ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Allegranzi B , 2013. Global implementation of WHO’s multimodal strategy for improvement of hand hygiene: a quasi-experimental study. Lancet Infect Dis 13: 843–851.
-
2.
Alam M, Halder A, Horng L , 2014. Bangladesh National Hygiene Baseline Survey Preliminary Report.
-
3.
Reperant LA, Cornaglia G, Osterhaus AD , 2012. The importance of understanding the human–animal interface: from early hominins to global citizens. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 365: 49–81.
-
4.
Greenland K, Cairncross S, Cumming O, Curtis V , 2013. Can we afford to overlook hand hygiene again? Trop Med Int Health 18: 246–249.
-
5.
Curtis V, Cairncross S , 2003. Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 3: 275–281.
-
6.
Curtis V, Cairncross S , 2003. Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 3: 275–281.
-
7.
Wolf J, Johnston R, Freeman MC, Ram PK, Slaymaker T, Laurenz E, Prüss-Ustün A , 2019. Handwashing with soap after potential faecal contact: global, regional and country estimates. Int J Epidemiol 48: 1204–1218.
-
8.
Dean E , 2017. Hand washing. Nursing Children and Young People 29: 11.
-
9.
Zomer TP, Erasmus V, Vlaar N, van Beeck EF, Tjon-A-Tsien A, Richardus JH, Voeten HA , 2013. A hand hygiene intervention to decrease infections among children attending day care centers: design of a cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Infect Dis 13: 1–7.
-
10.
Rosen L, Zucker D, Brody D, Engelhard D, Meir M, Manor O , 2011. Enabling hygienic behavior among preschoolers: improving environmental conditions through a multifaceted intervention. Am J Health Promot 25: 248–256.
-
11.
Pandejpong D, Danchaivijitr S, Vanprapa N, Pandejpong T, Cook EF , 2012. Appropriate time-interval application of alcohol hand gel on reducing influenza-like illness among preschool children: a randomized, controlled trial. Am J Infect Control 40: 507–511.
-
12.
Nicholson JA, Naeeni M, Hoptroff M, Matheson JR, Roberts AJ, Taylor D, Sidibe M, Weir AJ, Damle SG, Wright RL , 2014. An investigation of the effects of a hand washing intervention on health outcomes and school absence using a randomised trial in Indian urban communities. Trop Med Int Health 19: 284–292.
-
13.
Azor-Martinez E , 2018. Effectiveness of a hand hygiene program at child care centers: a cluster randomized trial. Pediatrics 142: 5.
-
14.
Al-Zahrani AM, Al-Mushayt AS, Otaibi MF, Wyne AH , 2014. Knowledge and attitude of Saudi mothers towards their preschool children’s oral health. Pak J Med Sci 30: 720.
-
15.
Chen C-C , 2014. Immigrant-native differences in caries-related knowledge, attitude, and oral health behaviors: a cross-sectional study in Taiwan. BMC Oral Health 14: 3.
-
16.
Bertrand WE, Walmus BF , 1983. Maternal knowledge, attitudes and practice as predictors of diarrhoeal disease in young children. Int J Epidemiol 12: 205–210.
-
17.
Owais A, Suchdev PS, Schwartz B, Kleinbaum DG, Faruque ASG, Das SK, Stein AD , 2019. Maternal knowledge and attitudes towards complementary feeding in relation to timing of its initiation in rural Bangladesh. BMC Nutr 5: 7.
-
18.
Black RE , 2010. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008: a systematic analysis. Lancet 375: 1969–1987.
-
19.
Ngure FM , 2013. Formative research on hygiene behaviors and geophagy among infants and young children and implications of exposure to fecal bacteria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 709–716.
-
20.
Kaltenthaler E, Waterman R, Cross P , 1991. Faecal indicator bacteria on the hands and the effectiveness of hand-washing in Zimbabwe. J Trop Med Hyg 94: 358–363.
-
21.
Prüss-Ustün A , 2014. Burden of diarrheal disease from inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene in low-and middle-income countries: a retrospective analysis of data from 145 countries. Trop Med Int Health 19: 894–905.
-
22.
Aiello AE, Perez V, Coulborn RM, Davis BM, Uddin M, Monto AS , 2012. Facemasks, hand hygiene, and influenza among young adults: a randomized intervention trial. PLoS One 7: e29744.
-
23.
Darvesh N, Das JK, Vaivada T, Gaffey MF, Rasanathan K, Bhutta ZA , 2017. Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions for acute childhood diarrhea: a systematic review to provide estimates for the Lives Saved Tool. BMC Public Health 17: 101–111.
-
24.
Harper KM, Mutasa M, Prendergast AJ, Humphrey J, Manges AR , 2018. Environmental enteric dysfunction pathways and child stunting: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12: e0006205.
-
25.
Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Bowen A, Kenah E, Sharker Y, Hoekstra RM , 2009. Difficulties in maintaining improved handwashing behavior, Karachi, Pakistan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 140–145.
-
26.
Parker AA, Stephenson R, Riley PL, Ombeki S, Komolleh C, Sibley L, Quick R , 2006. Sustained high levels of stored drinking water treatment and retention of hand-washing knowledge in rural Kenyan households following a clinic-based intervention. Epidemiol Infect 134: 1029–1036.
-
27.
Helen Keller International (HKI) and James P. Grant School of Public Health , 2014. State of Food Security and Nutrition in Bangladesh 2013. Dhaka, Bangladesh: HKI and JPGSPH.
-
28.
Yaya S, Bishwajit G, Ekholuenetale M, Shah V , 2017. Awareness and utilization of community clinic services among women in rural areas in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One 12: e0187303.
-
29.
Choudhury N, Raihan MJ, Ahmed SMT, Islam KE, Self V, Rahman S, Schofield L, Hall A, Ahmed T , 2020. The evaluation of Suchana, a large-scale development program to prevent chronic undernutrition in north-eastern Bangladesh. BMC Public Health 20: 744.
-
30.
Raihan MJ, Choudhury N, Haque MA, Farzana FD, Ali M, Ahmed SMT, Rahman SS, Faruque ASG, Ahmed T , 2020. Factors associated with moderate wasting among marginalized 6 to 23-month aged children in Bangladesh: findings of the Suchana program baseline survey data. PLoS One 15: e0236786.
-
31.
Haque MA, Choudhury N, Ahmed SMT, Farzana FD, Ali M, Rahman SS, Faruque ASG, Raihan MJ, Ahmed T , 2020. Factors associated with domestic violence in rural Bangladesh. J Interpers Violence 37: 886260520922353.
-
32.
Save the Children , 2020. Suchana: Ending the Cycle of Undernutrition in Bangladesh. Available at: https://www.worldfishcenter.org/content/suchana-ending-cycle-undernutrition-bangladesh.
-
33.
Ali MM, Verrill L, Zhang Y , 2014. Self-reported hand washing behaviors and foodborne illness: a propensity score matching approach. J Food Prot 77: 352–358.
-
34.
Burton M, Cobb E, Donachie P, Judah G, Curtis V, Schmidt WP , 2011. The effect of handwashing with water or soap on bacterial contamination of hands. Int J Environ Res Public Health 8: 97–104.
-
35.
Scott B, Curtis V, Rabie T , 2003. Protecting children from diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections: the role of handwashing promotion in water and sanitation program. Regional Health Forum—WHO South-East Asia Region 7: 42–47. Available at: https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/15100.
-
36.
Allegranzi B , 2013. Global implementation of WHO’s multimodal strategy for improvement of hand hygiene: a quasi-experimental study. Lancet Infect Dis 13: 843–851.
-
37.
Déglise C, Suggs LS, Odermatt P , 2012. Short message service (SMS) applications for disease prevention in developing countries. J Med Internet Res 14: e3.
-
38.
Biran A, Schmidt WP, Varadharajan KS, Rajaraman D, Kumar R, Greenland K, Gopalan B, Aunger R, Curtis V , 2014. Effect of a behavior-change intervention on handwashing with soap in India (SuperAmma): a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet Glob Health 2: e145–e154.
-
39.
Schmidt WP, Aunger R, Coombes Y, Maina PM, Matiko CN, Biran A, Curtis V , 2009. Determinants of handwashing practices in Kenya: the role of media exposure, poverty and infrastructure. Trop Med Int Health 14: 1534–1541.
-
40.
Luby SP, Halder AK , 2008. Associations among handwashing indicators, wealth, and symptoms of childhood respiratory illness in urban Bangladesh. Trop Med Int Health 13: 835–844.
-
41.
Al-Khatib IA, Abusara LW, Odeh YM, Sbeih SA, Massoud MA , 2015. Hand washing among Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip: attitudes and practices. J Environ Health 77: 50–57.
-
42.
Raihan MJ, Farzana FD, Sultana S, Haque MA, Rahman AS, Waid JL, McCormick B, Choudhury N, Ahmed T , 2017. Examining the relationship between socio-economic status, WASH practices and wasting. PLoS One 12: e0172134.
-
43.
Banda K , 2007. Water handling, sanitation and defecation practices in rural southern India: a knowledge, attitudes and practices study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 1124–1130.
-
44.
Datta SS, Singh Z, Boratne AV, Senthlvel V, Bazroy J, Dimri D , 2011. Knowledge and practice of handwashing among mothers of under five children in rural coastal South India. Int J Med Sci Public Health 1: 33–38.
-
45.
De Buck E , 2017. Approaches to promote handwashing and sanitation behavior change in low‐and middle‐income countries: a mixed method systematic review. Campbell Syst Rev 13: 1–447.
-
46.
Jo Y, Alland K, Ali H, Mehra S, Lefevre A, Pak S, Shaikh S, Christian P, Labrique A , 2019. Antenatal care in rural Bangladesh: current state of costs, content and recommendations for effective service delivery. BMC Health Serv Res 19: 861.
-
47.
Jamil K, Bhuiya A, Streatfield K, Chakrabarty N , 1999. The immunization programme in Bangladesh: impressive gains in coverage, but gaps remain. Health Policy Plan 14: 49–58.
-
48.
Central Statistics Organization and Kurdistan Regional Statistics Office , 2012. Iraqi Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011. Final Report. Baghdad, Iraq: Central Statistics Organization and Kurdistan Regional Statistics Office.
-
49.
Biran A, Rabie T, Schmidt W, Juvekar S, Hirve S, Curtis V , 2008. Comparing the performance of indicators of hand‐washing practices in rural Indian households. Trop Med Int Health 13: 278–285.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1857 | 795 | 181 |
| Full Text Views | 969 | 57 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 169 | 34 | 0 |
Assessing the Impact of a Handwashing Knowledge and Practices Program among Poor Households in Rural Bangladesh: A Cluster‐Randomized Pre–Post Study
Towfida Jahan Siddiqua
Towfida Jahan Siddiqua
Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, ICDDR,B, Dhaka, Bangladesh;
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Nuzhat Choudhury
Nuzhat Choudhury
Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, ICDDR,B, Dhaka, Bangladesh;
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Md Ahshanul Haque
Md Ahshanul Haque
Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, ICDDR,B, Dhaka, Bangladesh;
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Fahmida Dil Farzana
Fahmida Dil Farzana
Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, ICDDR,B, Dhaka, Bangladesh;
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Mohammad Ali
Mohammad Ali
Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, ICDDR,B, Dhaka, Bangladesh;
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Farina Naz
Farina Naz
Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, ICDDR,B, Dhaka, Bangladesh;
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S. M. Tanvir Ahmed
S. M. Tanvir Ahmed
Save the Children Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Sheikh Shahed Rahman
Sheikh Shahed Rahman
Save the Children Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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A. S. G. Faruque
A. S. G. Faruque
Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, ICDDR,B, Dhaka, Bangladesh;
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Tahmeed Ahmed
Tahmeed Ahmed
Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, ICDDR,B, Dhaka, Bangladesh;
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ABSTRACT.
Improvement in hand hygiene has been strongly associated with positive outcomes in maternal and child health. Although Bangladesh has a high level of awareness of key hygiene messages, the practice of handwashing, the most effective hygiene behavior, is low. Suchana, a multisectoral nutrition program, aims to increase knowledge and practices around various water, sanitation, and hygiene settings in Sylhet region, the northeast of rural Bangladesh. This study aimed to investigate the changes in indicators related to handwashing knowledge and practices among Suchana beneficiaries in final compared with baseline evaluations. Data were derived from the baseline and final cross-sectional evaluation survey. The following handwashing knowledge and practices were considered: handwashing before preparing food, before eating food and feeding children, before serving food, after defecation, and after touching animals. The descriptive findings indicate that Suchana intervention improved handwashing knowledge and practices in the intervention area compared with the control. The odds of having knowledge of hand washing before preparing food (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.60; 95% CI: 1.30–1.98), before eating food and feeding children (aOR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.25–2.25), before serving food (aOR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.04–1.76), after defecation (aOR: 1.74; 95% CI: 1.25–2.41), and after touching animals (aOR: 1.67; 95% CI: 1.29–2.16) were higher in intervention area than the control area. Similarly, the impact on maternal handwashing practices at final evaluation indicated successful effects of the intervention. These results suggest scaling-up of similar interventions for larger populations living in vulnerable areas of rural Bangladesh.
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 336.25 KB)
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was made possible by the committed contribution of the
Disclosure: This study was approved by the Research Review Committee and Ethical Review Committee, the two obligatory components of the institutional review board of the icddr,b. Informed written consent was obtained from all study participants.
The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions.
Authors’ addresses: Towfida Jahan Siddiqua, Nuzhat Choudhury, Md Ahshanul Haque, Fahmida Dil Farzana, Mohammad Ali, Farina Naz, A. S. G. Faruque, and Tahmeed Ahmed, Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, ICDDR,B, Dhaka, Bangladesh, E-mail: towfida@icddrb.orgl, nuzhat@icddrb.org, ahshanul.haque@icddrb.org, fahmidaf@icddrb.org, md.ali@icddrb.org, farina.Naz@icddrb.org, gfaruque@icddrb.org, and tahmeed@icddrb.org. S. M. Tanvir Ahmed and Sheikh Shahed Rahman, Save the Children Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh, E-mails: ahmed.tanvir@savethechildren.org and shahed.rahman@savethechildren.org.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Allegranzi B , 2013. Global implementation of WHO’s multimodal strategy for improvement of hand hygiene: a quasi-experimental study. Lancet Infect Dis 13: 843–851.
-
2.
Alam M, Halder A, Horng L , 2014. Bangladesh National Hygiene Baseline Survey Preliminary Report.
-
3.
Reperant LA, Cornaglia G, Osterhaus AD , 2012. The importance of understanding the human–animal interface: from early hominins to global citizens. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 365: 49–81.
-
4.
Greenland K, Cairncross S, Cumming O, Curtis V , 2013. Can we afford to overlook hand hygiene again? Trop Med Int Health 18: 246–249.
-
5.
Curtis V, Cairncross S , 2003. Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 3: 275–281.
-
6.
Curtis V, Cairncross S , 2003. Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 3: 275–281.
-
7.
Wolf J, Johnston R, Freeman MC, Ram PK, Slaymaker T, Laurenz E, Prüss-Ustün A , 2019. Handwashing with soap after potential faecal contact: global, regional and country estimates. Int J Epidemiol 48: 1204–1218.
-
8.
Dean E , 2017. Hand washing. Nursing Children and Young People 29: 11.
-
9.
Zomer TP, Erasmus V, Vlaar N, van Beeck EF, Tjon-A-Tsien A, Richardus JH, Voeten HA , 2013. A hand hygiene intervention to decrease infections among children attending day care centers: design of a cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Infect Dis 13: 1–7.
-
10.
Rosen L, Zucker D, Brody D, Engelhard D, Meir M, Manor O , 2011. Enabling hygienic behavior among preschoolers: improving environmental conditions through a multifaceted intervention. Am J Health Promot 25: 248–256.
-
11.
Pandejpong D, Danchaivijitr S, Vanprapa N, Pandejpong T, Cook EF , 2012. Appropriate time-interval application of alcohol hand gel on reducing influenza-like illness among preschool children: a randomized, controlled trial. Am J Infect Control 40: 507–511.
-
12.
Nicholson JA, Naeeni M, Hoptroff M, Matheson JR, Roberts AJ, Taylor D, Sidibe M, Weir AJ, Damle SG, Wright RL , 2014. An investigation of the effects of a hand washing intervention on health outcomes and school absence using a randomised trial in Indian urban communities. Trop Med Int Health 19: 284–292.
-
13.
Azor-Martinez E , 2018. Effectiveness of a hand hygiene program at child care centers: a cluster randomized trial. Pediatrics 142: 5.
-
14.
Al-Zahrani AM, Al-Mushayt AS, Otaibi MF, Wyne AH , 2014. Knowledge and attitude of Saudi mothers towards their preschool children’s oral health. Pak J Med Sci 30: 720.
-
15.
Chen C-C , 2014. Immigrant-native differences in caries-related knowledge, attitude, and oral health behaviors: a cross-sectional study in Taiwan. BMC Oral Health 14: 3.
-
16.
Bertrand WE, Walmus BF , 1983. Maternal knowledge, attitudes and practice as predictors of diarrhoeal disease in young children. Int J Epidemiol 12: 205–210.
-
17.
Owais A, Suchdev PS, Schwartz B, Kleinbaum DG, Faruque ASG, Das SK, Stein AD , 2019. Maternal knowledge and attitudes towards complementary feeding in relation to timing of its initiation in rural Bangladesh. BMC Nutr 5: 7.
-
18.
Black RE , 2010. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008: a systematic analysis. Lancet 375: 1969–1987.
-
19.
Ngure FM , 2013. Formative research on hygiene behaviors and geophagy among infants and young children and implications of exposure to fecal bacteria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89: 709–716.
-
20.
Kaltenthaler E, Waterman R, Cross P , 1991. Faecal indicator bacteria on the hands and the effectiveness of hand-washing in Zimbabwe. J Trop Med Hyg 94: 358–363.
-
21.
Prüss-Ustün A , 2014. Burden of diarrheal disease from inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene in low-and middle-income countries: a retrospective analysis of data from 145 countries. Trop Med Int Health 19: 894–905.
-
22.
Aiello AE, Perez V, Coulborn RM, Davis BM, Uddin M, Monto AS , 2012. Facemasks, hand hygiene, and influenza among young adults: a randomized intervention trial. PLoS One 7: e29744.
-
23.
Darvesh N, Das JK, Vaivada T, Gaffey MF, Rasanathan K, Bhutta ZA , 2017. Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions for acute childhood diarrhea: a systematic review to provide estimates for the Lives Saved Tool. BMC Public Health 17: 101–111.
-
24.
Harper KM, Mutasa M, Prendergast AJ, Humphrey J, Manges AR , 2018. Environmental enteric dysfunction pathways and child stunting: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12: e0006205.
-
25.
Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Bowen A, Kenah E, Sharker Y, Hoekstra RM , 2009. Difficulties in maintaining improved handwashing behavior, Karachi, Pakistan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 140–145.
-
26.
Parker AA, Stephenson R, Riley PL, Ombeki S, Komolleh C, Sibley L, Quick R , 2006. Sustained high levels of stored drinking water treatment and retention of hand-washing knowledge in rural Kenyan households following a clinic-based intervention. Epidemiol Infect 134: 1029–1036.
-
27.
Helen Keller International (HKI) and James P. Grant School of Public Health , 2014. State of Food Security and Nutrition in Bangladesh 2013. Dhaka, Bangladesh: HKI and JPGSPH.
-
28.
Yaya S, Bishwajit G, Ekholuenetale M, Shah V , 2017. Awareness and utilization of community clinic services among women in rural areas in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One 12: e0187303.
-
29.
Choudhury N, Raihan MJ, Ahmed SMT, Islam KE, Self V, Rahman S, Schofield L, Hall A, Ahmed T , 2020. The evaluation of Suchana, a large-scale development program to prevent chronic undernutrition in north-eastern Bangladesh. BMC Public Health 20: 744.
-
30.
Raihan MJ, Choudhury N, Haque MA, Farzana FD, Ali M, Ahmed SMT, Rahman SS, Faruque ASG, Ahmed T , 2020. Factors associated with moderate wasting among marginalized 6 to 23-month aged children in Bangladesh: findings of the Suchana program baseline survey data. PLoS One 15: e0236786.
-
31.
Haque MA, Choudhury N, Ahmed SMT, Farzana FD, Ali M, Rahman SS, Faruque ASG, Raihan MJ, Ahmed T , 2020. Factors associated with domestic violence in rural Bangladesh. J Interpers Violence 37: 886260520922353.
-
32.
Save the Children , 2020. Suchana: Ending the Cycle of Undernutrition in Bangladesh. Available at: https://www.worldfishcenter.org/content/suchana-ending-cycle-undernutrition-bangladesh.
-
33.
Ali MM, Verrill L, Zhang Y , 2014. Self-reported hand washing behaviors and foodborne illness: a propensity score matching approach. J Food Prot 77: 352–358.
-
34.
Burton M, Cobb E, Donachie P, Judah G, Curtis V, Schmidt WP , 2011. The effect of handwashing with water or soap on bacterial contamination of hands. Int J Environ Res Public Health 8: 97–104.
-
35.
Scott B, Curtis V, Rabie T , 2003. Protecting children from diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections: the role of handwashing promotion in water and sanitation program. Regional Health Forum—WHO South-East Asia Region 7: 42–47. Available at: https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/15100.
-
36.
Allegranzi B , 2013. Global implementation of WHO’s multimodal strategy for improvement of hand hygiene: a quasi-experimental study. Lancet Infect Dis 13: 843–851.
-
37.
Déglise C, Suggs LS, Odermatt P , 2012. Short message service (SMS) applications for disease prevention in developing countries. J Med Internet Res 14: e3.
-
38.
Biran A, Schmidt WP, Varadharajan KS, Rajaraman D, Kumar R, Greenland K, Gopalan B, Aunger R, Curtis V , 2014. Effect of a behavior-change intervention on handwashing with soap in India (SuperAmma): a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet Glob Health 2: e145–e154.
-
39.
Schmidt WP, Aunger R, Coombes Y, Maina PM, Matiko CN, Biran A, Curtis V , 2009. Determinants of handwashing practices in Kenya: the role of media exposure, poverty and infrastructure. Trop Med Int Health 14: 1534–1541.
-
40.
Luby SP, Halder AK , 2008. Associations among handwashing indicators, wealth, and symptoms of childhood respiratory illness in urban Bangladesh. Trop Med Int Health 13: 835–844.
-
41.
Al-Khatib IA, Abusara LW, Odeh YM, Sbeih SA, Massoud MA , 2015. Hand washing among Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip: attitudes and practices. J Environ Health 77: 50–57.
-
42.
Raihan MJ, Farzana FD, Sultana S, Haque MA, Rahman AS, Waid JL, McCormick B, Choudhury N, Ahmed T , 2017. Examining the relationship between socio-economic status, WASH practices and wasting. PLoS One 12: e0172134.
-
43.
Banda K , 2007. Water handling, sanitation and defecation practices in rural southern India: a knowledge, attitudes and practices study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 1124–1130.
-
44.
Datta SS, Singh Z, Boratne AV, Senthlvel V, Bazroy J, Dimri D , 2011. Knowledge and practice of handwashing among mothers of under five children in rural coastal South India. Int J Med Sci Public Health 1: 33–38.
-
45.
De Buck E , 2017. Approaches to promote handwashing and sanitation behavior change in low‐and middle‐income countries: a mixed method systematic review. Campbell Syst Rev 13: 1–447.
-
46.
Jo Y, Alland K, Ali H, Mehra S, Lefevre A, Pak S, Shaikh S, Christian P, Labrique A , 2019. Antenatal care in rural Bangladesh: current state of costs, content and recommendations for effective service delivery. BMC Health Serv Res 19: 861.
-
47.
Jamil K, Bhuiya A, Streatfield K, Chakrabarty N , 1999. The immunization programme in Bangladesh: impressive gains in coverage, but gaps remain. Health Policy Plan 14: 49–58.
-
48.
Central Statistics Organization and Kurdistan Regional Statistics Office , 2012. Iraqi Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011. Final Report. Baghdad, Iraq: Central Statistics Organization and Kurdistan Regional Statistics Office.
-
49.
Biran A, Rabie T, Schmidt W, Juvekar S, Hirve S, Curtis V , 2008. Comparing the performance of indicators of hand‐washing practices in rural Indian households. Trop Med Int Health 13: 278–285.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1857 | 795 | 181 |
| Full Text Views | 969 | 57 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 169 | 34 | 0 |