Authors:
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and
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1.
Alvar J , Vélez ID , Bern C , Herrero M , Desjeux P , Cano J , Jannin J , Boer MD ; WHO Leishmaniasis Control Team , 2012. Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS One 7: e35671.
-
2.
WHO , 2023. Leishmaniasis. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leishmaniasis. Accessed April 9, 2023.
-
3.
Kumar NP , Srinivasan R , Anish TS , Nandakumar G , Jambulingam P , 2015. Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani in the tribal population of the Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve forest, Western Ghats, Kerala, India. J Med Microbiol 64: 157–163.
-
4.
Saini P , Kumar NP , Ajithlal PM , Joji A , Rajesh KR , Reena KJ , Kumar A , 2020. Visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani zymodeme MON-37, Western Ghats, India. Emerg Infect Dis 26: 1956.
-
5.
Srinivasan R , Kumar NP , Jambulingam P , 2016. Detection of natural infection of Leishmania donovani (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae) from a forest ecosystem in the Western Ghats, India, endemic for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 156: 95–99.
-
6.
Jambulingam P , Kumar NP , Nandakumar S , 2016. Domestic dogs as reservoir hosts for Leishmania. Acta Trop 66: 1933–1938.
-
7.
Aransay AM , Scoulica E , Tselentis Y , 2000. Detection and identification of Leishmania DNA within naturally infected sand flies by seminested PCR on minicircle kinetoplastic DNA. Appl Environ Microbiol 66: 1933–1938.
-
8.
Requena JM , Chicharro C , García L , Parrado R , Puerta CJ , Cañavate C , 2012. Sequence analysis of the 3′-untranslated region of HSP70 (type I) genes in the genus Leishmania: its usefulness as a molecular marker for species identification. Parasit Vectors 5: 87.
-
9.
Montalvo AM , Fraga J , Monzote L , Montano I , De Doncker S , Dujardin JC , Van Der Auwera G , 2010. Heat-shock protein 70 PCR-RFLP: a universal simple tool for Leishmania species discrimination in the New and Old World. Parasitology 137: 1159–1168.
-
10.
Ranasinghe S , Zhang W-W , Wickremasinghe R , Abeygunasekera P , Chandrasekharan V , Athauda S , Mendis S , Hulangamuwa S , Matlashewski G , Pratlong F , 2012. Leishmania donovani zymodeme MON-37 isolated from an autochthonous visceral leishmaniasis patient in Sri Lanka. Pathog Glob Health 106: 421–424.
-
11.
Tamura K , Nei M , 1993. Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Mol Biol Evol 10: 512–526.
-
12.
Kumar S , Stecher G , Tamura K , 2016. MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Mol Biol Evol 33: 1870–1874.
-
13.
Kalra NL , Bang YH , 1988. Manual on Entomology in Visceral Leishmaniasis. New Delhi, India: World Health Organization.
-
14.
Singh N , Mishra J , Singh R , Singh S , 2013. Animal reservoirs of visceral leishmaniasis in India. J Parasitol 99: 64–67.
-
15.
Simi SM , Anish TS , Jyothi R , Vijayakumar K , Rekha Rachel Philip NP , 2010. Searching for cutaneous leishmaniasis in tribals from Kerala, India. J Glob Infect Dis 2: 95.
Cutaneous and Visceral Leishmaniasis Caused by the Same Zymodeme of Leishmania donovani in Kerala, India
Prasanta Saini
Prasanta Saini
Indian Council of Medical Research–Vector Control Research Centre (Field Station), Kottayam, India;
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Pananchikkaparambil Abdu Fathima
Pananchikkaparambil Abdu Fathima
Indian Council of Medical Research–Vector Control Research Centre (Field Station), Kottayam, India;
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Rema Suresh Aiswarya
Rema Suresh Aiswarya
Indian Council of Medical Research–Vector Control Research Centre (Field Station), Kottayam, India;
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Puthenpurackal Madhavan Ajithlal
Puthenpurackal Madhavan Ajithlal
Indian Council of Medical Research–Vector Control Research Centre (Field Station), Kottayam, India;
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Koothupalakkal Ravi Rajesh
Koothupalakkal Ravi Rajesh
Department of Infectious Disease, Government Medical College, Thrissur, India;
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Surendran Maheswari Simi
Surendran Maheswari Simi
Department of Dermatology, Sree Gokulam Medical College Hospital, Thiruvananthapuram, India;
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Narendran Pradeep Kumar
Narendran Pradeep Kumar
Indian Council of Medical Research–Vector Control Research Centre (Field Station), Kottayam, India;
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Ashwani Kumar
Ashwani Kumar
Indian Council of Medical Research–Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
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ABSTRACT.
The tribal population in and around the Western Ghats region of India is affected by both cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) with typical clinical symptoms. In this study, we recorded and analyzed seven CL and three VL cases from this emerging belt. All the cases were found as autochthonous transmission. Multiple genetic markers (minicircle kinetoplast DNA polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism of 3′untranslated region heat shock protein (HSP) 70, a larger segment of HSP 70, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase [PGDH] gene sequences) were used to identify and characterize the parasite. It was found that both clinical manifestations are caused by zymodeme MON-37 of Leishmania donovani. We have investigated the detailed entomological and epidemiological aspects of disease transmission. An abundant population of the proven vector Phlebotomus argentipes was observed in the study villages.
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Author Notes
Financial support: This study was funded by the
Authors’ addresses: Prasanta Saini, Pananchikkaparambil Abdu Fathima, Rema Suresh Aiswarya, Puthenpurackal Madhavan Ajithlal, and Narendran Pradeep Kumar, Indian Council of Medical Research–Vector Control Research Centre (Field Station), Kottayam, India, E-mails: prasantasaini09@gmail.com, fathimapa547@gmail.com, draiswaryadhanil@gmail.com, ajithlalnandanam@gmail.com, and kumar.dr.n.pradeep@gmail.com. Koothupalakkal Ravi Rajesh, Department of Infectious Disease, Government Medical College, Thrissur, India, E-mail: ijkrajesh@gmail.com. Surendran Maheswari Simi, Department of Dermatology, Sree Gokulam Medical College Hospital, Thiruvananthapuram, India, E-mail: drsimism@gmail.com. Ashwani Kumar, Indian Council of Medical Research–Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India, E-mail: ashwani07@gmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Alvar J , Vélez ID , Bern C , Herrero M , Desjeux P , Cano J , Jannin J , Boer MD ; WHO Leishmaniasis Control Team , 2012. Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS One 7: e35671.
-
2.
WHO , 2023. Leishmaniasis. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leishmaniasis. Accessed April 9, 2023.
-
3.
Kumar NP , Srinivasan R , Anish TS , Nandakumar G , Jambulingam P , 2015. Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani in the tribal population of the Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve forest, Western Ghats, Kerala, India. J Med Microbiol 64: 157–163.
-
4.
Saini P , Kumar NP , Ajithlal PM , Joji A , Rajesh KR , Reena KJ , Kumar A , 2020. Visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani zymodeme MON-37, Western Ghats, India. Emerg Infect Dis 26: 1956.
-
5.
Srinivasan R , Kumar NP , Jambulingam P , 2016. Detection of natural infection of Leishmania donovani (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae) from a forest ecosystem in the Western Ghats, India, endemic for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 156: 95–99.
-
6.
Jambulingam P , Kumar NP , Nandakumar S , 2016. Domestic dogs as reservoir hosts for Leishmania. Acta Trop 66: 1933–1938.
-
7.
Aransay AM , Scoulica E , Tselentis Y , 2000. Detection and identification of Leishmania DNA within naturally infected sand flies by seminested PCR on minicircle kinetoplastic DNA. Appl Environ Microbiol 66: 1933–1938.
-
8.
Requena JM , Chicharro C , García L , Parrado R , Puerta CJ , Cañavate C , 2012. Sequence analysis of the 3′-untranslated region of HSP70 (type I) genes in the genus Leishmania: its usefulness as a molecular marker for species identification. Parasit Vectors 5: 87.
-
9.
Montalvo AM , Fraga J , Monzote L , Montano I , De Doncker S , Dujardin JC , Van Der Auwera G , 2010. Heat-shock protein 70 PCR-RFLP: a universal simple tool for Leishmania species discrimination in the New and Old World. Parasitology 137: 1159–1168.
-
10.
Ranasinghe S , Zhang W-W , Wickremasinghe R , Abeygunasekera P , Chandrasekharan V , Athauda S , Mendis S , Hulangamuwa S , Matlashewski G , Pratlong F , 2012. Leishmania donovani zymodeme MON-37 isolated from an autochthonous visceral leishmaniasis patient in Sri Lanka. Pathog Glob Health 106: 421–424.
-
11.
Tamura K , Nei M , 1993. Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Mol Biol Evol 10: 512–526.
-
12.
Kumar S , Stecher G , Tamura K , 2016. MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Mol Biol Evol 33: 1870–1874.
-
13.
Kalra NL , Bang YH , 1988. Manual on Entomology in Visceral Leishmaniasis. New Delhi, India: World Health Organization.
-
14.
Singh N , Mishra J , Singh R , Singh S , 2013. Animal reservoirs of visceral leishmaniasis in India. J Parasitol 99: 64–67.
-
15.
Simi SM , Anish TS , Jyothi R , Vijayakumar K , Rekha Rachel Philip NP , 2010. Searching for cutaneous leishmaniasis in tribals from Kerala, India. J Glob Infect Dis 2: 95.