Author:
- ABSTRACT.
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS
- Sociodemographic characteristics of the study participants.
- Prevalence and egg intensity of STH infection at baseline and 12-month follow-up after albendazole treatment.
- Agreement between KK and multiplex real-time qPCR.
- STHs infections and nutritional status.
- Association between STH infection and fecal inflammatory biomarkers.
- DISCUSSION
- CONCLUSION
- Supplemental Materials
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
WHO , 2017. Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections: Fact Sheet. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization Media Centre.
-
2.
Dunn JC, Turner HC, Tun A, Anderson RM, 2016. Epidemiological surveys of, and research on, soil-transmitted helminths in Southeast Asia: a systematic review. Parasit Vectors 9: 1–13.
-
3.
Moser W, Labhardt ND, Cheleboi M, Muhairwe J, Keiser J, 2017. Unexpected low soil-transmitted helminth prevalence in the Butha-Buthe district in Lesotho, results from a cross-sectional survey. Parasit Vectors 10: 1–5.
-
4.
Silver ZA, Kaliappan SP, Samuel P, Venugopal S, Kang G, Sarkar R, Ajjampur SS, 2018. Geographical distribution of soil transmitted helminths and the effects of community type in South Asia and South East Asia – a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12: e0006153.
-
5.
Hotez PJ, 2009. Mass drug administration and integrated control for the world’s high-prevalence neglected tropical diseases. Clin Pharmacol Ther 85: 659–664.
-
6.
Asaolu S, Ofoezie I, 2003. The role of health education and sanitation in the control of helminth infections. Acta Trop 86: 283–294.
-
7.
Gyorkos TW, Maheu-Giroux M, Blouin B, Casapia M, 2013. Impact of health education on soil-transmitted helminth infections in schoolchildren of the Peruvian Amazon: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2397.
-
8.
Pullan RL, Smith JL, Jasrasaria R, Brooker SJ, 2014. Global numbers of infection and disease burden of soil transmitted helminth infections in 2010. Parasit Vectors 7: 1–19.
-
9.
Sayasone S, Utzinger J, Akkhavong K, Odermatt P, 2015. Multiparasitism and intensity of helminth infections in relation to symptoms and nutritional status among children: a cross-sectional study in southern Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Acta Trop 141: 322–331.
-
10.
Crompton DW, Nesheim MC, 2002. Nutritional impact of intestinal helminthiasis during the human life cycle. Annu Rev Nutr 22: 35–59.
-
11.
WHO , 2006. Preventive Chemotherapy in Human Helminthiasis. Coordinated Use of Anthelminthic Drugs in Control Interventions: A Manual for Health Professionals and Programme Managers. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
12.
Makoge VD, Edward LNN, Moyou SRS, 2012. Falciparum malaria, helminth infection, and anaemia in asymptomatic pupils in four villages in Cameroon. Eur Zool J 1: 54–59.
-
13.
Guglielmi S, Jones N, Muz J, Baird S, Mitu K, Ala Uddin M, 2020. Age-and gender-based violence risks facing Rohingya and Bangladeshi adolescents in Cox’s Bazar. Policy Brief. London, United Kingdom: Gender and Adolescence: Global Evidence.
-
14.
Khan HT, Rahman MA, Molla MH, Shahjahan M, Abdullah RB, 2022. Humanitarian emergencies of Rohingya older people in Bangladesh: a qualitative study on hopes and reality. Ageing Int 47: 20–37.
-
15.
Hsan K, Naher S, Griffiths MD, Shamol HH, Rahman MA, 2019. Factors associated with the practice of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) among the Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. J Water Sanit Hyg Dev 9: 794–800.
-
16.
Banerjee S, 2019. The Rohingya Crisis: A Health Situation Analysis of Refugee Camps in Bangladesh. Observer Research Foundation. Available at: https://www.orfonline.org/research/the-rohingya-crisis-a-health-situation-analysis-of-refugee-camps-in-bangladesh-53011/.
-
17.
Islam MM, Nuzhath T, 2018. Health risks of Rohingya refugee population in Bangladesh: a call for global attention. J Glob Health 8: 2.
-
18.
Mondiale de la Santé O, Organization WH, 2016. Preventive chemotherapy for helminth diseases: progress report, 2014. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 91: 93–104.
-
19.
Tarafder M, Carabin H, Joseph L, Balolong E Jr, Olveda R, McGarvey S, 2010. Estimating the sensitivity and specificity of Kato–Katz stool examination technique for detection of hookworms, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infections in humans in the absence of a ‘gold standard’. Int J Parasitol 40: 399–404.
-
20.
Steiner KL, Ahmed S, Gilchrist CA, Burkey C, Cook H, Ma JZ, Korpe PS, Ahmed E, Alam M, Kabir M, 2018. Species of cryptosporidia causing subclinical infection associated with growth faltering in rural and urban Bangladesh: a birth cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 67: 1347–1355.
-
21.
Liu J et al., 2016. Use of quantitative molecular diagnostic methods to identify causes of diarrhoea in children: a reanalysis of the GEMS case-control study. Lancet 388: 1291–1301.
-
22.
Kosek M et al., 2013. Fecal markers of intestinal inflammation and permeability associated with the subsequent acquisition of linear growth deficits in infants. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88: 390.
-
23.
Blackburn CC, Yan SM, McCormick D, Herrera LN, Iordanov RB, Bailey MD, Bottazzi ME, Hotez PJ, Mejia R, 2023. Poverty associated with the environmental contamination of gastrointestinal parasites in the southern United States. medRxiv 2023.01. 10.23284404.
-
24.
Liu J et al., 2013. A laboratory-developed TaqMan Array Card for simultaneous detection of 19 enteropathogens. J Clin Microbiol 51: 472–480.
-
25.
Rolfe K, Parmar S, Mururi D, Wreghitt T, Jalal H, Zhang H, Curran M, 2007. An internally controlled, one-step, real-time RT-PCR assay for norovirus detection and genogrouping. J Clin Virol 39: 318–321.
-
26.
WHO , 2017. Guideline: Preventive Chemotherapy to Control Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections in At-Risk Population Groups. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
27.
Montresor A, Zin TT, Padmasiri E, Allen H, Savioli L, 2004. Soil-transmitted helminthiasis in Myanmar and approximate costs for countrywide control. Trop Med Int Health 9: 1012–1015.
-
28.
Mohd Hanapi I, Sahimin N, Lewis J, Lau Y, Othman J, Tedong P, Mohd Zain S, 2021. Public health status of Myanmar refugees in South East Asia: a Malaysian case study. Trop Biomed 38: 594–604.
-
29.
Aung E et al., 2022. High prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infections in Myanmar schoolchildren. Infect Dis Poverty 11: 28.
-
30.
Dhakal S, Karim MJ, Al Kawsar A, Irish J, Rahman M, Tupps C, Kabir A, Imtiaz R, 2020. Post-intervention epidemiology of STH in Bangladesh: data to sustain the gains. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14: e0008597.
-
31.
Appleton C, Mosala T, Levin J, Olsen A, 2009. Geohelminth infection and re-infection after chemotherapy among slum-dwelling children in Durban, South Africa. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 103: 249–261.
-
32.
Mationg MLS et al., 2017. Status of soil-transmitted helminth infections in schoolchildren in Laguna Province, the Philippines: determined by parasitological and molecular diagnostic techniques. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11: e0006022.
-
33.
Gordon CA, McManus DP, Acosta LP, Olveda RM, Williams GM, Ross AG, Gray DJ, Gobert GN, 2015. Multiplex real-time PCR monitoring of intestinal helminths in humans reveals widespread polyparasitism in northern Samar, the Philippines. Int J Parasitol 45: 477–483.
-
34.
Barda B, Schindler C, Wampfler R, Ame S, Ali SM, Keiser J, 2020. Comparison of real-time PCR and the Kato–Katz method for the diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminthiasis and assessment of cure in a randomized controlled trial. BMC Microbiol 20: 1–8.
-
35.
McCarthy JS, Lustigman S, Yang G-J, Barakat RM, García HH, Sripa B, Willingham AL, Prichard RK, Basáñez M-G, 2012. A research agenda for helminth diseases of humans: diagnostics for control and elimination programmes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1601.
-
36.
O’Connell EM, Nutman TB, 2016. Molecular diagnostics for soil-transmitted helminths. Am J Trop Med Hyg 95: 508.
-
37.
Dacombe R, Crampin A, Floyd S, Randall A, Ndhlovu R, Bickle Q, Fine P, 2007. Time delays between patient and laboratory selectively affect accuracy of helminth diagnosis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 140–145.
-
38.
Hadju V, Stephenson L, Mohammed H, Bowman D, Parker R, 1998. Improvements of growth. Appetite, and physical activity in helminth-infected schoolboys 6 months after single dose of albendazole. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 7: 170–176.
-
39.
Tshikuka JG, Gray-Donald K, Scott M, Olela KN, 1997. Relationship of childhood protein-energy malnutrition and parasite infections in an urban African setting. Trop Med Int Health 2: 374–382.
-
40.
Silva D, 1999. Ascaris–Trichuris association and malnutrition in Brazilian children. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 13: 89–98.
-
41.
Parraga IM, Assiss AM, Prado MS, Barreto ML, Reis MG, King CH, Blanton RE, 1996. Gender differences in growth of school-aged children with schistosomiasis and geohelminth infection. Am J Trop Dis 55: 150–156.
-
42.
Getz L, 1945. Massive infection with Trichuris trichiura in children: report of four cases, with autopsy. Am J Dis Child 70: 19–24.
-
43.
Cooper ES, Bundy D, Whyte-Alleng C, Venugopal S, Spencer J, Whitney P, Cromwell O, Haynes B, MacDonald TT, 1991. Immediate hypersensitivity in colon of children with chronic Trichuris trichiura dysentery. Lancet 338: 1104–1107.
-
44.
Taylor-Robinson DC, Maayan N, Donegan S, Chaplin M, Garner P, 2019. Public health deworming programmes for soil‐transmitted helminths in children living in endemic areas. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9: CD000371.
-
45.
Hall A, Hewitt G, Tuffrey V, De Silva N, 2008. A review and meta-analysis of the impact of intestinal worms on child growth and nutrition. Matern Child Nutr 4: 118–236.
-
46.
Fauziah N, Ar-Rizqi MA, Hana S, Patahuddin NM, Diptyanusa A, 2022. Stunting as a risk factor of soil-transmitted helminthiasis in children: a literature review. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2022: 8929025.
-
47.
Bethony J, Brooker S, Albonico M, Geiger SM, Loukas A, Diemert D, Hotez PJ, 2006. Soil-transmitted helminth infections: ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm. Lancet 367: 1521–1532.
-
48.
Lwanga F, Kirunda BE, Orach CG, 2012. Intestinal helminth infections and nutritional status of children attending primary schools in Wakiso District, Central Uganda. Int J Environ Res Public Health 9: 2910–2921.
-
49.
Stephenson LS, Latham MC, Ottesen E, 2000. Malnutrition and parasitic helminth infections. Parasitology 121: S23–S38.
-
50.
Headey D et al., 2020. Impacts of COVID-19 on childhood malnutrition and nutrition-related mortality. Lancet 396: 519–521.
-
51.
Verhagen W, Bohl D, Cannon M, Pulido A, Pirzadeh A, Nott I, Moyer JD, 2021. The Future of Food Security in the Wake of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Available at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4006474. Accessed July 6, 2023.
-
52.
De Gier B et al., 2018. Soil-transmitted helminth infections and intestinal and systemic inflammation in schoolchildren. Acta Trop 182: 124–127.
-
53.
George CM et al., 2015. Fecal markers of environmental enteropathy are associated with animal exposure and caregiver hygiene in Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 93: 269.
-
54.
Campbell RK et al., 2017. Biomarkers of environmental enteric dysfunction among children in rural Bangladesh. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 65: 40.
-
55.
Crossley JR, Elliott RB, 1977. Simple method for diagnosing protein-losing enteropathies. BMJ 1: 428.
-
56.
Däbritz J, Musci J, Foell D, 2014. Diagnostic utility of faecal biomarkers in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 20: 363.
-
57.
Ruggieri A, Anticoli S, D’Ambrosio A, Giordani L, Viora M, 2016. The influence of sex and gender on immunity, infection and vaccination. Ann Ist Super Sanita 52: 198–204.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 4081 | 2731 | 154 |
| Full Text Views | 281 | 58 | 3 |
| PDF Downloads | 108 | 33 | 1 |
Prevalence of Soil-Transmitted Helminths at Baseline and after Albendazole Treatment in the School-Age Children of Forcibly Displaced Myanmar Nationals in Bangladesh
Zannatun Noor
Zannatun Noor
Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;
Search for other papers by Zannatun Noor in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Zannatun Noor in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Biplob Hossain
Biplob Hossain
Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;
Search for other papers by Biplob Hossain in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Biplob Hossain in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Shaila Sharmeen Khan
Shaila Sharmeen Khan
Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;
Search for other papers by Shaila Sharmeen Khan in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Shaila Sharmeen Khan in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Mamun Kabir
Mamun Kabir
Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;
Search for other papers by Mamun Kabir in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Mamun Kabir in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Abu Toha Md Rezuanul Haque Bhuiyan
Abu Toha Md Rezuanul Haque Bhuiyan
Refugee Relief and Repatriation Commissioner of Bangladesh, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh;
Search for other papers by Abu Toha Md Rezuanul Haque Bhuiyan in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Abu Toha Md Rezuanul Haque Bhuiyan in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Mohammad Shafiul Alam
Mohammad Shafiul Alam
Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;
Search for other papers by Mohammad Shafiul Alam in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Mohammad Shafiul Alam in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Abu Syed Golam Faruque
Abu Syed Golam Faruque
Nutrition and Clinical Service Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Search for other papers by Abu Syed Golam Faruque in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Abu Syed Golam Faruque in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Rashidul Haque
Rashidul Haque
Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh;
Search for other papers by Rashidul Haque in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Rashidul Haque in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
ABSTRACT.
The forcibly displaced Myanmar nationals (FDMNs) known as Rohingya refugees are the largest group of stateless individuals globally. According to the emergencies humanitarian actors at the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, the worldwide refugee crisis involving FDMNs is intensifying at the fastest rate in history. Growing public health demands are being exacerbated by current difficulties in addressing poor access to health services, severe food shortages, and a lack of adequate housing. Infectious diseases constitute a major public health emergency in this vulnerable population. A study was carried out in FDMN children to investigate common soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infection at the time of enrollment and prospectively followed-up to 12 months after 2 doses albendazole treatment. At baseline, the prevalence of STH infection with at least one species was found to be 91.7% and 87.3% for Kato–Katz (KK) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) methods, respectively. Similarly, for follow-up children, the overall infection rate was 95.3% and 91.5%, respectively. Trichuris trichiura was the most predominant STH infection by both KK (baseline 87%, follow-up 89.1%) and qPCR (baseline 77.5%, follow-up 82.9%). The overall prevalence of stunting in the children was 37.8% at baseline and rose to 51.3% at 12 months. Alpha-1 antitrypsin (r = 0.13, P = 0.01) and myeloperoxidase (r = 0.12, P = 0.01) levels showed a positive correlation with Aascaris lumbricoides egg count per gram at baseline. An in-depth investigation is urgently needed to identify the underlying protective measures and the root cause of STH infections to improve the health of FDMN children.
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 260.86 KB)
Author Notes
Financial support: The study was supported by grants
Disclosure: The study was approved by the Ethical and Research Review Committees of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b). Informed written consent was obtained from the parents or guardians for the participation of their child in the study.
Authors’ addresses: Zannatun Noor, Biplob Hossain, Shaila Sharmeen Khan, Mamun Kabir, Mohammad Shafiul Alam, and Rashidul Haque, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh, E-mails: zannatun@icddrb.org, bhossain@icddrb.org, s.khan.reepa@gmail.com, mamunk@icddrb.org, shafiul@icddrb.org, and rhaque@icddrb.org. Abu Toha Md Rezuanul Haque Bhuiyan, Refugee Relief and Repatriation Commissioner of Bangladesh, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh, E-mail: dr.tohabhuiyan@gmail.com. Abu Syed Golam Faruque, Nutrition and Clinical Service Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh, E-mail: gfaruque@icddrb.org.
- ABSTRACT.
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS
- Sociodemographic characteristics of the study participants.
- Prevalence and egg intensity of STH infection at baseline and 12-month follow-up after albendazole treatment.
- Agreement between KK and multiplex real-time qPCR.
- STHs infections and nutritional status.
- Association between STH infection and fecal inflammatory biomarkers.
- DISCUSSION
- CONCLUSION
- Supplemental Materials
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
WHO , 2017. Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections: Fact Sheet. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization Media Centre.
-
2.
Dunn JC, Turner HC, Tun A, Anderson RM, 2016. Epidemiological surveys of, and research on, soil-transmitted helminths in Southeast Asia: a systematic review. Parasit Vectors 9: 1–13.
-
3.
Moser W, Labhardt ND, Cheleboi M, Muhairwe J, Keiser J, 2017. Unexpected low soil-transmitted helminth prevalence in the Butha-Buthe district in Lesotho, results from a cross-sectional survey. Parasit Vectors 10: 1–5.
-
4.
Silver ZA, Kaliappan SP, Samuel P, Venugopal S, Kang G, Sarkar R, Ajjampur SS, 2018. Geographical distribution of soil transmitted helminths and the effects of community type in South Asia and South East Asia – a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12: e0006153.
-
5.
Hotez PJ, 2009. Mass drug administration and integrated control for the world’s high-prevalence neglected tropical diseases. Clin Pharmacol Ther 85: 659–664.
-
6.
Asaolu S, Ofoezie I, 2003. The role of health education and sanitation in the control of helminth infections. Acta Trop 86: 283–294.
-
7.
Gyorkos TW, Maheu-Giroux M, Blouin B, Casapia M, 2013. Impact of health education on soil-transmitted helminth infections in schoolchildren of the Peruvian Amazon: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2397.
-
8.
Pullan RL, Smith JL, Jasrasaria R, Brooker SJ, 2014. Global numbers of infection and disease burden of soil transmitted helminth infections in 2010. Parasit Vectors 7: 1–19.
-
9.
Sayasone S, Utzinger J, Akkhavong K, Odermatt P, 2015. Multiparasitism and intensity of helminth infections in relation to symptoms and nutritional status among children: a cross-sectional study in southern Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Acta Trop 141: 322–331.
-
10.
Crompton DW, Nesheim MC, 2002. Nutritional impact of intestinal helminthiasis during the human life cycle. Annu Rev Nutr 22: 35–59.
-
11.
WHO , 2006. Preventive Chemotherapy in Human Helminthiasis. Coordinated Use of Anthelminthic Drugs in Control Interventions: A Manual for Health Professionals and Programme Managers. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
12.
Makoge VD, Edward LNN, Moyou SRS, 2012. Falciparum malaria, helminth infection, and anaemia in asymptomatic pupils in four villages in Cameroon. Eur Zool J 1: 54–59.
-
13.
Guglielmi S, Jones N, Muz J, Baird S, Mitu K, Ala Uddin M, 2020. Age-and gender-based violence risks facing Rohingya and Bangladeshi adolescents in Cox’s Bazar. Policy Brief. London, United Kingdom: Gender and Adolescence: Global Evidence.
-
14.
Khan HT, Rahman MA, Molla MH, Shahjahan M, Abdullah RB, 2022. Humanitarian emergencies of Rohingya older people in Bangladesh: a qualitative study on hopes and reality. Ageing Int 47: 20–37.
-
15.
Hsan K, Naher S, Griffiths MD, Shamol HH, Rahman MA, 2019. Factors associated with the practice of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) among the Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. J Water Sanit Hyg Dev 9: 794–800.
-
16.
Banerjee S, 2019. The Rohingya Crisis: A Health Situation Analysis of Refugee Camps in Bangladesh. Observer Research Foundation. Available at: https://www.orfonline.org/research/the-rohingya-crisis-a-health-situation-analysis-of-refugee-camps-in-bangladesh-53011/.
-
17.
Islam MM, Nuzhath T, 2018. Health risks of Rohingya refugee population in Bangladesh: a call for global attention. J Glob Health 8: 2.
-
18.
Mondiale de la Santé O, Organization WH, 2016. Preventive chemotherapy for helminth diseases: progress report, 2014. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 91: 93–104.
-
19.
Tarafder M, Carabin H, Joseph L, Balolong E Jr, Olveda R, McGarvey S, 2010. Estimating the sensitivity and specificity of Kato–Katz stool examination technique for detection of hookworms, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infections in humans in the absence of a ‘gold standard’. Int J Parasitol 40: 399–404.
-
20.
Steiner KL, Ahmed S, Gilchrist CA, Burkey C, Cook H, Ma JZ, Korpe PS, Ahmed E, Alam M, Kabir M, 2018. Species of cryptosporidia causing subclinical infection associated with growth faltering in rural and urban Bangladesh: a birth cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 67: 1347–1355.
-
21.
Liu J et al., 2016. Use of quantitative molecular diagnostic methods to identify causes of diarrhoea in children: a reanalysis of the GEMS case-control study. Lancet 388: 1291–1301.
-
22.
Kosek M et al., 2013. Fecal markers of intestinal inflammation and permeability associated with the subsequent acquisition of linear growth deficits in infants. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88: 390.
-
23.
Blackburn CC, Yan SM, McCormick D, Herrera LN, Iordanov RB, Bailey MD, Bottazzi ME, Hotez PJ, Mejia R, 2023. Poverty associated with the environmental contamination of gastrointestinal parasites in the southern United States. medRxiv 2023.01. 10.23284404.
-
24.
Liu J et al., 2013. A laboratory-developed TaqMan Array Card for simultaneous detection of 19 enteropathogens. J Clin Microbiol 51: 472–480.
-
25.
Rolfe K, Parmar S, Mururi D, Wreghitt T, Jalal H, Zhang H, Curran M, 2007. An internally controlled, one-step, real-time RT-PCR assay for norovirus detection and genogrouping. J Clin Virol 39: 318–321.
-
26.
WHO , 2017. Guideline: Preventive Chemotherapy to Control Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections in At-Risk Population Groups. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
27.
Montresor A, Zin TT, Padmasiri E, Allen H, Savioli L, 2004. Soil-transmitted helminthiasis in Myanmar and approximate costs for countrywide control. Trop Med Int Health 9: 1012–1015.
-
28.
Mohd Hanapi I, Sahimin N, Lewis J, Lau Y, Othman J, Tedong P, Mohd Zain S, 2021. Public health status of Myanmar refugees in South East Asia: a Malaysian case study. Trop Biomed 38: 594–604.
-
29.
Aung E et al., 2022. High prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infections in Myanmar schoolchildren. Infect Dis Poverty 11: 28.
-
30.
Dhakal S, Karim MJ, Al Kawsar A, Irish J, Rahman M, Tupps C, Kabir A, Imtiaz R, 2020. Post-intervention epidemiology of STH in Bangladesh: data to sustain the gains. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14: e0008597.
-
31.
Appleton C, Mosala T, Levin J, Olsen A, 2009. Geohelminth infection and re-infection after chemotherapy among slum-dwelling children in Durban, South Africa. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 103: 249–261.
-
32.
Mationg MLS et al., 2017. Status of soil-transmitted helminth infections in schoolchildren in Laguna Province, the Philippines: determined by parasitological and molecular diagnostic techniques. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11: e0006022.
-
33.
Gordon CA, McManus DP, Acosta LP, Olveda RM, Williams GM, Ross AG, Gray DJ, Gobert GN, 2015. Multiplex real-time PCR monitoring of intestinal helminths in humans reveals widespread polyparasitism in northern Samar, the Philippines. Int J Parasitol 45: 477–483.
-
34.
Barda B, Schindler C, Wampfler R, Ame S, Ali SM, Keiser J, 2020. Comparison of real-time PCR and the Kato–Katz method for the diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminthiasis and assessment of cure in a randomized controlled trial. BMC Microbiol 20: 1–8.
-
35.
McCarthy JS, Lustigman S, Yang G-J, Barakat RM, García HH, Sripa B, Willingham AL, Prichard RK, Basáñez M-G, 2012. A research agenda for helminth diseases of humans: diagnostics for control and elimination programmes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1601.
-
36.
O’Connell EM, Nutman TB, 2016. Molecular diagnostics for soil-transmitted helminths. Am J Trop Med Hyg 95: 508.
-
37.
Dacombe R, Crampin A, Floyd S, Randall A, Ndhlovu R, Bickle Q, Fine P, 2007. Time delays between patient and laboratory selectively affect accuracy of helminth diagnosis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 140–145.
-
38.
Hadju V, Stephenson L, Mohammed H, Bowman D, Parker R, 1998. Improvements of growth. Appetite, and physical activity in helminth-infected schoolboys 6 months after single dose of albendazole. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 7: 170–176.
-
39.
Tshikuka JG, Gray-Donald K, Scott M, Olela KN, 1997. Relationship of childhood protein-energy malnutrition and parasite infections in an urban African setting. Trop Med Int Health 2: 374–382.
-
40.
Silva D, 1999. Ascaris–Trichuris association and malnutrition in Brazilian children. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 13: 89–98.
-
41.
Parraga IM, Assiss AM, Prado MS, Barreto ML, Reis MG, King CH, Blanton RE, 1996. Gender differences in growth of school-aged children with schistosomiasis and geohelminth infection. Am J Trop Dis 55: 150–156.
-
42.
Getz L, 1945. Massive infection with Trichuris trichiura in children: report of four cases, with autopsy. Am J Dis Child 70: 19–24.
-
43.
Cooper ES, Bundy D, Whyte-Alleng C, Venugopal S, Spencer J, Whitney P, Cromwell O, Haynes B, MacDonald TT, 1991. Immediate hypersensitivity in colon of children with chronic Trichuris trichiura dysentery. Lancet 338: 1104–1107.
-
44.
Taylor-Robinson DC, Maayan N, Donegan S, Chaplin M, Garner P, 2019. Public health deworming programmes for soil‐transmitted helminths in children living in endemic areas. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9: CD000371.
-
45.
Hall A, Hewitt G, Tuffrey V, De Silva N, 2008. A review and meta-analysis of the impact of intestinal worms on child growth and nutrition. Matern Child Nutr 4: 118–236.
-
46.
Fauziah N, Ar-Rizqi MA, Hana S, Patahuddin NM, Diptyanusa A, 2022. Stunting as a risk factor of soil-transmitted helminthiasis in children: a literature review. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2022: 8929025.
-
47.
Bethony J, Brooker S, Albonico M, Geiger SM, Loukas A, Diemert D, Hotez PJ, 2006. Soil-transmitted helminth infections: ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm. Lancet 367: 1521–1532.
-
48.
Lwanga F, Kirunda BE, Orach CG, 2012. Intestinal helminth infections and nutritional status of children attending primary schools in Wakiso District, Central Uganda. Int J Environ Res Public Health 9: 2910–2921.
-
49.
Stephenson LS, Latham MC, Ottesen E, 2000. Malnutrition and parasitic helminth infections. Parasitology 121: S23–S38.
-
50.
Headey D et al., 2020. Impacts of COVID-19 on childhood malnutrition and nutrition-related mortality. Lancet 396: 519–521.
-
51.
Verhagen W, Bohl D, Cannon M, Pulido A, Pirzadeh A, Nott I, Moyer JD, 2021. The Future of Food Security in the Wake of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Available at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4006474. Accessed July 6, 2023.
-
52.
De Gier B et al., 2018. Soil-transmitted helminth infections and intestinal and systemic inflammation in schoolchildren. Acta Trop 182: 124–127.
-
53.
George CM et al., 2015. Fecal markers of environmental enteropathy are associated with animal exposure and caregiver hygiene in Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 93: 269.
-
54.
Campbell RK et al., 2017. Biomarkers of environmental enteric dysfunction among children in rural Bangladesh. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 65: 40.
-
55.
Crossley JR, Elliott RB, 1977. Simple method for diagnosing protein-losing enteropathies. BMJ 1: 428.
-
56.
Däbritz J, Musci J, Foell D, 2014. Diagnostic utility of faecal biomarkers in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 20: 363.
-
57.
Ruggieri A, Anticoli S, D’Ambrosio A, Giordani L, Viora M, 2016. The influence of sex and gender on immunity, infection and vaccination. Ann Ist Super Sanita 52: 198–204.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 4081 | 2731 | 154 |
| Full Text Views | 281 | 58 | 3 |
| PDF Downloads | 108 | 33 | 1 |