Authors:
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and
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Reference Manager
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-
1.
Hampson K et al., 2015. Estimating the global burden of endemic canine rabies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003709.
-
2.
Madhusudana SN, Nagaraj D, Uday M, Ratnavalli E, Kumar MV, 2002. Partial recovery from rabies in a six-year-old girl. Int J Infect Dis 6: 85–86.
-
3.
de Souza A, Madhusudana SN, 2014. Survival from rabies encephalitis. J Neurol Sci 339: 8–14.
-
4.
Mani RS et al., 2019. Case reports: survival from rabies: case series from India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 100: 165–169.
-
5.
Goyal K, Bhagwat C, Suthar R, Saini AG, Ravikumar N, Singh P, Mani RS, Singh M, 2020. Enigma of rabies: prolonged survival in a boy with rabies brachial plexitis and encephalomyelitis. Neurol India 68: 673–676.
-
6.
John B, Kumar S, Kumar S, Dalal SS, Mohimen A, 2020. Child survivor of rabies in India: a case report. Paediatr Int Child Health 40: 255–260.
-
7.
Hamide A, Kaliyappan A, Mani RS, Krishnamurthy A, 2021. Neurological recovery with serological response in a rabies survivor on long-term follow-up. Trop Doct 51: 455–457.
-
8.
World Health Organization , 2018. Rabies Vaccines: WHO Position Paper, April 2018. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/who-wer9316. Accessed March 7, 2023.
-
9.
National Centre for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India , 2019. National Rabies Control Programme. Available at: www.ncdc.gov.in. Accessed September 11, 2023.
-
10.
Nadin-Davis SA, Sheen M, Wandeler AI, 2009. Development of real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction methods for human rabies diagnosis. J Med Virol 81: 1484–1497.
-
11.
Tordo N, Sacramento D, Bourhy H, Meslin FX, Kaplan MM & Koprowski H Laboratory Techniques in Rabies. 4th ed. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 157–170.
-
12.
Smith JS, Yager PA, Baer GM, Meslin FX, Koprowsky H & Kaplan MM Laboratory Techniques in Rabies. 4th ed. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 181–187.
-
13.
Cases of Human Rabies with Recovery, 2023. UpToDate. Available at: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image/print?imageKey=ID%2F113372&topicKey=ID%2F16595&source=see_link. Accessed June 13, 2022.
-
14.
Isalkar U, 2022, Rabies Cases in Maharashtra Doubled during First Year of Pandemic: RTI Data. Mumbai, India: Times Of India. Available at: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/rabies-cases-in-maharashtra-doubled-during-first-year-of-pandemic-rti-data/articleshow/90529374.cms. Accessed June 13, 2022.
-
15.
Wilde H, 2007. Failures of post exposure rabies prophylaxis. Vaccine 25: 7605–7609.
-
16.
Bernard MC, Boudet F, Pineda-Pena AC, Guinet-Morlot F, 2022. Inhibitory effect of concomitantly administered rabies immunoglobulins on the immunogenicity of commercial and candidate human rabies vaccines in hamsters. Sci Rep 12: 6570.
-
17.
Hanlon CA, Niezgoda M, Morrill PA, Rupprecht CE, 2001. The incurable wound revisited: progress in human rabies prevention? Vaccine 19: 2273–2279.
-
18.
Moore SM, Hanlon CA, 2010. Rabies-specific antibodies: measuring surrogates of protection against a fatal disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e595.
-
19.
Madhusudana SN, Sukumaran SM, 2008. Ante-mortem diagnosis and prevention of human rabies. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 11: 3–12.
-
20.
Damodar T, Mani RS, Prathyusha PV, 2019. Utility of rabies neutralizing antibody detection in cerebrospinal fluid and serum for ante-mortem diagnosis of human rabies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13: e0007128.
-
21.
World Health Organization , 2018. WHO Expert Consultation on Rabies: Third Report. World Health Organization Technical Report Series 1012. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
22.
Fooks AR et al., 2017. Rabies. Nat Rev Dis Primers 3: 17091.
-
23.
Mani RS, Willoughby RE & Singh SK Neglected Tropical Diseases—South Asia. New York, NY: Springer Cham, 349–366.
-
24.
Hemachudha T, Sunsaneewitayakul B, Desudchit T, Suankratay C, Sittipunt C, Wacharapluesadee S, Khawplod P, Wilde H, Jackson AC, 2006. Failure of therapeutic coma and ketamine for therapy of human rabies. J Neurovirol 12: 407–409.
-
25.
Jackson AC, 2011. Rabies in the critical care unit: diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Can J Neurol Sci 38: 689–695.
-
26.
Aramburo A, Willoughby RE, Bollen AW, Glaser CA, Hsieh CJ, Davis SL, Martin KW, Roy-Burman A, 2011. Failure of the Milwaukee protocol in a child with rabies. Clin Infect Dis 53: 572–574.
-
27.
Manesh A, Mani RS, Pichamuthu K, Jagannati M, Mathew V, Karthik R, Abraham OC, Chacko G, Varghese GM, 2018. Case report: failure of therapeutic coma in rabies encephalitis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 98: 207–210.
-
28.
Luo J, Zhang Y, He H, Liu Q, Huang S, Guo X, 2019. Artesunate enhances the immune response of rabies vaccine as an adjuvant. Vaccine 37: 7478–7481.
-
29.
Luo J, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Liu Q, Li J, He H, Luo Y, Huang S, Guo X, 2021. Artesunate and dihydroartemisinin inhibit rabies virus replication. Virol Sin 36: 721–729.
-
30.
Rao A, Pimpalwar Y, Mukherjee A, Yadu N, 2017. Serial brain MRI findings in a rare survivor of rabies encephalitis. Indian J Radiol Imaging 27: 286–289.
-
31.
Nethravathi M et al., 2015. Unique clinical and imaging findings in a first ever documented PCR positive rabies survival patient: a case report. J Clin Virol 70: 83–88.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 5725 | 3644 | 517 |
| Full Text Views | 258 | 66 | 6 |
| PDF Downloads | 229 | 80 | 2 |
Case Report: Survival from Clinical Rabies in a Young Child from Maharashtra, India, 2022
Padinjaremattathil Thankappan Ullas
Padinjaremattathil Thankappan Ullas
Rabies Laboratory, Encephalitis Group, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology (ICMR-NIV), Pune, India;
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Chandhu Balachandran
Chandhu Balachandran
Rabies Laboratory, Encephalitis Group, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology (ICMR-NIV), Pune, India;
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Nikhil Pathak
Nikhil Pathak
Kamalnayan Bajaj Hospital, Aurangabad, India;
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Yadav Prasad Manikrao
Yadav Prasad Manikrao
Kamalnayan Bajaj Hospital, Aurangabad, India;
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Shailesh Rathod
Shailesh Rathod
Kamalnayan Bajaj Hospital, Aurangabad, India;
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Daya Vishal Pavitrakar
Daya Vishal Pavitrakar
Rabies Laboratory, Encephalitis Group, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology (ICMR-NIV), Pune, India;
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Vijay Parashramji Bondre
Vijay Parashramji Bondre
Rabies Laboratory, Encephalitis Group, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology (ICMR-NIV), Pune, India;
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Priya Abraham
Priya Abraham
Director, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology (ICMR-NIV), Pune, India
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ABSTRACT.
A 3.5-year-old male child from Maharashtra, India, presented with features of meningoencephalitis approximately 1 month after sustaining severe bite injuries on the right hand from a stray dog. He had received four doses of post-exposure intradermal rabies vaccination (on days 0, 3, and 7 of the bite and erroneously on day 20, instead of day 28 as recommended in the updated Thai Red Cross regimen) as well as local and systemic injections of equine rabies immune globulin. The child was initially diagnosed with and treated for acute encephalitis syndrome before rabies encephalitis was confirmed by detection of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid. During the emergent period, he also received the antimalarial drug artesunate, recently reported to have antiviral effects against rabies virus. With intensive and supportive care, the child showed substantial clinical improvement over the next few weeks. He has now survived for more than 10 months after disease onset, albeit with severe neurological sequelae including diffuse cerebral and cerebellar atrophy.
Author Notes
Financial support: We also acknowledge support received from the
Authors’ addresses: Padinjaremattathil Thankappan Ullas, Chandhu Balachandran, Daya V. Pavitrakar, and Vijay Parashramji Bondre, Rabies Laboratory, Encephalitis Group, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology (ICMR-NIV), Pune, India, E-mails: ullaspt@gmail.com or ullas.pt@gov.in, chandhubala20@gmail.com, dayapavitrakar@gmail.com, and vpbondre@gmail.com. Nikhil Pathak, Yadav Prasad Manikrao, and Shailesh Rathod, Kamalnayan Bajaj Hospital, Aurangabad, India, E-mails: nikhilpathak26@gmail.com, pmyadav142@gmail.com, and shaileshrathod108@gmail.com. Priya Abraham, Director, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology (ICMR NIV), Pune, India, E-mail: priyaabraham@cmcvellore.ac.in.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Hampson K et al., 2015. Estimating the global burden of endemic canine rabies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003709.
-
2.
Madhusudana SN, Nagaraj D, Uday M, Ratnavalli E, Kumar MV, 2002. Partial recovery from rabies in a six-year-old girl. Int J Infect Dis 6: 85–86.
-
3.
de Souza A, Madhusudana SN, 2014. Survival from rabies encephalitis. J Neurol Sci 339: 8–14.
-
4.
Mani RS et al., 2019. Case reports: survival from rabies: case series from India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 100: 165–169.
-
5.
Goyal K, Bhagwat C, Suthar R, Saini AG, Ravikumar N, Singh P, Mani RS, Singh M, 2020. Enigma of rabies: prolonged survival in a boy with rabies brachial plexitis and encephalomyelitis. Neurol India 68: 673–676.
-
6.
John B, Kumar S, Kumar S, Dalal SS, Mohimen A, 2020. Child survivor of rabies in India: a case report. Paediatr Int Child Health 40: 255–260.
-
7.
Hamide A, Kaliyappan A, Mani RS, Krishnamurthy A, 2021. Neurological recovery with serological response in a rabies survivor on long-term follow-up. Trop Doct 51: 455–457.
-
8.
World Health Organization , 2018. Rabies Vaccines: WHO Position Paper, April 2018. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/who-wer9316. Accessed March 7, 2023.
-
9.
National Centre for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India , 2019. National Rabies Control Programme. Available at: www.ncdc.gov.in. Accessed September 11, 2023.
-
10.
Nadin-Davis SA, Sheen M, Wandeler AI, 2009. Development of real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction methods for human rabies diagnosis. J Med Virol 81: 1484–1497.
-
11.
Tordo N, Sacramento D, Bourhy H, Meslin FX, Kaplan MM & Koprowski H Laboratory Techniques in Rabies. 4th ed. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 157–170.
-
12.
Smith JS, Yager PA, Baer GM, Meslin FX, Koprowsky H & Kaplan MM Laboratory Techniques in Rabies. 4th ed. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 181–187.
-
13.
Cases of Human Rabies with Recovery, 2023. UpToDate. Available at: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image/print?imageKey=ID%2F113372&topicKey=ID%2F16595&source=see_link. Accessed June 13, 2022.
-
14.
Isalkar U, 2022, Rabies Cases in Maharashtra Doubled during First Year of Pandemic: RTI Data. Mumbai, India: Times Of India. Available at: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/rabies-cases-in-maharashtra-doubled-during-first-year-of-pandemic-rti-data/articleshow/90529374.cms. Accessed June 13, 2022.
-
15.
Wilde H, 2007. Failures of post exposure rabies prophylaxis. Vaccine 25: 7605–7609.
-
16.
Bernard MC, Boudet F, Pineda-Pena AC, Guinet-Morlot F, 2022. Inhibitory effect of concomitantly administered rabies immunoglobulins on the immunogenicity of commercial and candidate human rabies vaccines in hamsters. Sci Rep 12: 6570.
-
17.
Hanlon CA, Niezgoda M, Morrill PA, Rupprecht CE, 2001. The incurable wound revisited: progress in human rabies prevention? Vaccine 19: 2273–2279.
-
18.
Moore SM, Hanlon CA, 2010. Rabies-specific antibodies: measuring surrogates of protection against a fatal disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e595.
-
19.
Madhusudana SN, Sukumaran SM, 2008. Ante-mortem diagnosis and prevention of human rabies. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 11: 3–12.
-
20.
Damodar T, Mani RS, Prathyusha PV, 2019. Utility of rabies neutralizing antibody detection in cerebrospinal fluid and serum for ante-mortem diagnosis of human rabies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13: e0007128.
-
21.
World Health Organization , 2018. WHO Expert Consultation on Rabies: Third Report. World Health Organization Technical Report Series 1012. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
22.
Fooks AR et al., 2017. Rabies. Nat Rev Dis Primers 3: 17091.
-
23.
Mani RS, Willoughby RE & Singh SK Neglected Tropical Diseases—South Asia. New York, NY: Springer Cham, 349–366.
-
24.
Hemachudha T, Sunsaneewitayakul B, Desudchit T, Suankratay C, Sittipunt C, Wacharapluesadee S, Khawplod P, Wilde H, Jackson AC, 2006. Failure of therapeutic coma and ketamine for therapy of human rabies. J Neurovirol 12: 407–409.
-
25.
Jackson AC, 2011. Rabies in the critical care unit: diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Can J Neurol Sci 38: 689–695.
-
26.
Aramburo A, Willoughby RE, Bollen AW, Glaser CA, Hsieh CJ, Davis SL, Martin KW, Roy-Burman A, 2011. Failure of the Milwaukee protocol in a child with rabies. Clin Infect Dis 53: 572–574.
-
27.
Manesh A, Mani RS, Pichamuthu K, Jagannati M, Mathew V, Karthik R, Abraham OC, Chacko G, Varghese GM, 2018. Case report: failure of therapeutic coma in rabies encephalitis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 98: 207–210.
-
28.
Luo J, Zhang Y, He H, Liu Q, Huang S, Guo X, 2019. Artesunate enhances the immune response of rabies vaccine as an adjuvant. Vaccine 37: 7478–7481.
-
29.
Luo J, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Liu Q, Li J, He H, Luo Y, Huang S, Guo X, 2021. Artesunate and dihydroartemisinin inhibit rabies virus replication. Virol Sin 36: 721–729.
-
30.
Rao A, Pimpalwar Y, Mukherjee A, Yadu N, 2017. Serial brain MRI findings in a rare survivor of rabies encephalitis. Indian J Radiol Imaging 27: 286–289.
-
31.
Nethravathi M et al., 2015. Unique clinical and imaging findings in a first ever documented PCR positive rabies survival patient: a case report. J Clin Virol 70: 83–88.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 5725 | 3644 | 517 |
| Full Text Views | 258 | 66 | 6 |
| PDF Downloads | 229 | 80 | 2 |