Author:
- ABSTRACT.
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS
- Sociodemographic characteristics of the study participants.
- Prevalence of intestinal parasites among schoolchildren.
- Distribution of STHs and S. mansoni across altitudinal gradients in the Amhara region.
- Intensity of STHs and S. mansoni infections.
- Factors associated with STH infections.
- Factors associated with S. mansoni infection.
- DISCUSSION
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
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1.
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Okyay P, Ertug S, Gultekin B, Onen O, Beser E, 2004. Intestinal parasites prevalence and related factors in school children, a western city sample-Turkey. BMC Public Health 4: 64–70.
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Workineh L, Kiros T, Damtie S, Andualem T, Dessie B, 2020. Prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth and Schistosoma mansoni infection and their associated factors among Hiruy Abaregawi primary school children, rural Debre Tabor, north west Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. J Parasitol Res 2020: 7.
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Gashaw F, Aemero M, Legesse M, Petros B, Teklehaimanot T, Medhin G, Berhe N, Mekonnen Y, Erko B, 2015. Prevalence of intestinal helminth infection among school children in Maksegnit and Enfranz towns, northwestern Ethiopia, with emphasis on Schistosoma mansoni infection. Parasit Vectors 8: 567–575.
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Nagi S et al., 2014. Risk factors and spatial distribution of Schistosoma mansoni infection among primary school children in Mbita District, Western Kenya. Plos Neg Trop Dis 8: e2991.
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Alemu M, Hailu A, Bugssa G, 2014. Prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis among primary schoolchildren in Umolante district, South Ethiopia. Clin Med Res 3: 174–180.
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Sitotaw B, Mekuriaw H, Damtie D, 2019. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and associated risk factors among Jawi primary school children, Jawi town, north-west Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 19: 341–351.
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Ayalew A, Debebe T, Worku A, 2011. Prevalence and risk factors of intestinal parasites among Delgi school children, north Gondar, Ethiopia. J Parasitol Vector Biol 3: 75–81.
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Prevalence of Soil-Transmitted Helminths and Schistosoma mansoni among Schoolchildren across Altitudinal Gradients in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia
Alehegn Abie
Alehegn Abie
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Bahir Dar Health Science College, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia;
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Tadesse Hailu
Tadesse Hailu
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia;
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Getaneh Alemu
Getaneh Alemu
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia;
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Endalkachew Nibret
Endalkachew Nibret
Department of Biology, Science College, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia;
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Arancha Amor
Arancha Amor
Mundo Sano Foundations, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Abaineh Munshea
Abaineh Munshea
Department of Biology, Science College, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia;
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ABSTRACT.
Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) and Schistosoma mansoni infections are common parasitic infections in sub-Saharan Africa. Their distributions vary across altitudes in Ethiopia. Hence, ongoing updates of infection risk factors and prevalence data are necessary for successful intervention. A school-based, cross-sectional study was conducted from October to December 2019 involving 530 schoolchildren who were recruited by systematic random sampling from Amhara Regional State. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on sociodemographic, geographical and environmental factors. Stool samples were collected and processed by Ritchie’s and Kato Katz techniques. Data were entered into EpiData and analyzed using SPSS. Descriptive statistics were used to compute prevalence, and logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with STHs and S. mansoni infections. Variables with P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Among 530 schoolchildren, 169 (31.9%) and 78 (14.7%) were infected with STHs and S. mansoni, respectively. The prevalence of STHs (40.2%) in the semi-highlands and S. mansoni (30.4%) in the lowlands was high. Infrequent shoes wearing, exposure to soil, not washing vegetables before eating, and living outside in lowland areas were significantly associated with STHs infections (P < 0.05). Schoolchildren who fetched water to irrigate fields, swam in rivers, and lived in lowland areas were significantly associated with S. mansoni infection (P < 0.05). In conclusion, prevalence rates of STHs and S. mansoni infections differed across altitudes in Amhara Regional State. Therefore, current control strategies including deworming and provision of clean water and education on sanitation and hygiene should be intensified and adapted to the local context.
Author Notes
Financial support:
Authors’ addresses: Alehegn Abie, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Bahir Dar Health Science College, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, E-mail: alehegnab@gmail.com. Tadesse Hailu and Getaneh Alemu, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, E-mails: tadessehailu89@gmail.com and gmarelign@gmail.com. Endalkachew Nibret and Abaineh Munshea, Department of Biology, Science College, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, E-mails: endtg2002@yahoo.com and abitew2003@yahoo.com. Arancha Amor, Mundo Sano Foundations, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, E-mail: aranchazu@gmail.com.
- ABSTRACT.
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS
- Sociodemographic characteristics of the study participants.
- Prevalence of intestinal parasites among schoolchildren.
- Distribution of STHs and S. mansoni across altitudinal gradients in the Amhara region.
- Intensity of STHs and S. mansoni infections.
- Factors associated with STH infections.
- Factors associated with S. mansoni infection.
- DISCUSSION
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Bethony J, Brooker S, Albonico M, Geiger SM, Loukas A, Diemert D, Hotez PJ, 2006. Soil-transmitted helminth infections: ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm. Lancet 367: 1521–1532.
-
2.
Pullan RL, Brooker SJ, 2012. The global limits and population at risk of soil-transmitted helminth infections in 2010. Parasit Vectors 5: 81–95.
-
3.
Simon G, Hotez P, Tsuji M, Satoskar A, 2009. Medical Parasitology. Austin, TX: Landes Bioscience.
-
4.
Gryseels B, 2012. Human schistosomiasis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 26: 383–397.
-
5.
Hotz P, Aksoy S, 2017. Ten years of progress in neglected tropical disease control and elimination. PLOS Neg Trop Dis 11: e0005355.
-
6.
FMOH , 2016. Second Edition of National Neglected Tropical Diseases Master Plan for Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, ETH: Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health. Available at: https://www.afro.who.int/publications/second-edition-national-neglected-tropical-diseases-master-plan-ethiopia-2016. Accessed July 10, 2023.
-
7.
Nute AW et al., 2018. Prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths and Schistosoma mansoni among a population-based sample of school-age children in Amhara region, Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors 11: 431–442.
-
8.
Chala B, Torben W, 2018. An epidemiological trend of urogenital schistosomiasis in Ethiopia. Front Public Health 6: 51–60.
-
9.
Sastry A, Bhat S, 2018. Essentials of Medical Parasitology. Delhi, India: Jaypee Brothers, Medical Publishers Pvt. Limited.
-
10.
Shumbej T, Belay T, Mekonnen Z, Tefera T, Zemene E, 2015. Soil-transmitted helminths and associated factors among pre-school children in Butajira town, south-central Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study. PLoS One 10: e0136342.
-
11.
Alemu M, Anley A, Tedla K, 2019. Magnitude of intestinal parasitosis and associated factors in rural school children, northwest Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci 29: 189–196.
-
12.
Hailu T, Yimer M, Mulu W, Abera B, 2018. Multivariate analysis of factors associated with Schistosoma mansoni and hookworm infection among primary school children in rural Bahir Dar, Northwest Ethiopia. Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines 4: 1–7.
-
13.
Leta GT et al., 2020. National mapping of soil-transmitted helminth and Schistosome infections in Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors 13: 437.
-
14.
Ethiopian Public Health Institute and Federal Ministry of Health , 2019. Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey. Available at: https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR363/FR363.pdf. Accessed November 2, 2022.
-
15.
Karagiannis-Voules DA et al., 2015. Spatial and temporal distribution of soil-transmitted helminth infection in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and geostatistical meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 15: 74–84.
-
16.
Okyay P, Ertug S, Gultekin B, Onen O, Beser E, 2004. Intestinal parasites prevalence and related factors in school children, a western city sample-Turkey. BMC Public Health 4: 64–70.
-
17.
Hurni H, 1998. Agroecological Belts of Ethiopia. Explanatory Notes on Three Maps at a Scale of 1 (1,000,000). Available at: https://edepot.wur.nl/484855. Accessed October 5, 2022.
-
18.
Ritchie LS, 1948. An ether sedimentation technique for routine stool examinations. Bull US Army Med Dep 8: 326.
-
19.
WHO , 2002. Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 912: 57.
-
20.
Maru DS, 2015. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and associated risk factors among school children in Adigrat town, northern Ethiopia. Int J Emerg Trends Sci Technol 4: 4943–4948.
-
21.
Abera A, Nibret E, 2014. Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthic infections and associated risk factors among schoolchildren in Tilili town, northwest Ethiopia. Asian Pac J Trop Med 7: 525–530.
-
22.
Mabaso MLH, Appleton CC, Hughes JC, Gouws E, 2003. The effect of soil type and climate on hookworm (Necator americanus) distribution in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa. Trop Med Int Health 7: 763–771.
-
23.
Choi B, Kim B, 2017. Prevalence and risk factors of intestinal parasite infection among schoolchildren in the peripheral highland regions of Huanuco, Peru. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 8: 302–307.
-
24.
Rinne S, Rodas EJ, Galer-Unti R, Glickman N, Glickman LT, 2005. Prevalence and risk factors for protozoan and nematode infections among children in an Ecuadorian highland community. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99: 585–592.
-
25.
Wegayehu T, Tsalla T, Seifu B, Teklu T, 2013. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among highland and lowland dwellers in Gamo area, South Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 13: 151–158.
-
26.
Workineh L, Kiros T, Damtie S, Andualem T, Dessie B, 2020. Prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth and Schistosoma mansoni infection and their associated factors among Hiruy Abaregawi primary school children, rural Debre Tabor, north west Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. J Parasitol Res 2020: 7.
-
27.
Goshu A, Alemu G, Ayehu A, 2021. Prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminths and associated factors among adolescents and adults in Bibugn Woreda, northwest Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study. J Trop Med 2021: 7043881.
-
28.
Alemayehu B, Tomass Z, 2015. Prevalence of intestinal Helminthiasis and associated risk factors among school children in Dawro zone, southern Ethiopia. J Biol Agric Healthc 5: 76–82.
-
29.
Worku L, Damte D, Endris M, Tesfa H, Aemero M, 2014. Schistosoma mansoni infection and associated determinant factors among school children in Sanja Town, northwest Ethiopia. J Parasitol Res 2014: 8.
-
30.
Oluwole AS, Adeniran AA, Mogaji HO, Olabinke DB, Abe EM, Bankole SO, Ekpo UF, 2018. Prevalence, intensity and spatial co-distribution of schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminths infections in Ogun state, Nigeria. Parasitol Open 4: e8.
-
31.
Bekana T, Hu W, Liang S, Erko B, 2019. Transmission of Schistosoma mansoni in Yachi areas, southwestern Ethiopia: new foci. Infect Dis Poverty 8: 1–8.
-
32.
Gashaw F, Aemero M, Legesse M, Petros B, Teklehaimanot T, Medhin G, Berhe N, Mekonnen Y, Erko B, 2015. Prevalence of intestinal helminth infection among school children in Maksegnit and Enfranz towns, northwestern Ethiopia, with emphasis on Schistosoma mansoni infection. Parasit Vectors 8: 567–575.
-
33.
Nagi S et al., 2014. Risk factors and spatial distribution of Schistosoma mansoni infection among primary school children in Mbita District, Western Kenya. Plos Neg Trop Dis 8: e2991.
-
34.
Alemu M, Hailu A, Bugssa G, 2014. Prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis among primary schoolchildren in Umolante district, South Ethiopia. Clin Med Res 3: 174–180.
-
35.
Sitotaw B, Mekuriaw H, Damtie D, 2019. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and associated risk factors among Jawi primary school children, Jawi town, north-west Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 19: 341–351.
-
36.
Ayalew A, Debebe T, Worku A, 2011. Prevalence and risk factors of intestinal parasites among Delgi school children, north Gondar, Ethiopia. J Parasitol Vector Biol 3: 75–81.
-
37.
Bitew A, Abera B, Seyoum W, Endale B, Kiber T, Goshu G, Admass A, 2016. Soil-transmitted helminths and Schistosoma mansoni infections in Ethiopian Orthodox Church students around Lake Tana, northwest Ethiopia. PLoS One 11: e0155915.
-
38.
Mekonnen Z, Meka S, Zeynudin A, Suleman S, 2014. Schistosoma mansoni infection and undernutrition among school age children in Fincha’a sugar estate, rural part of West Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes 7: 763–771.
-
39.
Workineh L, Yimer M, Gelaye W, Muleta D, 2019. The magnitude of Schistosoma mansoni and its associated risk factors among Sebatamit primary school children, rural Bahir Dar, northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes 12: 447–453.
-
40.
Hailu T, Yimer M, Mulu W, Abera B, 2018. Synergetic effects of Plasmodium, hookworm, and Schistosoma mansoni infections on hemoglobin level among febrile school age children in Jawe Worda, northwest Ethiopia. J Parasitol Res 2018: 7.
-
41.
Woldegerima E, Bayih A, Tegegne Y, Aemero M, Jejaw Z, 2019. Prevalence and reinfection rates of Schistosoma mansoni and praziquantel efficacy against the parasite among primary school children in Sanja Town, northwest Ethiopia. J Parasitol Res 2019: 1–9.
-
42.
Birmeka M, Urga K, Petros B, 2017. Assessment of anemia and iron status of primary school children aged 7–19 in Enemore-Ener and Abeshege Districts, Gurage Zone, Ethiopia. EC Nutr 10: 18–25.
-
43.
Saathoff E, Olsen A, Sharp B, Kvalsvig JD, Appleton CC, Kleinschmidt I, 2005. Ecological covariates of Ascaris lumbricoides infection in schoolchildren from rural KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa. Am J Trop Med Health 72: 384–391.
-
44.
Wardell R, Clements AC, Lal A, Summers D, Llewellyn S, Campbell S, McCarthy J, Gray DJ, Nery SV, 2017. An environmental assessment and risk map of Ascaris lumbricoides and Necator americanus distributions in Manufahi District, Timor-Leste. Plos Neg Trop Dis 11: e0005565.
-
45.
Tadesse G, 2005. The prevalence of intestinal helminthic infections and associated risk factors among school children in Babile town, eastern Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Dev 19: 140–147.
-
46.
Pasaribu AP, Alam A, Sembiring K, Pasaribu S, Setiabudi D, 2019. Prevalence and risk factors of soil-transmitted helminthiasis among school children living in an agricultural area of North Sumatera, Indonesia. BMC Public Health 19: 1066–1074.
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