Previous Dengue Infection among Children in Puerto Rico and Implications for Dengue Vaccine Implementation

Laura E. Adams Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico;

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Matt D. T. Hitchings University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida;

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Freddy A. Medina Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico;

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Dania M. Rodriguez Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico;

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Liliana Sánchez-González Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico;

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Hannah Moore University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia;

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Stephen S. Whitehead Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland,

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Jorge L. Muñoz-Jordán Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico;

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Vanessa Rivera-Amill Ponce Health Sciences University/Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico

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Gabriela Paz-Bailey Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico;

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ABSTRACT.

Limited dengue virus (DENV) seroprevalence estimates are available for Puerto Rico, which are needed to inform the potential use and cost-effectiveness of DENV vaccines. The Communities Organized to Prevent Arboviruses (COPA) is a cohort study initiated in 2018 in Ponce, Puerto Rico, to assess arboviral disease risk and provide a platform to evaluate interventions. We recruited participants from households in 38 study clusters, who were interviewed and provided a serum specimen. Specimens from 713 children aged 1 to 16 years during the first year of COPA were tested for the four DENV serotypes and ZIKV using a focus reduction neutralization assay. We assessed the seroprevalence of DENV and ZIKV by age and developed a catalytic model from seroprevalence and dengue surveillance data to estimate the force of infection for DENV during 2003–2018. Overall, 37% (n = 267) were seropositive for DENV; seroprevalence was 9% (11/128) among children aged 1 to 8 years and 44% (256/585) among children aged 9 to 16 years, exceeding the threshold over which DENV vaccination is deemed cost-effective. A total of 33% were seropositive for ZIKV, including 15% among children aged 0 to 8 years and 37% among children aged 9 to 16 years. The highest force of infection occurred in 2007, 2010, and 2012–2013, with low levels of transmission from 2016 to 2018. A higher proportion of children had evidence of multitypic DENV infection than expected, suggesting high heterogeneity in DENV risk in this setting.

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Author Notes

Address correspondence to Laura Adams, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1324 Calle Cañada, San Juan, Puerto Rico. E-mail: leadams@cdc.gov

Financial support: This work was supported by grant nos. U01CK000437/U01CK000580 and in part by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Approval for the COPA project was obtained from the Ponce Medical School Foundation, Inc. Institutional Review Board (protocol no. 171110-VR). Written consent to participate was obtained from all adult participants and emancipated minors; parental written consent and participant assent was obtained for children.

Disclaimer: The views expressed in this manuscript do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the U.S. government.

Authors’ addresses: Laura E. Adams, Freddy A. Medina, Dania M. Rodriguez, Liliana Sánchez-González, Jorge L. Muñoz-Jordán, and Gabriela Paz-Bailey, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico, E-mails: leadams@cdc.gov, fkt3@cdc.gov, lvn0@cdc.gov, naq5@cdc.gov, ckq2@cdc.gov, and gmb5@cdc.gov. Matt D. T. Hitchings, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, E-mail: mhitchings@ufl.edu. Hannah Moore, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, E-mail: hmm58269@uga.edu. Stephen S. Whitehead, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, E-mail: swhitehead@niaid.nih.gov. Vanessa Rivera-Amill, Ponce Health Sciences University/Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico, E-mail: vrivera@psm.edu.

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