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-
1.
World Health Organization , 2022. Malaria Fact Sheet. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria. Accessed July 26, 2022.
-
2.
Dass R, Barman H, Duwarah SG, Choudhury V, Jain P, Deka NM, Murari M, 2009. Macrophage activation syndrome in malaria. Rheumatol Int 30: 1099–1101.
-
3.
Rosário do Sambo M, Penha-Gonçalves C, Trovoada MJ, Costa J, Lardoeyt R, Coutinho A, 2015. Quantitative trait locus analysis of parasite density reveals that HbS gene carriage protects severe malaria patients against Plasmodium falciparum hyperparasitaemia. Malar J 14: 393.
-
4.
Taylor SM, Parobek CM, Fairhurst RM, 2012. Impact of haemoglobinopathies on the clinical epidemiology of malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 12: 457–468.
-
5.
Williams TM, Wambua S, Uyoga S, Macharia A, Mwacharo JK, Newton CRJC, Maitland K, 2005. Both heterozygous and homozygous alpha+ thalassemias protect against severe and fatal Plasmodium falciparum malaria on the coast of Kenya. Blood 106: 368–371.
-
6.
Travassos MA et al., 2015. Hemoglobin C trait provides protection from clinical falciparum malaria in Malian children. J Infect 212: 1778–1786.
-
7.
López C, Saravia C, Gomez A, Hoebeke J, Patarroyo MA, 2010. Mechanisms of genetically-based resistance to malaria. Gene 467: 1–12.
-
8.
McAuley CF et al., 2010. High mortality from Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children living with sickle cell anemia on the coast of Kenya. Clin Trials J 116: 1663–1668.
-
9.
Makani J et al., 2010. Malaria in patients with sickle cell anemia: burden, risk factors, and outcome at the outpatient clinic and during hospitalization. Blood 115: 215–220.
-
10.
Trapani S, Canessa C, Fedi A, Giusti G, Barni S, Montagnani C, Galli L, Resti M, De Martino M, 2013. Macrophage activation syndrome in a child affected by malaria: the choice of steroid. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 26: 535–539.
-
11.
Varo R, Crowley VM, Sitoe A, Madrid L, Serghides L, Kain KC, Bassat Q, 2018. Adjunctive therapy for severe malaria: a review and critical appraisal. Malar J 17: 47.
-
12.
Henderson LA, Cron RQ, 2019. Macrophage activation syndrome and secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in childhood inflammatory disorders: diagnosis and management. Paediatr Drugs 22: 29–44.
-
13.
World Health Organization , 2010. Methods for Surveillance of Antimalarial Drug Efficacy. Available at: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/publications/gmp/methods-for-surveillance-of-antimalarial-drug-efficacy.pdf. Accessed May 2, 2023.
-
14.
Ahorhorlu SY et al., 2023. Assessment of artemisinin tolerance in Plasmodium falciparum clinical isolates in children with uncomplicated malaria in Ghana. Malar J 22: 58.
-
15.
Peatey C, Chen N, Gresty K, Anderson K, Pickering P, Watts R, Gatton ML, McCarthy J, Cheng Q, 2021. Dormant Plasmodium falciparum parasites in human infections following artesunate therapy. J Infect Dis 223: 1631–1638.
-
16.
Byakika-Kibwika P et al., 2012. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous artesunate during severe malaria treatment in Ugandan adults. Malar J 11: 132.
-
17.
Tsitsikas DA, Bristowe J, Abukar J, 2020. Fat embolism syndrome in sickle cell disease. J Clin Med 9: 3601.
-
18.
Bosch A, Salmas W, Willmott S, McKinnon N, Malcolmson C, Kirby M, 2022. Identifying and treating severe bone marrow necrosis and fat embolism syndrome in pediatric patients with sickle cell disease: a case report. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 44: e884–e887.
-
19.
Tan KR, Weigand RE, Arguin PM, 2013. Exchange transfusion for severe malaria: evidence base and literature review. Clin Infect Dis 57: 923–928.
-
20.
Huang Jun C, Gay R, Khella Sami L, 1994. Sickling crisis, fat embolism, and coma after steroids. Lancet 344: 951–952.
-
21.
Phuong M, Lau R, Ralevski F, Boggild AK, 2015. Survival analysis of diagnostic assays in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Malar J 14: 350.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 2168 | 615 | 85 |
| Full Text Views | 485 | 34 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 100 | 35 | 0 |
Case Report: A Case of Bone Marrow Necrosis and Hyperinflammation in a 10-Year-Old Boy after Plasmodium falciparum Infection
Caitlyn Hui
Caitlyn Hui
Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada;
Department of Pediatrics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada;
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Department of Pediatrics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada;
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Alessandra Bosch
Alessandra Bosch
Department of Pediatrics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada;
The Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada;
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The Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada;
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Oscar Mwizerwa
Oscar Mwizerwa
Department of Pediatrics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada;
Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada;
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Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada;
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Jeanine McColl
Jeanine McColl
Department of Pediatrics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada;
Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada;
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Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada;
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Antoine Corbeil
Antoine Corbeil
Microbiology and Laboratory Science, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada;
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Caroline Malcolmson
Caroline Malcolmson
Department of Pediatrics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada;
The Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada;
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The Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada;
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Deborah M. Levy
Deborah M. Levy
Department of Pediatrics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada;
Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada;
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Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada;
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Zia Bismilla
Zia Bismilla
Department of Pediatrics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada;
Division of Pediatric Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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Division of Pediatric Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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Shaun K. Morris
Shaun K. Morris
Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada;
Department of Pediatrics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada;
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Department of Pediatrics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada;
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ABSTRACT.
A 10-year-old boy with sickle cell disease (SCD) type SC presented with fever and abdominal pain after travel to Ghana and was diagnosed with Plasmodium falciparum infection. Despite adequate antimalarial treatment, he developed evidence of hyperinflammation with marked elevated ferritin, C-reactive protein, and triglycerides and subsequent bone marrow necrosis, characterized by elevated nucleated red blood cells and significant bone pain. This case report highlights the possible association between malaria and bone marrow necrosis in patients with SCD. Important considerations in treatment and workup of patients presenting with malaria and hyperinflammation are discussed.
Author Notes
Authors’ addresses: Caitlyn Hui and Shaun K. Morris, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada, and Department of Pediatrics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, E-mails: caitlyn.hui@sickkids.ca and shaun.morris@sickkids.ca. Alessandra Bosch and Caroline Malcolmson, Department of Pediatrics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, and The Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada, E-mails: alessandra.bosch@sickkids.ca and caroline.malcolmson@sickkids.ca. Oscar Mwirzera, Jeanine McColl, and Deborah M. Levy, Department of Pediatrics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, and Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada, E-mails: oscar.mwirzera@sickkids.ca, jeanine.mccoll@albertahealthservices.ca, and deborah.levy@sickkids.ca. Antoine Corbeil, Microbiology and Laboratory Science, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada, E-mail: antoine.corbeil@oahpp.ca. Zia Bismilla, Department of Pediatrics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, and Division of Pediatric Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada, E-mail: zia.bismilla@sickkids.ca.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization , 2022. Malaria Fact Sheet. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria. Accessed July 26, 2022.
-
2.
Dass R, Barman H, Duwarah SG, Choudhury V, Jain P, Deka NM, Murari M, 2009. Macrophage activation syndrome in malaria. Rheumatol Int 30: 1099–1101.
-
3.
Rosário do Sambo M, Penha-Gonçalves C, Trovoada MJ, Costa J, Lardoeyt R, Coutinho A, 2015. Quantitative trait locus analysis of parasite density reveals that HbS gene carriage protects severe malaria patients against Plasmodium falciparum hyperparasitaemia. Malar J 14: 393.
-
4.
Taylor SM, Parobek CM, Fairhurst RM, 2012. Impact of haemoglobinopathies on the clinical epidemiology of malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 12: 457–468.
-
5.
Williams TM, Wambua S, Uyoga S, Macharia A, Mwacharo JK, Newton CRJC, Maitland K, 2005. Both heterozygous and homozygous alpha+ thalassemias protect against severe and fatal Plasmodium falciparum malaria on the coast of Kenya. Blood 106: 368–371.
-
6.
Travassos MA et al., 2015. Hemoglobin C trait provides protection from clinical falciparum malaria in Malian children. J Infect 212: 1778–1786.
-
7.
López C, Saravia C, Gomez A, Hoebeke J, Patarroyo MA, 2010. Mechanisms of genetically-based resistance to malaria. Gene 467: 1–12.
-
8.
McAuley CF et al., 2010. High mortality from Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children living with sickle cell anemia on the coast of Kenya. Clin Trials J 116: 1663–1668.
-
9.
Makani J et al., 2010. Malaria in patients with sickle cell anemia: burden, risk factors, and outcome at the outpatient clinic and during hospitalization. Blood 115: 215–220.
-
10.
Trapani S, Canessa C, Fedi A, Giusti G, Barni S, Montagnani C, Galli L, Resti M, De Martino M, 2013. Macrophage activation syndrome in a child affected by malaria: the choice of steroid. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 26: 535–539.
-
11.
Varo R, Crowley VM, Sitoe A, Madrid L, Serghides L, Kain KC, Bassat Q, 2018. Adjunctive therapy for severe malaria: a review and critical appraisal. Malar J 17: 47.
-
12.
Henderson LA, Cron RQ, 2019. Macrophage activation syndrome and secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in childhood inflammatory disorders: diagnosis and management. Paediatr Drugs 22: 29–44.
-
13.
World Health Organization , 2010. Methods for Surveillance of Antimalarial Drug Efficacy. Available at: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/publications/gmp/methods-for-surveillance-of-antimalarial-drug-efficacy.pdf. Accessed May 2, 2023.
-
14.
Ahorhorlu SY et al., 2023. Assessment of artemisinin tolerance in Plasmodium falciparum clinical isolates in children with uncomplicated malaria in Ghana. Malar J 22: 58.
-
15.
Peatey C, Chen N, Gresty K, Anderson K, Pickering P, Watts R, Gatton ML, McCarthy J, Cheng Q, 2021. Dormant Plasmodium falciparum parasites in human infections following artesunate therapy. J Infect Dis 223: 1631–1638.
-
16.
Byakika-Kibwika P et al., 2012. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous artesunate during severe malaria treatment in Ugandan adults. Malar J 11: 132.
-
17.
Tsitsikas DA, Bristowe J, Abukar J, 2020. Fat embolism syndrome in sickle cell disease. J Clin Med 9: 3601.
-
18.
Bosch A, Salmas W, Willmott S, McKinnon N, Malcolmson C, Kirby M, 2022. Identifying and treating severe bone marrow necrosis and fat embolism syndrome in pediatric patients with sickle cell disease: a case report. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 44: e884–e887.
-
19.
Tan KR, Weigand RE, Arguin PM, 2013. Exchange transfusion for severe malaria: evidence base and literature review. Clin Infect Dis 57: 923–928.
-
20.
Huang Jun C, Gay R, Khella Sami L, 1994. Sickling crisis, fat embolism, and coma after steroids. Lancet 344: 951–952.
-
21.
Phuong M, Lau R, Ralevski F, Boggild AK, 2015. Survival analysis of diagnostic assays in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Malar J 14: 350.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2168 | 615 | 85 |
| Full Text Views | 485 | 34 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 100 | 35 | 0 |