Bhatt S et al., 2013. The global distribution and burden of dengue. Nature 496: 504–507.
Katzelnick LC, Gresh L, Halloran ME, Mercado JC, Kuan G, Gordon A, Balmaseda A, Harris E, 2017. Antibody-dependent enhancement of severe dengue disease in humans. Science 358: 929–932.
Paz-Bailey G, Adams L, Wong JM, Poehling KA, Chen WH, McNally V, Atmar RL, Waterman SH, 2021. Dengue vaccine: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices, United States, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep 70: 1.
Sridhar S et al., 2018. Effect of dengue serostatus on dengue vaccine safety and efficacy. N Engl J Med 379: 327–340.
Hadinegoro SR, Arredondo-García JL, Capeding MR, Deseda C, Chotpitayasunondh T, Dietze R, Hj Muhammad Ismail H, Reynales H, Limkittikul K, Rivera-Medina DM, 2015. Efficacy and long-term safety of a dengue vaccine in regions of endemic disease. N Engl J Med 373: 1195–1206.
Flasche S et al., 2016. The long-term safety, public health impact, and cost-effectiveness of routine vaccination with a recombinant, live-attenuated dengue vaccine (Dengvaxia): a model comparison study. PLoS Med 13: e1002181.
España G, Yao Y, Anderson KB, Fitzpatrick MC, Smith DL, Morrison AC, Wilder-Smith A, Scott TW, Perkins TA, 2019. Model-based assessment of public health impact and cost-effectiveness of dengue vaccination following screening for prior exposure. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13: e0007482.
Sharp TM, Ryff KR, Santiago GA, Margolis HS, Waterman SH, 2019. Lessons learned from dengue surveillance and research, Puerto Rico, 1899–2013. Emerg Infect Dis 25: 1522–1530.
Sharp TM et al., 2020. Epidemiologic and spatiotemporal trends of Zika Virus disease during the 2016 epidemic in Puerto Rico. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14: e0008532.
Simmons G et al., 2016. High incidence of chikungunya virus and frequency of viremic blood donations during epidemic, Puerto Rico, USA, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis 22: 1221.
Pan American Health Organization , 2022. Reported Cases of Dengue Fever in the Americas by Country or Territory. Available at: https://www3.paho.org/data/index.php/en/mnu-topics/indicadores-dengue-en/dengue-nacional-en/252-dengue-pais-ano-en.html. Accessed April 29, 2022.
Argüello DF et al., 2015. Incidence of dengue virus infection in school-aged children in Puerto Rico: a prospective seroepidemiologic study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 92: 486.
L’Azou M et al., 2018. Dengue seroprevalence: data from the clinical development of a tetravalent dengue vaccine in 14 countries (2005–2014). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 112: 158–168.
Sánchez-González L et al., 2021. Assessment of community support for Wolbachia-mediated population suppression as a control method for Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in a community cohort in Puerto Rico. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15: e0009966.
Adams LE et al., 2022. Risk factors for infection with chikungunya and Zika viruses in southern Puerto Rico: a community-based cross-sectional seroprevalence survey. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 16: e0010416.
Van Buuren S, Groothuis-Oudshoorn K, 2011. mice: Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations in R. J Stat Softw 45: 1–67.
Tomashek KM et al., 2017. Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of dengue and other etiologic agents among patients with acute febrile illness, Puerto Rico, 2012–2015. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11: e0005859.
Bureau of the Census , 2019. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico. April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2019 (NST-EST2019-01). U.S. Census Bureau.
Rodriguez-Barraquer I, Salje H, Cummings DA, 2019. Opportunities for improved surveillance and control of dengue from age-specific case data. eLife 8: e45474.
Imai N, Dorigatti I, Cauchemez S, Ferguson NM, 2016. Estimating dengue transmission intensity from case-notification data from multiple countries. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004833.
Imai N, Dorigatti I, Cauchemez S, Ferguson NM, 2015. Estimating dengue transmission intensity from sero-prevalence surveys in multiple countries. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003719.
Cummings DA, Iamsirithaworn S, Lessler JT, McDermott A, Prasanthong R, Nisalak A, Jarman RG, Burke DS, Gibbons RV, 2009. The impact of the demographic transition on dengue in Thailand: insights from a statistical analysis and mathematical modeling. PLoS Med 6: e1000139.
Ferguson NM, Donnelly CA, Anderson RM, 1999. Transmission dynamics and epidemiology of dengue: insights from age-stratified sero-prevalence surveys. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 354: 757–768.
Stan Development Team , 2020. RStan: The R Interface to Stan. R package version 2.21.2. Available at: http://mc-stan.org/. Accessed February 6, 2023.
Vehtari A, Gabry J, Magnusson M, Yao Y, Bürkner P, Paananen T, Gelman A, 2023. loo: Efficient Leave-one-out Cross-validation and WAIC for Bayesian Models. R package version 2.6.0. Available at: https://mc-stan.org/loo/. Accessed February 6, 2023.
Duris F, Gazdarica J, Gazdaricova I, Strieskova L, Budis J, Turna J, Szemes T, 2018. Mean and variance of ratios of proportions from categories of a multinomial distribution. J Stat Distrib Appl 5: 1–20.
Montoya M et al., 2018. Longitudinal analysis of antibody cross-neutralization following Zika virus and dengue virus infection in Asia and the Americas. J Infect Dis 218: 536–545.
Braga C, Luna CF, Martelli CM, de Souza WV, Cordeiro MT, Alexander N, de Albuquerque MdF, Júnior JC, Marques ET, 2010. Seroprevalence and risk factors for dengue infection in socio-economically distinct areas of Recife, Brazil. Acta Trop 113: 234–240.
Waterman SH, Novak RJ, Sather GE, Bailey RE, Rios I, Gubler DJ, 1985. Dengue transmission in two Puerto Rican Communities in 1982. Am J Trop Med Hyg 34: 625–632.
Mulligan K, Dixon J, Joanna Sinn C-L, Elliott SJ, 2015. Is dengue a disease of poverty? A systematic review. Pathog Glob Health 109: 10–18.
Ribeiro dos Santos G et al., 2022. Individual, household, and community drivers of dengue virus infection risk in Kamphaeng Phet Province, Thailand. J Infect Dis 226: 1348–1356.
Walters M, Perkins TA, 2020. Hidden heterogeneity and its influence on dengue vaccination impact. Infect Dis Model 5: 783–797.
Lam HM et al., 2019. Serological inference of past primary and secondary dengue infection: implications for vaccination. J R Soc Interface 16: 20190207.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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Abstract Views | 3197 | 2054 | 518 |
Full Text Views | 546 | 110 | 1 |
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Limited dengue virus (DENV) seroprevalence estimates are available for Puerto Rico, which are needed to inform the potential use and cost-effectiveness of DENV vaccines. The Communities Organized to Prevent Arboviruses (COPA) is a cohort study initiated in 2018 in Ponce, Puerto Rico, to assess arboviral disease risk and provide a platform to evaluate interventions. We recruited participants from households in 38 study clusters, who were interviewed and provided a serum specimen. Specimens from 713 children aged 1 to 16 years during the first year of COPA were tested for the four DENV serotypes and ZIKV using a focus reduction neutralization assay. We assessed the seroprevalence of DENV and ZIKV by age and developed a catalytic model from seroprevalence and dengue surveillance data to estimate the force of infection for DENV during 2003–2018. Overall, 37% (n = 267) were seropositive for DENV; seroprevalence was 9% (11/128) among children aged 1 to 8 years and 44% (256/585) among children aged 9 to 16 years, exceeding the threshold over which DENV vaccination is deemed cost-effective. A total of 33% were seropositive for ZIKV, including 15% among children aged 0 to 8 years and 37% among children aged 9 to 16 years. The highest force of infection occurred in 2007, 2010, and 2012–2013, with low levels of transmission from 2016 to 2018. A higher proportion of children had evidence of multitypic DENV infection than expected, suggesting high heterogeneity in DENV risk in this setting.
Financial support: This work was supported by grant nos.
Approval for the COPA project was obtained from the Ponce Medical School Foundation, Inc. Institutional Review Board (protocol no. 171110-VR). Written consent to participate was obtained from all adult participants and emancipated minors; parental written consent and participant assent was obtained for children.
Disclaimer: The views expressed in this manuscript do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the U.S. government.
Authors’ addresses: Laura E. Adams, Freddy A. Medina, Dania M. Rodriguez, Liliana Sánchez-González, Jorge L. Muñoz-Jordán, and Gabriela Paz-Bailey, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico, E-mails: leadams@cdc.gov, fkt3@cdc.gov, lvn0@cdc.gov, naq5@cdc.gov, ckq2@cdc.gov, and gmb5@cdc.gov. Matt D. T. Hitchings, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, E-mail: mhitchings@ufl.edu. Hannah Moore, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, E-mail: hmm58269@uga.edu. Stephen S. Whitehead, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, E-mail: swhitehead@niaid.nih.gov. Vanessa Rivera-Amill, Ponce Health Sciences University/Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico, E-mail: vrivera@psm.edu.
Bhatt S et al., 2013. The global distribution and burden of dengue. Nature 496: 504–507.
Katzelnick LC, Gresh L, Halloran ME, Mercado JC, Kuan G, Gordon A, Balmaseda A, Harris E, 2017. Antibody-dependent enhancement of severe dengue disease in humans. Science 358: 929–932.
Paz-Bailey G, Adams L, Wong JM, Poehling KA, Chen WH, McNally V, Atmar RL, Waterman SH, 2021. Dengue vaccine: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices, United States, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep 70: 1.
Sridhar S et al., 2018. Effect of dengue serostatus on dengue vaccine safety and efficacy. N Engl J Med 379: 327–340.
Hadinegoro SR, Arredondo-García JL, Capeding MR, Deseda C, Chotpitayasunondh T, Dietze R, Hj Muhammad Ismail H, Reynales H, Limkittikul K, Rivera-Medina DM, 2015. Efficacy and long-term safety of a dengue vaccine in regions of endemic disease. N Engl J Med 373: 1195–1206.
Flasche S et al., 2016. The long-term safety, public health impact, and cost-effectiveness of routine vaccination with a recombinant, live-attenuated dengue vaccine (Dengvaxia): a model comparison study. PLoS Med 13: e1002181.
España G, Yao Y, Anderson KB, Fitzpatrick MC, Smith DL, Morrison AC, Wilder-Smith A, Scott TW, Perkins TA, 2019. Model-based assessment of public health impact and cost-effectiveness of dengue vaccination following screening for prior exposure. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13: e0007482.
Sharp TM, Ryff KR, Santiago GA, Margolis HS, Waterman SH, 2019. Lessons learned from dengue surveillance and research, Puerto Rico, 1899–2013. Emerg Infect Dis 25: 1522–1530.
Sharp TM et al., 2020. Epidemiologic and spatiotemporal trends of Zika Virus disease during the 2016 epidemic in Puerto Rico. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14: e0008532.
Simmons G et al., 2016. High incidence of chikungunya virus and frequency of viremic blood donations during epidemic, Puerto Rico, USA, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis 22: 1221.
Pan American Health Organization , 2022. Reported Cases of Dengue Fever in the Americas by Country or Territory. Available at: https://www3.paho.org/data/index.php/en/mnu-topics/indicadores-dengue-en/dengue-nacional-en/252-dengue-pais-ano-en.html. Accessed April 29, 2022.
Argüello DF et al., 2015. Incidence of dengue virus infection in school-aged children in Puerto Rico: a prospective seroepidemiologic study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 92: 486.
L’Azou M et al., 2018. Dengue seroprevalence: data from the clinical development of a tetravalent dengue vaccine in 14 countries (2005–2014). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 112: 158–168.
Sánchez-González L et al., 2021. Assessment of community support for Wolbachia-mediated population suppression as a control method for Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in a community cohort in Puerto Rico. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15: e0009966.
Adams LE et al., 2022. Risk factors for infection with chikungunya and Zika viruses in southern Puerto Rico: a community-based cross-sectional seroprevalence survey. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 16: e0010416.
Van Buuren S, Groothuis-Oudshoorn K, 2011. mice: Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations in R. J Stat Softw 45: 1–67.
Tomashek KM et al., 2017. Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of dengue and other etiologic agents among patients with acute febrile illness, Puerto Rico, 2012–2015. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11: e0005859.
Bureau of the Census , 2019. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico. April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2019 (NST-EST2019-01). U.S. Census Bureau.
Rodriguez-Barraquer I, Salje H, Cummings DA, 2019. Opportunities for improved surveillance and control of dengue from age-specific case data. eLife 8: e45474.
Imai N, Dorigatti I, Cauchemez S, Ferguson NM, 2016. Estimating dengue transmission intensity from case-notification data from multiple countries. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10: e0004833.
Imai N, Dorigatti I, Cauchemez S, Ferguson NM, 2015. Estimating dengue transmission intensity from sero-prevalence surveys in multiple countries. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003719.
Cummings DA, Iamsirithaworn S, Lessler JT, McDermott A, Prasanthong R, Nisalak A, Jarman RG, Burke DS, Gibbons RV, 2009. The impact of the demographic transition on dengue in Thailand: insights from a statistical analysis and mathematical modeling. PLoS Med 6: e1000139.
Ferguson NM, Donnelly CA, Anderson RM, 1999. Transmission dynamics and epidemiology of dengue: insights from age-stratified sero-prevalence surveys. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 354: 757–768.
Stan Development Team , 2020. RStan: The R Interface to Stan. R package version 2.21.2. Available at: http://mc-stan.org/. Accessed February 6, 2023.
Vehtari A, Gabry J, Magnusson M, Yao Y, Bürkner P, Paananen T, Gelman A, 2023. loo: Efficient Leave-one-out Cross-validation and WAIC for Bayesian Models. R package version 2.6.0. Available at: https://mc-stan.org/loo/. Accessed February 6, 2023.
Duris F, Gazdarica J, Gazdaricova I, Strieskova L, Budis J, Turna J, Szemes T, 2018. Mean and variance of ratios of proportions from categories of a multinomial distribution. J Stat Distrib Appl 5: 1–20.
Montoya M et al., 2018. Longitudinal analysis of antibody cross-neutralization following Zika virus and dengue virus infection in Asia and the Americas. J Infect Dis 218: 536–545.
Braga C, Luna CF, Martelli CM, de Souza WV, Cordeiro MT, Alexander N, de Albuquerque MdF, Júnior JC, Marques ET, 2010. Seroprevalence and risk factors for dengue infection in socio-economically distinct areas of Recife, Brazil. Acta Trop 113: 234–240.
Waterman SH, Novak RJ, Sather GE, Bailey RE, Rios I, Gubler DJ, 1985. Dengue transmission in two Puerto Rican Communities in 1982. Am J Trop Med Hyg 34: 625–632.
Mulligan K, Dixon J, Joanna Sinn C-L, Elliott SJ, 2015. Is dengue a disease of poverty? A systematic review. Pathog Glob Health 109: 10–18.
Ribeiro dos Santos G et al., 2022. Individual, household, and community drivers of dengue virus infection risk in Kamphaeng Phet Province, Thailand. J Infect Dis 226: 1348–1356.
Walters M, Perkins TA, 2020. Hidden heterogeneity and its influence on dengue vaccination impact. Infect Dis Model 5: 783–797.
Lam HM et al., 2019. Serological inference of past primary and secondary dengue infection: implications for vaccination. J R Soc Interface 16: 20190207.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 3197 | 2054 | 518 |
Full Text Views | 546 | 110 | 1 |
PDF Downloads | 321 | 92 | 0 |