Deaderick WH , Thompson L , 1916. The Endemic Diseases of the Southern States. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Company.
Russell PF , West LS , Manwell RD , Macdonald G , 1963. Practical Malariology. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
Dobson MJ , 1997. Marshlands, Mosquitoes and Malaria. Contours of Death and Disease in Early Modern England. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Roucaute E , Pichard G , Faure E , Royer-Carenzi M , 2014. Analysis of the causes of spawning of large-scale, severe malarial epidemics and their rapid total extinction in western Provence, historically a highly endemic region of France (1745–1850). Malar J 13: 1–42.
Holmes OW , 1838. Boylston Prize Dissertations for the Years 1836 and 1837. Boston, MA: CC Little and J. Brown.
Getting VA , 1944. Malaria in Massachusetts. N Engl J Med 230: 350–357.
Sternberg G , 1902. Annual Report of the US Army Surgeon General for the Fiscal Year Ending 1902. Washington, DC: War Department.
Lover AA , Baird JK , Gosling R , Price RN , 2018. Malaria elimination: time to target all species. Am J Trop Med Hyg 99: 17–23.
Gordon CP , 1873. Malarial cachexia. Atlanta Med Surg J 10: 567–571.
Webster JO , 1879. The malarial cachexia. Boston Med Surg J 101: 180–185.
Smith T , 1903. The sources, favoring conditions and prophylaxis of malaria in temperate climates, with special reference to Massachusetts. Boston Med Surg J 149: 139–144.
Dobson M , 1980. “Marsh Fever”—the geography of malaria in England. J Hist Geogr 6: 357–389.
Bruce-Chwatt LJ , De Zulueta J , 1980. The Rise and Fall of Malaria in Europe: A Historico-epidemiological Study. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
Hackett LW , 1937. Malaria in Europe. An Ecological Study. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
Rogers L , 1902. Is ‘malarial cachexia’ purely malarial? Ind Med Gaz 37: 424–431.
McGregor A , Doherty T , Lowe P , Chiodini P , Newsholme W , 2015. Hyperreactive malarial splenomegaly syndrome—can the diagnostic criteria be improved? Am J Trop Med Hyg 93: 573–576.
Mitjà O , Hays R , Malken J , Ipai A , Kangapu S , Robson J , Bassat Q , 2011. HMS-related hemolysis after acute attacks of Plasmodium vivax malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 616–618.
Shanks GD , 2019. Malaria-associated mortality in Australian and British prisoners of war on the Thai–Burma Railway 1943–1944. Am J Trop Med Hyg 100: 846–850.
Dini S , Douglas NM , Poespoprodjo JR , Kenangalem E , Sugiarto P , Plumb ID , Price RN , Simpson JA , 2020. The risk of morbidity and mortality following recurrent malaria in Papua, Indonesia: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Med 18: 1–12.
Kho S , Qotrunnada L , Leonardo L , Andries B , Wardani PA , Fricot A , Henry B , Hardy D , Margyaningsih NI , Apriyanti D , 2021. Hidden biomass of intact malaria parasites in the human spleen. N Engl J Med 384: 2067–2069.
Henry B , Roussel C , Carucci M , Brousse V , Ndour PA , Buffet P , 2020. The human spleen in malaria: filter or shelter? Trends Parasitol 36: 435–446.
Baird JK , 2022. African Plasmodium vivax malaria improbably rare or benign. Trends Parasitol 38: 683–696.
Giglioli G , 1972. Changes in the pattern of mortality following the eradication of hyperendemic malaria from a highly susceptible community. Bull World Health Organ 46: 181–202.
Taubenberger JK , Kash JC , Morens DM , 2019. The 1918 influenza pandemic: 100 years of questions answered and unanswered. Sci Transl Med 11: eaau5485.
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Prior to the understanding of malaria as a parasitic disease, malaria cachexia was a loosely defined syndrome consisting of severe anemia and splenomegaly in a chronically wasted individual living in a malarious area. Entire rural populations in diverse areas such as the Thames estuary, Marseilles marshes, and the Mississippi valley were said to have cachexia on the basis of chronic malaria “poisoning,” which accounted for their poor socioeconomic health. Malaria cachexia appeared to disappear as the marshes were drained, agriculture improved, and quinine or iron treatments were administered. Malaria cachexia’s association with plasmodia in the blood was uncertain once blood smears were examined in the twentieth century. Modern studies have raised the question of chronic Plasmodium vivax in the spleen as a possible etiology; historical specimens could be examined to clarify malaria cachexia.
Disclaimer: The opinions expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the Australian Defence Force or the US Department of Defense.
Author’s addresses: G. Dennis Shanks, Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Enoggera, QLD, Australia, and University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, E-mail: dennis.shanks@defence.gov.au.
Deaderick WH , Thompson L , 1916. The Endemic Diseases of the Southern States. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Company.
Russell PF , West LS , Manwell RD , Macdonald G , 1963. Practical Malariology. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
Dobson MJ , 1997. Marshlands, Mosquitoes and Malaria. Contours of Death and Disease in Early Modern England. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Roucaute E , Pichard G , Faure E , Royer-Carenzi M , 2014. Analysis of the causes of spawning of large-scale, severe malarial epidemics and their rapid total extinction in western Provence, historically a highly endemic region of France (1745–1850). Malar J 13: 1–42.
Holmes OW , 1838. Boylston Prize Dissertations for the Years 1836 and 1837. Boston, MA: CC Little and J. Brown.
Getting VA , 1944. Malaria in Massachusetts. N Engl J Med 230: 350–357.
Sternberg G , 1902. Annual Report of the US Army Surgeon General for the Fiscal Year Ending 1902. Washington, DC: War Department.
Lover AA , Baird JK , Gosling R , Price RN , 2018. Malaria elimination: time to target all species. Am J Trop Med Hyg 99: 17–23.
Gordon CP , 1873. Malarial cachexia. Atlanta Med Surg J 10: 567–571.
Webster JO , 1879. The malarial cachexia. Boston Med Surg J 101: 180–185.
Smith T , 1903. The sources, favoring conditions and prophylaxis of malaria in temperate climates, with special reference to Massachusetts. Boston Med Surg J 149: 139–144.
Dobson M , 1980. “Marsh Fever”—the geography of malaria in England. J Hist Geogr 6: 357–389.
Bruce-Chwatt LJ , De Zulueta J , 1980. The Rise and Fall of Malaria in Europe: A Historico-epidemiological Study. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
Hackett LW , 1937. Malaria in Europe. An Ecological Study. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
Rogers L , 1902. Is ‘malarial cachexia’ purely malarial? Ind Med Gaz 37: 424–431.
McGregor A , Doherty T , Lowe P , Chiodini P , Newsholme W , 2015. Hyperreactive malarial splenomegaly syndrome—can the diagnostic criteria be improved? Am J Trop Med Hyg 93: 573–576.
Mitjà O , Hays R , Malken J , Ipai A , Kangapu S , Robson J , Bassat Q , 2011. HMS-related hemolysis after acute attacks of Plasmodium vivax malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85: 616–618.
Shanks GD , 2019. Malaria-associated mortality in Australian and British prisoners of war on the Thai–Burma Railway 1943–1944. Am J Trop Med Hyg 100: 846–850.
Dini S , Douglas NM , Poespoprodjo JR , Kenangalem E , Sugiarto P , Plumb ID , Price RN , Simpson JA , 2020. The risk of morbidity and mortality following recurrent malaria in Papua, Indonesia: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Med 18: 1–12.
Kho S , Qotrunnada L , Leonardo L , Andries B , Wardani PA , Fricot A , Henry B , Hardy D , Margyaningsih NI , Apriyanti D , 2021. Hidden biomass of intact malaria parasites in the human spleen. N Engl J Med 384: 2067–2069.
Henry B , Roussel C , Carucci M , Brousse V , Ndour PA , Buffet P , 2020. The human spleen in malaria: filter or shelter? Trends Parasitol 36: 435–446.
Baird JK , 2022. African Plasmodium vivax malaria improbably rare or benign. Trends Parasitol 38: 683–696.
Giglioli G , 1972. Changes in the pattern of mortality following the eradication of hyperendemic malaria from a highly susceptible community. Bull World Health Organ 46: 181–202.
Taubenberger JK , Kash JC , Morens DM , 2019. The 1918 influenza pandemic: 100 years of questions answered and unanswered. Sci Transl Med 11: eaau5485.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 1005 | 787 | 113 |
Full Text Views | 1240 | 162 | 5 |
PDF Downloads | 133 | 27 | 5 |