ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Geneva: World Health Organization, 2021. World malaria report 2021. Angew Chem Int Ed 6: 951–952.
-
2.
Aidoo M, Incardona S, 2022. Ten years of universal testing: how the rapid diagnostic test became a game changer for malaria case management and improved disease reporting. Am J Trop Med Hyg 106: 29–32.
-
3.
Chiodini PL et al., 2007. The heat stability of Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase-based and histidine-rich protein 2-based malaria rapid diagnostic tests. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 331–337.
-
4.
World Health Organization , 2021. Statement by the Malaria Policy Advisory Group on the Urgent Need to Address the High Prevalence of pfhrp2/3 Gene Deletions in the Horn of Africa and Beyond. Available from: https://www.who.int/news/item/28-05-2021-statement-by-the-malaria-policy-advisory-group-on-the-urgent-need-to-address-the-high-prevalence-of-pfhrp2-3-gene-deletions-in-the-horn-of-africa-and-beyond. Accessed June 2, 2022.
-
5.
Berhane A et al., 2018. Major threat to malaria control programs by Plasmodium falciparum lacking histidine-rich protein 2, Eritrea. Emerg Infect Dis 24: 462–470.
-
6.
Feleke SM et al., 2021. Plasmodium falciparum is evolving to escape malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Ethiopia. Nat Microbiol 6: 1289–1299.
-
7.
Alemayehu GS, Blackburn K, Lopez K, Dieng CC, Lo E, Janies D, Golassa L, 2021. Detection of high prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2/3 gene deletions in Assosa zone, Ethiopia: implication for malaria diagnosis. Malar J 20: 109.
-
8.
Iriart X, Menard S, Chauvin P, Mohamed HS, Charpentier E, Mohamed MA, Berry A, Aboubaker MH, 2020. Misdiagnosis of imported falciparum malaria from African areas due to an increased prevalence of pfhrp2/pfhrp3 gene deletion: the Djibouti case. Emerg Microbes Infect 9: 1984–1987.
-
9.
Rogier E et al., 2022. Plasmodium falciparum pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene deletions and relatedness to other global isolates, Djibouti, 2019–2020. Emerg Infect Dis 28: 2043–2050.
-
10.
Thomson R, Parr JB, Cheng Q, Chenet S, Perkins M, Cunningham J, 2020. Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum lacking histidine-rich proteins 2 and 3: a systematic review. Bull World Health Organ 98: 558–568F.
-
11.
Parr JB et al., 2017. Pfhrp2-deleted Plasmodium falciparum parasites in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a national cross-sectional survey. J Infect Dis 216: 36–44.
-
12.
Parr JB et al., 2021. Analysis of false-negative rapid diagnostic tests for symptomatic malaria in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Sci Rep 11: 6495.
-
13.
Mwandagalirwa MK, Levitz L, Thwai KL, Parr JB, Goel V, Janko M, Tshefu A, Emch M, Meshnick SR, Carrel M, 2017. Individual and household characteristics of persons with Plasmodium falciparum malaria in sites with varying endemicities in Kinshasa Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Malar J 16: 456.
-
14.
Carrel M et al., 2021. Individual, household and neighborhood risk factors for malaria in the Democratic Republic of the Congo support new approaches to programmatic intervention. Health Place 70: 102581.
-
15.
Plowe CV, Djimde A, Bouare M, Doumbo O, Wellems TE, 1995. Pyrimethamine and proguanil resistance-conferring mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase: polymerase chain reaction methods for surveillance in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52: 565–568.
-
16.
Teyssier NB, Chen A, Duarte EM, Sit R, Greenhouse B, Tessema SK, 2021. Optimization of whole-genome sequencing of Plasmodium falciparum from low-density dried blood spot samples. Malar J 20: 116.
-
17.
Grignard L et al., 2020. A novel multiplex qPCR assay for detection of Plasmodium falciparum with histidine-rich protein 2 and 3 (pfhrp2 and pfhrp3) deletions in polyclonal infections. EBioMedicine 55: 102757.
-
18.
Parr JB, Anderson O, Juliano JJ, Meshnick SR, 2018. Streamlined, PCR-based testing for pfhrp2- and pfhrp3-negative Plasmodium falciparum. Malar J 17: 137.
-
19.
Beshir KB, Parr JB, Cunningham J, Cheng Q, Rogier E, 2022. Screening strategies and laboratory assays to support Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein deletion surveillance: where we are and what is needed. Malar J 21: 201.
-
20.
Nundu SS et al., 2022. Low prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum parasites lacking pfhrp2/3 genes among asymptomatic and symptomatic school-age children in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Malar J 21: 126.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1348 | 749 | 300 |
| Full Text Views | 278 | 207 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 103 | 40 | 2 |
Plasmodium falciparum with pfhrp2/3 Deletion Not Detected in a 2018–2021 Malaria Longitudinal Cohort Study in Kinshasa Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Ruthly François
Ruthly François
Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases and Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;
Search for other papers by Ruthly François in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Ruthly François in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Melchior Mwandagalirwa Kashamuka
Melchior Mwandagalirwa Kashamuka
Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
Search for other papers by Melchior Mwandagalirwa Kashamuka in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Melchior Mwandagalirwa Kashamuka in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Kristin Banek
Kristin Banek
Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases and Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;
Search for other papers by Kristin Banek in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Kristin Banek in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Joseph A. Bala
Joseph A. Bala
Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
Search for other papers by Joseph A. Bala in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Joseph A. Bala in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Marthe Nkalani
Marthe Nkalani
Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
Search for other papers by Marthe Nkalani in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Marthe Nkalani in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Georges Kihuma
Georges Kihuma
Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
Search for other papers by Georges Kihuma in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Georges Kihuma in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Joseph Atibu
Joseph Atibu
Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
Search for other papers by Joseph Atibu in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Joseph Atibu in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Georges E. Mahilu
Georges E. Mahilu
Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
Search for other papers by Georges E. Mahilu in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Georges E. Mahilu in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Kyaw L. Thwai
Kyaw L. Thwai
Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases and Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;
Search for other papers by Kyaw L. Thwai in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Kyaw L. Thwai in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Ashenafi Assefa
Ashenafi Assefa
Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases and Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;
Search for other papers by Ashenafi Assefa in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Ashenafi Assefa in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Jeffrey A. Bailey
Jeffrey A. Bailey
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island;
Search for other papers by Jeffrey A. Bailey in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Jeffrey A. Bailey in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Rhoel R. Dinglasan
Rhoel R. Dinglasan
Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
Search for other papers by Rhoel R. Dinglasan in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Rhoel R. Dinglasan in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Jonathan J. Juliano
Jonathan J. Juliano
Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases and Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;
Search for other papers by Jonathan J. Juliano in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Jonathan J. Juliano in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Antoinette Kitoto Tshefu
Antoinette Kitoto Tshefu
Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
Search for other papers by Antoinette Kitoto Tshefu in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Antoinette Kitoto Tshefu in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Jonathan B. Parr
Jonathan B. Parr
Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases and Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;
Search for other papers by Jonathan B. Parr in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Jonathan B. Parr in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
ABSTRACT.
Histidine-rich protein 2– (HRP2-) based rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are widely used to detect Plasmodium falciparum in sub-Saharan Africa. Reports of parasites with pfhrp2 and/or pfhrp3 (pfhrp2/3) gene deletions in Africa raise concerns about the long-term viability of HRP2-based RDTs. We evaluated changes in pfhrp2/3 deletion prevalence over time using a 2018–2021 longitudinal study of 1,635 enrolled individuals in Kinshasa Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Samples collected during biannual household visits with ≥ 100 parasites/µL by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were genotyped using a multiplex real-time PCR assay. Among 2,726 P. falciparum PCR-positive samples collected from 993 participants during the study period, 1,267 (46.5%) were genotyped. No pfhrp2/3 deletions or mixed pfhrp2/3-intact and -deleted infections were identified in our study. Pfhrp2/3-deleted parasites were not detected in Kinshasa Province; ongoing use of HRP2-based RDTs is appropriate.
Author Notes
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Financial support: This study was funded by grant no.
Disclosure: J. B. P. reports research support from Gilead Sciences, nonfinancial support from Abbott Laboratories, and consulting for Zymeron Corporation outside the scope of this manuscript.
Authors’ addresses: Ruthly François, Kristin Banek, Kyaw L. Thwai, Ashenafi Assefa, Jonathan J. Juliano, and Jonathan B. Parr, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, E-mails: ruthly_francois@med.unc.edu, kristin_banek@med.unc.edu, thwai@email.unc.edu, ashenafi_assefa@med.unc.edu, jonathan_juliano@med.unc.edu, and jonathan_parr@med.unc.edu. Melchior Mwandagalirwa Kashamuka, Joseph A. Bala, Marthe Nkalani, Georges Kihuma, Joseph Atibu, Georges E. Mahilu, and Antoinette Kitoto Tshefu, Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, E-mails: mkashamuka@yahoo.com, jalexandrebala@yahoo.fr, marthenkalani@gmail.com, georgeskihuma@gmail.com, fejef576@gmail.com, emomahilu@gmail.co, and antotshe@yahoo.com. Jeffrey A. Bailey, Brown University, Providence, RI, E-mail: jeffrey_bailey@brown.edu. Rhoel R. Dinglasan, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, E-mail: rdinglasan@epi.ufl.edu.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Geneva: World Health Organization, 2021. World malaria report 2021. Angew Chem Int Ed 6: 951–952.
-
2.
Aidoo M, Incardona S, 2022. Ten years of universal testing: how the rapid diagnostic test became a game changer for malaria case management and improved disease reporting. Am J Trop Med Hyg 106: 29–32.
-
3.
Chiodini PL et al., 2007. The heat stability of Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase-based and histidine-rich protein 2-based malaria rapid diagnostic tests. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 331–337.
-
4.
World Health Organization , 2021. Statement by the Malaria Policy Advisory Group on the Urgent Need to Address the High Prevalence of pfhrp2/3 Gene Deletions in the Horn of Africa and Beyond. Available from: https://www.who.int/news/item/28-05-2021-statement-by-the-malaria-policy-advisory-group-on-the-urgent-need-to-address-the-high-prevalence-of-pfhrp2-3-gene-deletions-in-the-horn-of-africa-and-beyond. Accessed June 2, 2022.
-
5.
Berhane A et al., 2018. Major threat to malaria control programs by Plasmodium falciparum lacking histidine-rich protein 2, Eritrea. Emerg Infect Dis 24: 462–470.
-
6.
Feleke SM et al., 2021. Plasmodium falciparum is evolving to escape malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Ethiopia. Nat Microbiol 6: 1289–1299.
-
7.
Alemayehu GS, Blackburn K, Lopez K, Dieng CC, Lo E, Janies D, Golassa L, 2021. Detection of high prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2/3 gene deletions in Assosa zone, Ethiopia: implication for malaria diagnosis. Malar J 20: 109.
-
8.
Iriart X, Menard S, Chauvin P, Mohamed HS, Charpentier E, Mohamed MA, Berry A, Aboubaker MH, 2020. Misdiagnosis of imported falciparum malaria from African areas due to an increased prevalence of pfhrp2/pfhrp3 gene deletion: the Djibouti case. Emerg Microbes Infect 9: 1984–1987.
-
9.
Rogier E et al., 2022. Plasmodium falciparum pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene deletions and relatedness to other global isolates, Djibouti, 2019–2020. Emerg Infect Dis 28: 2043–2050.
-
10.
Thomson R, Parr JB, Cheng Q, Chenet S, Perkins M, Cunningham J, 2020. Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum lacking histidine-rich proteins 2 and 3: a systematic review. Bull World Health Organ 98: 558–568F.
-
11.
Parr JB et al., 2017. Pfhrp2-deleted Plasmodium falciparum parasites in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a national cross-sectional survey. J Infect Dis 216: 36–44.
-
12.
Parr JB et al., 2021. Analysis of false-negative rapid diagnostic tests for symptomatic malaria in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Sci Rep 11: 6495.
-
13.
Mwandagalirwa MK, Levitz L, Thwai KL, Parr JB, Goel V, Janko M, Tshefu A, Emch M, Meshnick SR, Carrel M, 2017. Individual and household characteristics of persons with Plasmodium falciparum malaria in sites with varying endemicities in Kinshasa Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Malar J 16: 456.
-
14.
Carrel M et al., 2021. Individual, household and neighborhood risk factors for malaria in the Democratic Republic of the Congo support new approaches to programmatic intervention. Health Place 70: 102581.
-
15.
Plowe CV, Djimde A, Bouare M, Doumbo O, Wellems TE, 1995. Pyrimethamine and proguanil resistance-conferring mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase: polymerase chain reaction methods for surveillance in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 52: 565–568.
-
16.
Teyssier NB, Chen A, Duarte EM, Sit R, Greenhouse B, Tessema SK, 2021. Optimization of whole-genome sequencing of Plasmodium falciparum from low-density dried blood spot samples. Malar J 20: 116.
-
17.
Grignard L et al., 2020. A novel multiplex qPCR assay for detection of Plasmodium falciparum with histidine-rich protein 2 and 3 (pfhrp2 and pfhrp3) deletions in polyclonal infections. EBioMedicine 55: 102757.
-
18.
Parr JB, Anderson O, Juliano JJ, Meshnick SR, 2018. Streamlined, PCR-based testing for pfhrp2- and pfhrp3-negative Plasmodium falciparum. Malar J 17: 137.
-
19.
Beshir KB, Parr JB, Cunningham J, Cheng Q, Rogier E, 2022. Screening strategies and laboratory assays to support Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein deletion surveillance: where we are and what is needed. Malar J 21: 201.
-
20.
Nundu SS et al., 2022. Low prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum parasites lacking pfhrp2/3 genes among asymptomatic and symptomatic school-age children in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Malar J 21: 126.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1348 | 749 | 300 |
| Full Text Views | 278 | 207 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 103 | 40 | 2 |