , Mel N , Palmore M , Ali IKM , Neill SG , Kalapila A , Cope JR , 2022. Acanthamoeba castellanii encephalitis in a patient with AIDS: a case report and literature review. Lancet Infect Dis 22: e59–e65.
-
2.
Khan NA , 2008. Acanthamoeba and the blood–brain barrier: the breakthrough. J Med Microbiol 57: 1051–1057.
-
3.
Schroeder JM , Booton GC , Hay J , Niszl IA , Seal DV , Markus MB , Fuerst PA , Byers TJ , 2001. Use of subgenic 18S ribosomal DNA PCR and sequencing for genus and genotype identification of Acanthamoebae from humans with keratitis and from sewage sludge. J Clin Microbiol 39: 1903–1911.
-
4.
Haston JC , O’Laughlin K , Matteson K , Roy S , Qvarnstrom Y , Ali IKM , Cope JR , 2023. The epidemiology and clinical features of non-keratitis Acanthamoeba infections in the United States, 1956–2020. Open Forum Infect Dis 10: ofac682.
-
5.
Tunkel AR , Glaser CA , Bloch KC , Sejvar JJ , Marra CM , Roos KL , Hartman BJ , Kaplan SL , Scheld WM , Whitley RJ , 2008. The management of encephalitis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 47: 303–327.
-
6.
Chen X-T , Zhang Q , Wen S-Y , Chen F-F , Zhou C-Q , 2023. Pathogenic free-living amoebic encephalitis from 48 cases in China: a systematic review. Front Neurol 14: 1100785.
-
7.
Bellini NK , Thiemann OH , Reyes-Batlle M , Lorenzo-Morales J , Costa AO , 2022. A history of over 40 years of potentially pathogenic free-living amoeba studies in Brazil – a systematic review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 117: e210373.
-
8.
Siddiqui R , Khan NA , 2012. Biology and pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba. Parasit Vectors 5: 6.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 3014 | 3014 | 60 |
| Full Text Views | 112 | 112 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 158 | 158 | 0 |