Amato VS , Tuon FF , Bacha HA , Neto VA , Nicodemo AC , 2008. Mucosal leishmaniasis: current scenario and prospects for treatment. Acta Trop 105: 1–9.
Amato VS , Tuon FF , Siqueira AM , Nicodemo AC , Neto VA , 2007. Treatment of mucosal leishmaniasis in Latin America: systematic review. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 266–274.
Tuon FF , Gomes-Silva A , Da-Cruz AM , Duarte MI , Neto VA , Amato VS , 2008. Local immunological factors associated with recurrence of mucosal leishmaniasis. Clin Immunol 128: 442–446.
Amato VS , Tuon FF , Nicodemo AC , Duarte MI , 2008. Histopathology of mast cells and cytokines during healing of human mucosal leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 30: 637–640.
Amato VS , Tuon FF , Imamura R , Abegao de Camargo R , Duarte MI , Neto VA , 2009. Mucosal leishmaniasis: description of case management approaches and analysis of risk factors for treatment failure in a cohort of 140 patients in Brazil. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 23: 1026–1034.
Thakur S , Joshi J , Kaur S , 2020. Leishmaniasis diagnosis: an update on the use of parasitological, immunological and molecular methods. J Parasit Dis 44: 253–272.
Zanelli G et al., 2019. Use of miltefosine in a patient with mucosal leishmaniasis and HIV-coinfection: a challenge in long-term management. Infez Med 27: 452–455.
da Silva GAR , Sugui D , Nunes RF , de Azevedo K , de Azavedo M , Marques A , Martins C , de Almeida Ferry FR , 2014. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis/HIV coinfection presented as a diffuse desquamative rash. Case Rep Infect Dis 2014: 293761.
Chaudhry Z , Barrett AW , Corbett E , French PD , Zakrzewska JM , 1999. Oral mucosal leishmaniasis as a presenting feature of HIV infection and its management. J Oral Pathol Med 28: 43–46.
Tuon FF , Fernandes ER , Duarte MI , Amato VS , 2010. The expression of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 in the epidermis of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Dermatol Sci 59: 55–57.
Volpini AC , Passos VM , Oliveira GC , Romanha AJ , 2004. PCR-RFLP to identify Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and L. (Leishmania) amazonensis causing American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 90: 31–37.
da Graça GC , Volpini AC , Romero GAS , de Oliveira Neto MP , Hueb M , Porrozzi R , Boité MC , Cupolillo E , 2012. Development and validation of PCR-based assays for diagnosis of American cutaneous leishmaniasis and identification of the parasite species. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 107: 664–674.
Maia de Souza R , Martins RCR , Franco LAM , Tuon FF , de Oliveira IG Jr. , da Silva CAM , Imamura R , Amato VS , 2022. Identification of Leishmania species by next generation sequencing of hsp70 gene. Mol Cell Probes 61: 101791.
Santos-Oliveira JR et al., 2010. High levels of T lymphocyte activation in leishmania-HIV-1 co-infected individuals despite low HIV viral load. BMC Infect Dis 10: 358.
Kariyawasam R , Lau R , Valencia BM , Llanos-Cuentas A , Boggild AK , 2020. Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV-1) in Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis isolates from Peru: a description of demographic and clinical correlates. Am J Trop Med Hyg 102: 280–285.
Machado-Coelho GL , Caiaffa WT , Genaro O , Magalhaes PA , Mayrink W , 2005. Risk factors for mucosal manifestation of American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99: 55–61.
Castellucci L et al., 2006. IL6 -174 G/C promoter polymorphism influences susceptibility to mucosal but not localized cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil. J Infect Dis 194: 519–527.
Ehrlich A , Castillo TM , Goldsmith-Pestana K , Chae W-J , Bothwell ALM , Sparwasser T , McMahon-Pratt D , 2014. The immunotherapeutic role of regulatory T cells in Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis infection. J Immunol 193: 2961–2970.
Rocio C , Amato VS , Camargo RA , Tuon FF , Nicodemo AC , 2014. Liposomal formulations of amphotericin B for the treatment of mucosal leishmaniasis in HIV-negative patients. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 108: 176–178.
Martínez P , de la Vega E , Laguna F , Soriano V , Puente S , Morena V , Sentchordi MJ , García-Aguado C , González-Lahoz J , 1993. Diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected individuals using peripheral blood smears. AIDS 7: 227–230.
Nicodemo AC , Amato VS , Tuon FF , Souza RM , Okay TS , Braz LM , 2013. Usefulness of kDNA PCR in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis reactivation in co-infected patients. Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo 55: 429–431.
Tuon FF , Bombonatto GM , Battaglin ER , Sakumoto MH , Amato VS , de Camargo RA , Nicodemo AC , 2014. Reactivation of mucosal and cutaneous leishmaniasis in a renal transplanted patient. Am J Trop Med Hyg 91: 81–83.
Tuon FF , Amato VS , Floeter-Winter LM , de Andrade Zampieri R , Neto VA , França FOS , Shikanai-Yasuda MA , 2007. Cutaneous leishmaniasis reactivation 2 years after treatment caused by systemic corticosteroids – first report. Int J Dermatol 46: 628–630.
Lee GL , Woods KL , Clark L , Peters S , Wong HK , McGwire BS , 2015. Short communication: mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in HIV-related immune reconstitution syndrome. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 31: 889–892.
Tuon FF , Mulatti GC , Pinto WP , de Siqueira Franca FO , Gryschek RC , 2007. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with disseminated mycobacterial infection in patients with AIDS. AIDS Patient Care STDS 21: 527–532.
Camargo RA , Tuon FF , Sumi DV , Gebrim EM , Imamura R , Nicodemo AC , Cerri GG , Amato VS , 2010. Mucosal leishmaniasis and abnormalities on computed tomographic scans of paranasal sinuses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 515–518.
de Camargo RA , Nicodemo AC , Sumi DV , Gebrim EMMS , Tuon FF , de Camargo LM , Imamura R , Amato VS , 2014. Facial structure alterations and abnormalities of the paranasal sinuses on multidetector computed tomography scans of patients with treated mucosal leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e3001.
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In situ and systemic evaluations of the immune responses of HIV-infected patients to mucosal leishmaniasis have been poorly described. We describe a recently diagnosed HIV-infected patient with mucosal leishmaniasis who was characterized by a CD4 count of 85 cells/mm3 and nasal septum destruction resulting from pruritic and ulcerated nasal mucosa with crust formation and progression over 2 years. In situ and systemic immune evaluations of T cell activation, memory, and exhaustion were conducted using cytofluorometric assays, and sequencing of the Leishmania species was performed. The immune profile of HIV-infected patient with mucosal leishmaniasis shows a mixed Th1/Th2 pattern and an activated and exhausted status.
Disclosure: The study protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo (Protocol number: 2.315.702).
Financial support: This study was supported by
Authors’ addresses: Valdir Sabbaga Amato, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Laboratório de Parasitologia, São Paulo, Brazil, and Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Doenças e Moléstias Infecciosas, São Paulo, Brazil, E-mail: valdiramato@usp.br. Lucas Augusto Moyses Franco, Regina Maia de Souza, Camila Alves Maia da Silva, and Mariana Severo Ramundo, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Laboratório de Parasitologia, São Paulo, Brazil, E-mails: lucasamfranco@hotmail.com, regina.maia@hc.fm.usp.br, camila.maia@usp.br, and marianasevero@gmail.com. Marina Farrel Côrtes, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Laboratório de Bacteriologia e Resistência Antimicrobiana, São Paulo, Brazil, E-mail: marianasevero@gmail.com. Gabriela Corrêa-Castro and Joanna Reis Santos-Oliveira, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and Núcleo de Ciências Biomédicas Aplicadas, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia – IFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, E-mails: gabi.castro027@gmail.com and joannareisoliveira@gmail.com. Alda M. Da-Cruz, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, E-mail: alda@ioc.fioctuz.br. Carla Pagliari and Luciane Kanashiro Galo, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil, E-mails: cpagliari@usp.br and luciane_kanashiro@yahoo.com.br. Felipe Francisco Tuon, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Laboratório de Doenças Infecciosas e Emergentes, Curitiba, Brazil, E-mail: flptuon@gmail.com.
Amato VS , Tuon FF , Bacha HA , Neto VA , Nicodemo AC , 2008. Mucosal leishmaniasis: current scenario and prospects for treatment. Acta Trop 105: 1–9.
Amato VS , Tuon FF , Siqueira AM , Nicodemo AC , Neto VA , 2007. Treatment of mucosal leishmaniasis in Latin America: systematic review. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 266–274.
Tuon FF , Gomes-Silva A , Da-Cruz AM , Duarte MI , Neto VA , Amato VS , 2008. Local immunological factors associated with recurrence of mucosal leishmaniasis. Clin Immunol 128: 442–446.
Amato VS , Tuon FF , Nicodemo AC , Duarte MI , 2008. Histopathology of mast cells and cytokines during healing of human mucosal leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 30: 637–640.
Amato VS , Tuon FF , Imamura R , Abegao de Camargo R , Duarte MI , Neto VA , 2009. Mucosal leishmaniasis: description of case management approaches and analysis of risk factors for treatment failure in a cohort of 140 patients in Brazil. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 23: 1026–1034.
Thakur S , Joshi J , Kaur S , 2020. Leishmaniasis diagnosis: an update on the use of parasitological, immunological and molecular methods. J Parasit Dis 44: 253–272.
Zanelli G et al., 2019. Use of miltefosine in a patient with mucosal leishmaniasis and HIV-coinfection: a challenge in long-term management. Infez Med 27: 452–455.
da Silva GAR , Sugui D , Nunes RF , de Azevedo K , de Azavedo M , Marques A , Martins C , de Almeida Ferry FR , 2014. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis/HIV coinfection presented as a diffuse desquamative rash. Case Rep Infect Dis 2014: 293761.
Chaudhry Z , Barrett AW , Corbett E , French PD , Zakrzewska JM , 1999. Oral mucosal leishmaniasis as a presenting feature of HIV infection and its management. J Oral Pathol Med 28: 43–46.
Tuon FF , Fernandes ER , Duarte MI , Amato VS , 2010. The expression of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 in the epidermis of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Dermatol Sci 59: 55–57.
Volpini AC , Passos VM , Oliveira GC , Romanha AJ , 2004. PCR-RFLP to identify Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and L. (Leishmania) amazonensis causing American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 90: 31–37.
da Graça GC , Volpini AC , Romero GAS , de Oliveira Neto MP , Hueb M , Porrozzi R , Boité MC , Cupolillo E , 2012. Development and validation of PCR-based assays for diagnosis of American cutaneous leishmaniasis and identification of the parasite species. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 107: 664–674.
Maia de Souza R , Martins RCR , Franco LAM , Tuon FF , de Oliveira IG Jr. , da Silva CAM , Imamura R , Amato VS , 2022. Identification of Leishmania species by next generation sequencing of hsp70 gene. Mol Cell Probes 61: 101791.
Santos-Oliveira JR et al., 2010. High levels of T lymphocyte activation in leishmania-HIV-1 co-infected individuals despite low HIV viral load. BMC Infect Dis 10: 358.
Kariyawasam R , Lau R , Valencia BM , Llanos-Cuentas A , Boggild AK , 2020. Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV-1) in Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis isolates from Peru: a description of demographic and clinical correlates. Am J Trop Med Hyg 102: 280–285.
Machado-Coelho GL , Caiaffa WT , Genaro O , Magalhaes PA , Mayrink W , 2005. Risk factors for mucosal manifestation of American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99: 55–61.
Castellucci L et al., 2006. IL6 -174 G/C promoter polymorphism influences susceptibility to mucosal but not localized cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil. J Infect Dis 194: 519–527.
Ehrlich A , Castillo TM , Goldsmith-Pestana K , Chae W-J , Bothwell ALM , Sparwasser T , McMahon-Pratt D , 2014. The immunotherapeutic role of regulatory T cells in Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis infection. J Immunol 193: 2961–2970.
Rocio C , Amato VS , Camargo RA , Tuon FF , Nicodemo AC , 2014. Liposomal formulations of amphotericin B for the treatment of mucosal leishmaniasis in HIV-negative patients. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 108: 176–178.
Martínez P , de la Vega E , Laguna F , Soriano V , Puente S , Morena V , Sentchordi MJ , García-Aguado C , González-Lahoz J , 1993. Diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected individuals using peripheral blood smears. AIDS 7: 227–230.
Nicodemo AC , Amato VS , Tuon FF , Souza RM , Okay TS , Braz LM , 2013. Usefulness of kDNA PCR in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis reactivation in co-infected patients. Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo 55: 429–431.
Tuon FF , Bombonatto GM , Battaglin ER , Sakumoto MH , Amato VS , de Camargo RA , Nicodemo AC , 2014. Reactivation of mucosal and cutaneous leishmaniasis in a renal transplanted patient. Am J Trop Med Hyg 91: 81–83.
Tuon FF , Amato VS , Floeter-Winter LM , de Andrade Zampieri R , Neto VA , França FOS , Shikanai-Yasuda MA , 2007. Cutaneous leishmaniasis reactivation 2 years after treatment caused by systemic corticosteroids – first report. Int J Dermatol 46: 628–630.
Lee GL , Woods KL , Clark L , Peters S , Wong HK , McGwire BS , 2015. Short communication: mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in HIV-related immune reconstitution syndrome. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 31: 889–892.
Tuon FF , Mulatti GC , Pinto WP , de Siqueira Franca FO , Gryschek RC , 2007. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with disseminated mycobacterial infection in patients with AIDS. AIDS Patient Care STDS 21: 527–532.
Camargo RA , Tuon FF , Sumi DV , Gebrim EM , Imamura R , Nicodemo AC , Cerri GG , Amato VS , 2010. Mucosal leishmaniasis and abnormalities on computed tomographic scans of paranasal sinuses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 515–518.
de Camargo RA , Nicodemo AC , Sumi DV , Gebrim EMMS , Tuon FF , de Camargo LM , Imamura R , Amato VS , 2014. Facial structure alterations and abnormalities of the paranasal sinuses on multidetector computed tomography scans of patients with treated mucosal leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e3001.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 2905 | 2905 | 41 |
Full Text Views | 73 | 73 | 1 |
PDF Downloads | 82 | 82 | 1 |