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RefWorks
Reference Manager
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EndNote
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1.
World Health Organization , 2017. Progress report on the elimination of human onchocerciasis, 2016–2017. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 45: 681–700.
-
2.
Wanji S , Kengne-Ouafo JA , Esum ME , Chounna PWN , Tendongfor N , Adzemye BF , Eyong EE , 2015. Situation analysis of parasitological and entomological indices of onchocerciasis transmission in three drainage basins of the rain forest of South West Cameroon after a decade of ivermectin treatment. Parasit Vectors 8: 202.
-
3.
World Health Organization , 2022. Progress in eliminating onchocerciasis in the WHO Region of the Americas: advances in reaching the last endemic communities of the South Focus in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 97: 481–492.
-
4.
Vieira JC , Cooper PJ , Lovato R , Mancero T , Rivera J , Proaño R , López AA , Guderian RH , Guzmán JR , 2007. Impact of long-term treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin in Ecuador: potential for elimination of infection. BMC Med 5: 9.
-
5.
Lovato R , Guevara A , Guderian R , Proaño R , Unnasch T , Criollo H , Hassan HK , Mackenzie CD , 2014. Interruption of infection transmission in the onchocerciasis focus of Ecuador leading to the cessation of ivermectin distribution. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e2821.
-
6.
Guevara A , Lovato R , Proaño R , Rodriguez-Perez MA , Unnasch T , Cooper PJ , Guderian RH , 2018. Elimination of onchocerciasis in Ecuador: findings of post-treatment surveillance. Parasit Vectors 11: 265.
-
7.
Rodríguez-Pérez MA , Lilley BG , Domínguez-Vázquez A , Segura-Arenas R , Lizarazo-Ortega C , Mendoza-Herrera A , Reyes-Villanueva F , Unnasch TR , 2004. Polymerase chain reaction monitoring of transmission of Onchocerca volvulus in two endemic states in Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 38–45.
-
8.
Guevara Á , Salazar E , Vicuña Y , Hassan HK , Muro A , Guderian R , Cooper PJ , Unnasch TR , 2020. Use of Ov16-based serology for post-elimination surveillance of onchocerciasis in Ecuador. Am J Trop Med Hyg 103: 1569–1571.
-
9.
Lipner EM , Dembele N , Souleymane S , Alley WS , Prevots DR , Toe L , Boatin B , Weil GJ , Nutman TB , 2006. Field applicability of a rapid-format anti-Ov-16 antibody test for the assessment of onchocerciasis control measures in regions of endemicity. J Infect Dis 194: 216–221.
-
10.
World Health Organization , 2000. Criteria for Certification of Interruption of Transmission/Elimination of Human Onchocerciasis. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
11.
World Health Organization , 2001. Certification of Elimination of Human Onchocerciasis: Criteria and Procedures. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
12.
Shintouo CM , Nguve JE , Asa FB , Shey RA , Kamga J , Souopgui J , Ghogomu SM , Njemini R , 2020. Entomological assessment of Onchocerca species transmission by black flies in selected communities in the West Region of Cameroon. Pathogens 9: 722.
-
13.
Coscaron S , Corcaron CL , 2007. Simuliidae Neotropical (Diptera: Insecta). Aquatic Biodiversity of Latin America. Sofia, Bulgaria: PenSoft Publishers.
-
14.
Fernández-Santos NA , Unnasch TR , Rodríguez-Luna IC , Prado Velasco FG , Adeniran AA , Martínez-Montoya H , Rodríguez Pérez MA , 2020. Post-elimination surveillance in formerly onchocerciasis endemic focus in southern Mexico. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 30: e0008008.
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Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Method for the Detection of Onchocerca volvulus in Post-Elimination Surveillance of Onchocerciasis in Ecuador
Esteban Salazar
Esteban Salazar
Instituto de Biomedicina, Carrera de Medicina, Universidad Central, Quito, Ecuador;
Distrito 17D03 Ministerio de Salud Pública del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador;
Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca Research Centre for Tropical Diseases at the University of Salamanca, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain;
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Distrito 17D03 Ministerio de Salud Pública del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador;
Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca Research Centre for Tropical Diseases at the University of Salamanca, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain;
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Diego Morales
Diego Morales
Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública Dr. Leopoldo Izquieta Pérez, Quito, Ecuador
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Begoña Febrer-Sendra
Begoña Febrer-Sendra
Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca Research Centre for Tropical Diseases at the University of Salamanca, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain;
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Pedro Fernández-Soto
Pedro Fernández-Soto
Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca Research Centre for Tropical Diseases at the University of Salamanca, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain;
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Julio López-Abán
Julio López-Abán
Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca Research Centre for Tropical Diseases at the University of Salamanca, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain;
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Paul Quinatoa
Paul Quinatoa
Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública Dr. Leopoldo Izquieta Pérez, Quito, Ecuador
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Ángel Guevara
Ángel Guevara
Instituto de Biomedicina, Carrera de Medicina, Universidad Central, Quito, Ecuador;
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Antonio Muro
Antonio Muro
Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca Research Centre for Tropical Diseases at the University of Salamanca, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain;
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ABSTRACT.
Onchocerciasis has been declared eliminated in Ecuador and surveillance measures are of great interest. In this study, we examined the infectivity rates of Simulium exiguum by Onchocerca volvulus in previously hyperendemic areas in Esmeraldas province of Ecuador. These areas had previously undergone mass administration of ivermectin, which led to the interruption of transmission in 2009 and the certification of elimination in 2014. The study included three communities in Río Cayapas and one in Río Canandé, and a total of 2,950 adult S. exiguum were collected in 2018. We used quantitative polymerase chain reaction with O. volvulus O-150 plasmid control DNA to analyze 59 pools. Our findings revealed that the infectivity rates were zero, indicating that the transmission of O. volvulus remained suspended in the area.
Author Notes
Financial support: A. Muro, P. Fernández-Soto, and J. López-Abán received funds from
Authors’ addresses: Esteban Salazar, Instituto de Biomedicina, Carrera de Medicina, Universidad Central, Quito, Ecuador, Distrito 17D03 Ministerio de Salud Pública del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador, and Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca Research Centre for Tropical Diseases at the University of Salamanca, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain, E-mail: essalazar15@gmail.com. Diego Morales and Paul Quinatoa, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública Dr. Leopoldo Izquieta Pérez, Quito, Ecuador, E-mails: diegomoralesviteri@gmail.com and pquinatoa@inspi.gob.ec. Begoña Febrer-Sendra, Pedro Fernández-Soto, Julio López-Abán, and Antonio Muro, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca Research Centre for Tropical Diseases at the University of Salamanca, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain, E-mails: begofebrer@usal.es, pfsoto@usal.es, jlaban@usal.es, and ama@usal.es. Ángel Guevara, Instituto de Biomedicina, Carrera de Medicina, Universidad Central, Quito, Ecuador, E-mail: agguevara@uce.edu.ec.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization , 2017. Progress report on the elimination of human onchocerciasis, 2016–2017. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 45: 681–700.
-
2.
Wanji S , Kengne-Ouafo JA , Esum ME , Chounna PWN , Tendongfor N , Adzemye BF , Eyong EE , 2015. Situation analysis of parasitological and entomological indices of onchocerciasis transmission in three drainage basins of the rain forest of South West Cameroon after a decade of ivermectin treatment. Parasit Vectors 8: 202.
-
3.
World Health Organization , 2022. Progress in eliminating onchocerciasis in the WHO Region of the Americas: advances in reaching the last endemic communities of the South Focus in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 97: 481–492.
-
4.
Vieira JC , Cooper PJ , Lovato R , Mancero T , Rivera J , Proaño R , López AA , Guderian RH , Guzmán JR , 2007. Impact of long-term treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin in Ecuador: potential for elimination of infection. BMC Med 5: 9.
-
5.
Lovato R , Guevara A , Guderian R , Proaño R , Unnasch T , Criollo H , Hassan HK , Mackenzie CD , 2014. Interruption of infection transmission in the onchocerciasis focus of Ecuador leading to the cessation of ivermectin distribution. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e2821.
-
6.
Guevara A , Lovato R , Proaño R , Rodriguez-Perez MA , Unnasch T , Cooper PJ , Guderian RH , 2018. Elimination of onchocerciasis in Ecuador: findings of post-treatment surveillance. Parasit Vectors 11: 265.
-
7.
Rodríguez-Pérez MA , Lilley BG , Domínguez-Vázquez A , Segura-Arenas R , Lizarazo-Ortega C , Mendoza-Herrera A , Reyes-Villanueva F , Unnasch TR , 2004. Polymerase chain reaction monitoring of transmission of Onchocerca volvulus in two endemic states in Mexico. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 38–45.
-
8.
Guevara Á , Salazar E , Vicuña Y , Hassan HK , Muro A , Guderian R , Cooper PJ , Unnasch TR , 2020. Use of Ov16-based serology for post-elimination surveillance of onchocerciasis in Ecuador. Am J Trop Med Hyg 103: 1569–1571.
-
9.
Lipner EM , Dembele N , Souleymane S , Alley WS , Prevots DR , Toe L , Boatin B , Weil GJ , Nutman TB , 2006. Field applicability of a rapid-format anti-Ov-16 antibody test for the assessment of onchocerciasis control measures in regions of endemicity. J Infect Dis 194: 216–221.
-
10.
World Health Organization , 2000. Criteria for Certification of Interruption of Transmission/Elimination of Human Onchocerciasis. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
11.
World Health Organization , 2001. Certification of Elimination of Human Onchocerciasis: Criteria and Procedures. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
12.
Shintouo CM , Nguve JE , Asa FB , Shey RA , Kamga J , Souopgui J , Ghogomu SM , Njemini R , 2020. Entomological assessment of Onchocerca species transmission by black flies in selected communities in the West Region of Cameroon. Pathogens 9: 722.
-
13.
Coscaron S , Corcaron CL , 2007. Simuliidae Neotropical (Diptera: Insecta). Aquatic Biodiversity of Latin America. Sofia, Bulgaria: PenSoft Publishers.
-
14.
Fernández-Santos NA , Unnasch TR , Rodríguez-Luna IC , Prado Velasco FG , Adeniran AA , Martínez-Montoya H , Rodríguez Pérez MA , 2020. Post-elimination surveillance in formerly onchocerciasis endemic focus in southern Mexico. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 30: e0008008.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2337 | 2337 | 91 |
| Full Text Views | 62 | 62 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 76 | 76 | 2 |