ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
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3.
Corbett EL , Watt CJ , Walker N , Maher D , Williams BG , Raviglione MC , Dye C , 2003. The growing burden of tuberculosis: global trends and interactions with the HIV epidemic. Arch Intern Med 163: 1009–1021.
-
4.
Claassens MM , van Schalkwyk C , du Toit E , Roest E , Lombard CJ , Enarson DA , Beyers N , Borgdorff MW , 2013. Tuberculosis in healthcare workers and infection control measures at primary healthcare facilities in South Africa. PLoS One 8: e76272.
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5.
Tudor C , Van der Walt M , Margot B , Dorman SE , Pan WK , Yenokyan G , Farley JE , 2014. Tuberculosis among health care workers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a retrospective cohort analysis. BMC Public Health 14: 891.
-
6.
Mirtskhulava V , Kempker R , Shields KL , Leonard MK , Tsertsvadze T , del Rio C , Salakaia A , Blumberg HM , 2008. Prevalence and risk factors for latent tuberculosis infection among health care workers in Georgia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 12: 513–519.
-
7.
Joshi R , Reingold AL , Menzies D , Pai M , 2006. Tuberculosis among health-care workers in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. PLoS Med 3: e494.
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8.
O’Brien-Carelli C et al., 2022. Mapping HIV prevalence in Nigeria using small area estimates to develop a targeted HIV intervention strategy. PLoS One 17: e0268892.
-
9.
Mandalakas AM , Hesseling AC , Kay A , Du Preez K , Martinez L , Ronge L , DiNardo A , Lange C , Kirchner HL , 2021. Tuberculosis prevention in children: a prospective community-based study in South Africa. Eur Respir J 57: 2003028.
-
10.
World Health Organization , 2006. World Health Report: Health Care Workers. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
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11.
Joseph B , Joseph M , 2016. The health of the healthcare workers. Indian J Occup Environ Med 20: 71–72.
-
12.
Federal Ministry of Health , 2019. National Guideline for Programmatic Management of Latent TB Infection. National Tuberculosis, Leprosy and Buruli Ulcer Control Programme. Abuja, Nigeria: FMOH.
-
13.
Yun JW , Chung HS , Koh WJ , Chung DR , Kim YJ , Kang ES , 2014. Significant reduction in rate of indeterminate results of the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube test by shortening incubation delay. J Clin Microbiol 52: 90–94.
-
14.
Apriani L , McAllister S , Sharples K , Alisjahbana B , Ruslami R , Hill PC , Menzies D , 2019. Latent tuberculosis infection in healthcare workers in low- and middle-income countries: an updated systematic review. Eur Respir J 53: 1801789.
-
15.
Martinez L , Sekandi JN , Castellanos ME , Zalwango S , Whalen CC , 2016. Infectiousness of HIV-seropositive patients with tuberculosis in a high-burden African setting. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 194: 1152–1163.
-
16.
Campos LC , Rocha MV , Willers DM , Silva DR , 2016. Characteristics of patients with smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in a region with high TB and HIV prevalence. PLoS One 11: e0147933.
-
17.
Kenyon TA , Creek T , Laserson K , Makhoa M , Chimidza N , Mwasekaga M , Tappero J , Lockman S , Moeti T , Binkin N , 2002. Risk factors for transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from HIV-infected tuberculosis patients, Botswana. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 6: 843–850.
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18.
Huang CC et al., 2014. The effect of HIV-related immunosuppression on the risk of tuberculosis transmission to household contacts. Clin Infect Dis 58: 765–774.
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19.
Wikipedia Force of Infection. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_of_infection. Accessed October 2, 2020.
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20.
Middelkoop K , Bekker LG , Liang H , Aquino LD , Sebastian E , Myer L , Wood R , 2011. Force of tuberculosis infection among adolescents in a high HIV and TB prevalence community: a cross-sectional observation study. BMC Infect Dis 11: 156.
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21.
Zahnow K et al., 1998. Rates of tuberculosis infection in healthcare workers providing services to HIV-infected populations: Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 19: 829–835.
-
22.
Dooley SW , Villarino ME , Lawrence M , Salinas L , Amil S , Rullan JV , Jarvis WR , Bloch AB , Cauthen GM , 1992. Nosocomial transmission of tuberculosis in a hospital unit for HIV-infected patients. JAMA 267: 2632–2634.
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23.
Zhou F et al., 2014. Latent tuberculosis infection and occupational protection among health care workers in two types of public hospitals in China. PLoS One 9: e104673.
-
24.
MacLean E , Kohli M , Weber SF , Suresh A , Schumacher SG , Denkinger CM , Pai M , 2020. Advances in molecular diagnosis of tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol 58: e01582-19.
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25.
Swaminathan S , Padmapriyadarsini C , Narendran G , 2010. HIV-associated tuberculosis: clinical update. Clin Infect Dis 50: 1377–1386.
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26.
Engelbrecht MC , Kigozi G , Janse van Rensburg AP , Van Rensburg DHCJ , 2018. Tuberculosis infection control practices in a high-burden metro in South Africa: a perpetual bane for efficient primary health care service delivery. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med 10: e1–e6.
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27.
World Health Organization , 2012. WHO Policy on Collaborative TB/HIV Activities: Guidelines for National Programmes and Other Stakeholders. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
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28.
Davies PD , 1999. The effects of poverty and ageing on the increase in tuberculosis. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 54: 168–171.
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29.
Spence DP , Hotchkiss J , Williams CS , Davies PD , 1993. Tuberculosis and poverty. BMJ 307: 759–761.
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Orcau À , Caylà JA , Martínez JA , 2011. Present epidemiology of tuberculosis. prevention and control programs. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 29 (Suppl 1 ):2–7.
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Kuddus MA , Tynan E , McBryde E , 2020. Urbanization: a problem for the rich and the poor? Public Health Rev 41: 1.
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33.
López MP , Ulloa AP , Escobar FA , 2022. Tuberculosis and prison overcrowding from the perspective of social inequities in health in Colombia, 2018. Biomedica 42: 159–169.
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34.
Menzies D , Joshi R , Pai M , 2007. Risk of tuberculosis infection and disease associated with work in health care settings. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 11: 593–605.
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He GX et al., 2012. Risk factors associated with tuberculosis infection among health care workers in Inner Mongolia, China. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 16: 1485–1491.
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36.
Dolla CK et al., 2019. Age-specific prevalence of TB infection among household contacts of pulmonary TB: is it time for TB preventive therapy? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 113: 632–640.
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37.
Darby J , Black J , Buising K , 2014. Interferon-gamma release assays and the diagnosis of tuberculosis: have they found their place? Intern Med J 44: 624–632.
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38.
Romanowski K , Clark EG , Levin A , Cook VJ , Johnston JC , 2016. Tuberculosis and chronic kidney disease: an emerging global syndemic. Kidney Int 90: 34–40.
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39.
Snow KJ et al., 2020. Adolescent tuberculosis. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 4: 68–79.
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40.
Mandieka E , Saleh D , Chokshi AK , Rivera AS , Feinstein MJ , 2020. Latent tuberculosis infection and elevated incidence of hypertension. J Am Heart Assoc 9: e019144.
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41.
Huaman MA et al., 2018. The relationship between latent tuberculosis infection and acute myocardial infarction. Clin Infect Dis 66: 886–892.
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42.
Huaman MA et al., 2021. Latent tuberculosis infection and subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in Peru and Uganda. Clin Infect Dis 73: e3384–e3390.
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43.
Seegert AB , Patsche CB , Sifna A , Gomes VF , Wejse C , Storgaard M , Rudolf F , 2021. Hypertension is associated with increased mortality in patients with tuberculosis in Guinea-Bissau. Int J Infect Dis 109: 123–128.
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44.
Selmane S , L’Hadj M , 2020. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of tuberculosis in Leon Bernard Tuberculosis Unit in Algeria. Int J Mycobacteriol 9: 254–260.
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45.
Tocque K , Bellis MA , Beeching NJ , Syed Q , Remmington T , Davies PD , 2001. A case-control study of lifestyle risk factors associated with tuberculosis in Liverpool, North-West England. Eur Respir J 18: 959–964.
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46.
Rahimifard N , Mahmoudi S , Mamishi S , Pourakbari B , 2018. Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection in transplant candidates: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 125: 401–410.
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47.
Krishnamoorthy S , Kumaresan N , Zumla A , 2019. Latent tuberculosis infection and renal transplantation: diagnosis and management. Int J Infect Dis 80S: S73–S76.
-
48.
Mirtskhulava V , Whitaker JA , Kipiani M , Harris DA , Tabagari N , Owen-Smith AA , Kempker RR , Blumberg HM , 2015. Determinants of tuberculosis infection control-related behaviors among healthcare workers in the country of Georgia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 36: 522–528.
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49.
Zwerling A , Cojocariu M , McIntosh F , Pietrangelo F , Behr MA , Schwartzman K , Benedetti A , Dendukuri N , Menzies D , Pai M , 2012. TB screening in Canadian health care workers using interferon-gamma release assays. PLoS One 7: e43014.
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50.
Hefzy EM , Wegdan AA , Elhefny RA , Nasser SH , 2016. Predictors of low prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection among Egyptian health care workers at intensive care and bronchoscopy units. GMS Hyg Infect Control 11: Doc22.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2335 | 1025 | 304 |
| Full Text Views | 262 | 46 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 107 | 33 | 16 |
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection among Health Workers in HIV Treatment Centers in North Central, Nigeria
Evaezi Okpokoro
Evaezi Okpokoro
International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria;
Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Cape Town, School of Public Health, Cape Town, South Africa;
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Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Cape Town, School of Public Health, Cape Town, South Africa;
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Maia Lesosky
Maia Lesosky
Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Cape Town, School of Public Health, Cape Town, South Africa;
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Chinye Osa-Afiana
Chinye Osa-Afiana
International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria;
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Florence Bada
Florence Bada
Vaccine for Africa, University of Cape Town, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, School of Public Health, Cape Town, South Africa;
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Uzoamaka Okwor
Uzoamaka Okwor
International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria;
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George Odonye
George Odonye
International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria;
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Victoria Igbinomwanhia
Victoria Igbinomwanhia
International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria;
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Saddiq Abdurrahman
Saddiq Abdurrahman
Department of Public Health, Federal Capital Territory Administration, Abuja, Nigeria;
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Nubwa Medugu
Nubwa Medugu
Microbiology, National Hospital Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria;
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Benjamin Kagina
Benjamin Kagina
Vaccine for Africa, University of Cape Town, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, School of Public Health, Cape Town, South Africa;
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Alash’le Abimiku
Alash’le Abimiku
International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria;
University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;
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University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;
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Shahieda Adams
Shahieda Adams
Division of Occupational Medicine, University of Cape Town, School of Public Health, Cape Town, South Africa
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ABSTRACT.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV constitute a public health challenge. Health workers (HWs) in HIV clinics maybe at greater risk of M. tuberculosis infection, considering the high rates of HIV/tuberculosis (TB) coinfection among patients. Hence, we measured the prevalence of M. tuberculosis infection and the effect of working in an HIV clinic. We conducted a cross-sectional study in high-HIV burden health-care facilities in Abuja and Nasarawa states and recruited HWs over 4 months. We administered questionnaires and screened for M. tuberculosis infection using QuantiFERON-TB Gold-Plus. A total of 1,043 HWs were enrolled, with the majority being clinical staff (77.4%). Prevalence of interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) positivity was 44.8% (43.8% among HWs from HIV clinic and 45.3% from non-HIV clinics, P = 0.24). Nonoccupational factors such as living in a moderately (odds ratio [OR] = 0.71] or sparsely populated neighborhood (OR = 0.56), remained associated with a reduced risk of IGRA positivity, whereas male gender (OR = 1.37) and having high blood pressure (HBP) (OR = 1.52) remained associated with an increased risk after adjusting. Occupational factors such as length of career as a HW of 10 to 20 years (OR = 1.45) or 20 to 30 years (OR = 1.74) remained associated with an increased risk of IGRA positivity after adjusting. In a final multivariate model, the factors of age between 20 to < 30 years (OR = 0.61), having HBP (OR = 1.56), having a length of career as a HW of 10 to 20 years (OR = 1.66) or 20 to 30 years (OR = 2.09) and being a clinical HW (OR = 0.62) remained associated with IGRA positivity. There is a high prevalence of IGRA positivity among HWs in Nigeria. Working in HIV clinics, however, is not associated with increased risk.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was supported by the
The study was approved by the National Health Research Ethics Committee. Signed informed consent forms were administered prior to enrollment into the study and personal information was kept confidential. All study participants were informed of their QuantiFERON-TB Gold-Plus test result, and further testing and consultation were provided for those who accepted it.
Authors’ addresses: Evaezi Okpokoro, International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria, and Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Cape Town, School of Public Health, Cape Town, South Africa, E-mail: eokpokoro@ihvnigeria.org. Maia Lesosky, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Cape Town, School of Public Health, Cape Town, South Africa, E-mail: maia.lesosky@uct.ac.za. Chinye Osa-Afiana, Uzoamaka Okwor, George Odonye, and Victoria Igbinomwanhia, International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria, E-mails: cosaafiana@ihvnigeria.org, oguamauzoamaka@yahoo.com, godonye@gmail.com, and vigbinomwanhia@ihvnigeria.org. Florence Bada and Benjamin Kagina, Vaccine for Africa, University of Cape Town, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, School of Public Health, Cape Town, South Africa, E-mails: fbada@umaryland.edu and benjamin.kagina@uct.ac.za. Saddiq Abdurrahman, Department of Public Health, Federal Capital Territory Administration, Abuja, Nigeria, E-mail: sadiqabdurrahman5@gmail.com. Nubwa Medugu, Microbiology, National Hospital Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria, E-mail: nubwa.medugu@gmail.com. Alash’le Abimiku, International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria, and University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, E-mail: aabimiku@ihv.umaryland.edu. Shahieda Adams, Division of Occupational Medicine, University of Cape Town, School of Public Health, Cape Town, South Africa, E-mail: adams@uct.ac.za.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization , 2018. Global Tuberculosis Report. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
2.
Getahun H et al., 2015. Management of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: WHO guidelines for low tuberculosis burden countries. Eur Respir J 46: 1563–1576.
-
3.
Corbett EL , Watt CJ , Walker N , Maher D , Williams BG , Raviglione MC , Dye C , 2003. The growing burden of tuberculosis: global trends and interactions with the HIV epidemic. Arch Intern Med 163: 1009–1021.
-
4.
Claassens MM , van Schalkwyk C , du Toit E , Roest E , Lombard CJ , Enarson DA , Beyers N , Borgdorff MW , 2013. Tuberculosis in healthcare workers and infection control measures at primary healthcare facilities in South Africa. PLoS One 8: e76272.
-
5.
Tudor C , Van der Walt M , Margot B , Dorman SE , Pan WK , Yenokyan G , Farley JE , 2014. Tuberculosis among health care workers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a retrospective cohort analysis. BMC Public Health 14: 891.
-
6.
Mirtskhulava V , Kempker R , Shields KL , Leonard MK , Tsertsvadze T , del Rio C , Salakaia A , Blumberg HM , 2008. Prevalence and risk factors for latent tuberculosis infection among health care workers in Georgia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 12: 513–519.
-
7.
Joshi R , Reingold AL , Menzies D , Pai M , 2006. Tuberculosis among health-care workers in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. PLoS Med 3: e494.
-
8.
O’Brien-Carelli C et al., 2022. Mapping HIV prevalence in Nigeria using small area estimates to develop a targeted HIV intervention strategy. PLoS One 17: e0268892.
-
9.
Mandalakas AM , Hesseling AC , Kay A , Du Preez K , Martinez L , Ronge L , DiNardo A , Lange C , Kirchner HL , 2021. Tuberculosis prevention in children: a prospective community-based study in South Africa. Eur Respir J 57: 2003028.
-
10.
World Health Organization , 2006. World Health Report: Health Care Workers. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
11.
Joseph B , Joseph M , 2016. The health of the healthcare workers. Indian J Occup Environ Med 20: 71–72.
-
12.
Federal Ministry of Health , 2019. National Guideline for Programmatic Management of Latent TB Infection. National Tuberculosis, Leprosy and Buruli Ulcer Control Programme. Abuja, Nigeria: FMOH.
-
13.
Yun JW , Chung HS , Koh WJ , Chung DR , Kim YJ , Kang ES , 2014. Significant reduction in rate of indeterminate results of the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube test by shortening incubation delay. J Clin Microbiol 52: 90–94.
-
14.
Apriani L , McAllister S , Sharples K , Alisjahbana B , Ruslami R , Hill PC , Menzies D , 2019. Latent tuberculosis infection in healthcare workers in low- and middle-income countries: an updated systematic review. Eur Respir J 53: 1801789.
-
15.
Martinez L , Sekandi JN , Castellanos ME , Zalwango S , Whalen CC , 2016. Infectiousness of HIV-seropositive patients with tuberculosis in a high-burden African setting. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 194: 1152–1163.
-
16.
Campos LC , Rocha MV , Willers DM , Silva DR , 2016. Characteristics of patients with smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in a region with high TB and HIV prevalence. PLoS One 11: e0147933.
-
17.
Kenyon TA , Creek T , Laserson K , Makhoa M , Chimidza N , Mwasekaga M , Tappero J , Lockman S , Moeti T , Binkin N , 2002. Risk factors for transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from HIV-infected tuberculosis patients, Botswana. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 6: 843–850.
-
18.
Huang CC et al., 2014. The effect of HIV-related immunosuppression on the risk of tuberculosis transmission to household contacts. Clin Infect Dis 58: 765–774.
-
19.
Wikipedia Force of Infection. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_of_infection. Accessed October 2, 2020.
-
20.
Middelkoop K , Bekker LG , Liang H , Aquino LD , Sebastian E , Myer L , Wood R , 2011. Force of tuberculosis infection among adolescents in a high HIV and TB prevalence community: a cross-sectional observation study. BMC Infect Dis 11: 156.
-
21.
Zahnow K et al., 1998. Rates of tuberculosis infection in healthcare workers providing services to HIV-infected populations: Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 19: 829–835.
-
22.
Dooley SW , Villarino ME , Lawrence M , Salinas L , Amil S , Rullan JV , Jarvis WR , Bloch AB , Cauthen GM , 1992. Nosocomial transmission of tuberculosis in a hospital unit for HIV-infected patients. JAMA 267: 2632–2634.
-
23.
Zhou F et al., 2014. Latent tuberculosis infection and occupational protection among health care workers in two types of public hospitals in China. PLoS One 9: e104673.
-
24.
MacLean E , Kohli M , Weber SF , Suresh A , Schumacher SG , Denkinger CM , Pai M , 2020. Advances in molecular diagnosis of tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol 58: e01582-19.
-
25.
Swaminathan S , Padmapriyadarsini C , Narendran G , 2010. HIV-associated tuberculosis: clinical update. Clin Infect Dis 50: 1377–1386.
-
26.
Engelbrecht MC , Kigozi G , Janse van Rensburg AP , Van Rensburg DHCJ , 2018. Tuberculosis infection control practices in a high-burden metro in South Africa: a perpetual bane for efficient primary health care service delivery. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med 10: e1–e6.
-
27.
World Health Organization , 2012. WHO Policy on Collaborative TB/HIV Activities: Guidelines for National Programmes and Other Stakeholders. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
-
28.
Davies PD , 1999. The effects of poverty and ageing on the increase in tuberculosis. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 54: 168–171.
-
29.
Spence DP , Hotchkiss J , Williams CS , Davies PD , 1993. Tuberculosis and poverty. BMJ 307: 759–761.
-
30.
Waaler HT , 2002. Tuberculosis and poverty. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 6: 745–746.
-
31.
Orcau À , Caylà JA , Martínez JA , 2011. Present epidemiology of tuberculosis. prevention and control programs. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 29 (Suppl 1 ):2–7.
-
32.
Kuddus MA , Tynan E , McBryde E , 2020. Urbanization: a problem for the rich and the poor? Public Health Rev 41: 1.
-
33.
López MP , Ulloa AP , Escobar FA , 2022. Tuberculosis and prison overcrowding from the perspective of social inequities in health in Colombia, 2018. Biomedica 42: 159–169.
-
34.
Menzies D , Joshi R , Pai M , 2007. Risk of tuberculosis infection and disease associated with work in health care settings. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 11: 593–605.
-
35.
He GX et al., 2012. Risk factors associated with tuberculosis infection among health care workers in Inner Mongolia, China. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 16: 1485–1491.
-
36.
Dolla CK et al., 2019. Age-specific prevalence of TB infection among household contacts of pulmonary TB: is it time for TB preventive therapy? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 113: 632–640.
-
37.
Darby J , Black J , Buising K , 2014. Interferon-gamma release assays and the diagnosis of tuberculosis: have they found their place? Intern Med J 44: 624–632.
-
38.
Romanowski K , Clark EG , Levin A , Cook VJ , Johnston JC , 2016. Tuberculosis and chronic kidney disease: an emerging global syndemic. Kidney Int 90: 34–40.
-
39.
Snow KJ et al., 2020. Adolescent tuberculosis. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 4: 68–79.
-
40.
Mandieka E , Saleh D , Chokshi AK , Rivera AS , Feinstein MJ , 2020. Latent tuberculosis infection and elevated incidence of hypertension. J Am Heart Assoc 9: e019144.
-
41.
Huaman MA et al., 2018. The relationship between latent tuberculosis infection and acute myocardial infarction. Clin Infect Dis 66: 886–892.
-
42.
Huaman MA et al., 2021. Latent tuberculosis infection and subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in Peru and Uganda. Clin Infect Dis 73: e3384–e3390.
-
43.
Seegert AB , Patsche CB , Sifna A , Gomes VF , Wejse C , Storgaard M , Rudolf F , 2021. Hypertension is associated with increased mortality in patients with tuberculosis in Guinea-Bissau. Int J Infect Dis 109: 123–128.
-
44.
Selmane S , L’Hadj M , 2020. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of tuberculosis in Leon Bernard Tuberculosis Unit in Algeria. Int J Mycobacteriol 9: 254–260.
-
45.
Tocque K , Bellis MA , Beeching NJ , Syed Q , Remmington T , Davies PD , 2001. A case-control study of lifestyle risk factors associated with tuberculosis in Liverpool, North-West England. Eur Respir J 18: 959–964.
-
46.
Rahimifard N , Mahmoudi S , Mamishi S , Pourakbari B , 2018. Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection in transplant candidates: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 125: 401–410.
-
47.
Krishnamoorthy S , Kumaresan N , Zumla A , 2019. Latent tuberculosis infection and renal transplantation: diagnosis and management. Int J Infect Dis 80S: S73–S76.
-
48.
Mirtskhulava V , Whitaker JA , Kipiani M , Harris DA , Tabagari N , Owen-Smith AA , Kempker RR , Blumberg HM , 2015. Determinants of tuberculosis infection control-related behaviors among healthcare workers in the country of Georgia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 36: 522–528.
-
49.
Zwerling A , Cojocariu M , McIntosh F , Pietrangelo F , Behr MA , Schwartzman K , Benedetti A , Dendukuri N , Menzies D , Pai M , 2012. TB screening in Canadian health care workers using interferon-gamma release assays. PLoS One 7: e43014.
-
50.
Hefzy EM , Wegdan AA , Elhefny RA , Nasser SH , 2016. Predictors of low prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection among Egyptian health care workers at intensive care and bronchoscopy units. GMS Hyg Infect Control 11: Doc22.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2335 | 1025 | 304 |
| Full Text Views | 262 | 46 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 107 | 33 | 16 |