Validity of Self-Reported Mosquito Bites to Assess Household Mosquito Abundance in Six Communities of Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador

Brian Glover Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;

Search for other papers by Brian Glover in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Gwenyth O. Lee Rutgers Global Health Institute, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey;

Search for other papers by Gwenyth O. Lee in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Oscar Suing Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Vectoriales, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Quito, Ecuador;

Search for other papers by Oscar Suing in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Thien-An Ha Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California;

Search for other papers by Thien-An Ha in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Panpim Thongsripong Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Vero Beach, Florida;

Search for other papers by Panpim Thongsripong in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Varsovia Cevallos Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Vectoriales, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Quito, Ecuador;

Search for other papers by Varsovia Cevallos in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Patricio Ponce Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Vectoriales, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Quito, Ecuador;

Search for other papers by Patricio Ponce in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Hannah Van Wyk Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;

Search for other papers by Hannah Van Wyk in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Amy C. Morrison Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California

Search for other papers by Amy C. Morrison in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
,
Josefina Coloma Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California;

Search for other papers by Josefina Coloma in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
, and
Joseph N.S. Eisenberg Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;

Search for other papers by Joseph N.S. Eisenberg in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Close
Restricted access

ABSTRACT.

Mosquito-borne diseases are a global burden; however, current methods of evaluating human–mosquito contact rates are expensive and time consuming. Validated surveys of self-reported mosquito bites may be an inexpensive way to determine mosquito presence and bite exposure level in an area, but this remains untested. In this study, a survey of self-reported mosquito bites was validated against household mosquito abundance from six communities in Esmeraldas, Ecuador. From February 2021 to July 2022, households were interviewed monthly, and five questions were used to ask participants how often they were bitten by mosquitoes at different times during the day. At the same time, adult mosquitoes were collected using a Prokopack aspirator. Species were identified and counted. Survey responses were compared with the total number of mosquitoes found in the home using negative binomial regression. More frequent self-reported mosquito bites were significantly associated with higher numbers of collected adult mosquitoes. These associations were driven by the prevalence of the dominant genera, Culex. These results suggest that surveys of perceived mosquito bites relate to actual mosquito presence, making them a potentially useful tool for determining the impact of vector–control interventions on community perceptions of risk but less useful for assessing the risk of nondominant species such as Aedes aegypti. Further work is needed to examine the robustness of these results in other contexts.

    • Supplemental Materials (PDF 790 KB)

Author Notes

Address correspondence to Josefina Coloma, Center for Global Public Health, University of California Berkeley, 500A Li Ka Shing Ctr., Berkeley, CA 94720. E-mail: colomaj@berkeley.edu or Joseph N.S. Eisenberg, Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109. E-mail: jnse@umich.edu

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Authors’ addresses: Brian Glover, Hannah Van Wyk, and Joseph N.S. Eisenberg, Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, E-mails: gloverba@umich.edu, hcvw@umich.edu, and jnse@umich.edu. Gwenyth O. Lee, Global Health Institute, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, E-mail: gwenyth.lee@globalhealth.rutgers.edu. Oscar Suing, Varsovia Cevallos, and Patricio Ponce, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Vectoriales, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Quito, Ecuador, E-mails: oscarsuing@gmail.com, vcevallos@inspi.gob.ec, and wponce@inspi.gob.ec. Josefina Coloma and Thein-An Ha, Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, E-mails: colomaj@berkeley.edu and thienanha@berkeley.edu. Panpim Thongsripong, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, E-mails: tpanpim@gmail.com and colomaj@berkeley.edu. Amy C. Morrison, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, E-mail: amy.aegypti@gmail.com.

  • 1.

    World Health Organization , 2022. Vector-Borne Diseases. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases. Accessed May 26, 2022.

    • PubMed
    • Export Citation
  • 2.

    Colón-González FJ , Sewe MO , Tompkins AM , Sjödin H , Casallas A , Rocklöv J , Caminade C , Lowe R , 2021. Projecting the risk of mosquito-borne diseases in a warmer and more populated world: a multi-model, multi-scenario intercomparison modelling study. Lancet Planet Health 5: e404e414.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 3.

    Kolimenakis A , Heinz S , Wilson ML , Winkler V , Yakob L , Michaelakis A , Papachristos D , Richardson C , Horstick O , 2021. The role of urbanisation in the spread of Aedes mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit—a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15: e0009631.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 4.

    Thongsripong P , Hyman JM , Kapan DD , Bennett SN , 2021. Human–mosquito contact: a missing link in our understanding of mosquito-borne disease transmission dynamics. Ann Entomol Soc Am 114: 397414.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 5.

    Monroe A , Moore S , Okumu F , Kiware S , Lobo NF , Koenker H , Sherrard-Smith E , Gimnig J , Killeen GF , 2020. Methods and indicators for measuring patterns of human exposure to malaria vectors. Malar J 19: 207.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 6.

    Wong J , Bayoh N , Olang G , Killeen GF , Hamel MJ , Vulule JM , Gimnig JE , 2013. Standardizing operational vector sampling techniques for measuring malaria transmission intensity: evaluation of six mosquito collection methods in western Kenya. Malar J 12: 143.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 7.

    Althubaiti A , 2016. Information bias in health research: definition, pitfalls, and adjustment methods. J Multidiscip Healthc 9: 211217.

  • 8.

    Aerts C , Revilla M , Duval L , Paaijmans K , Chandrabose J , Cox H , Sicuri E , 2020. Understanding the role of disease knowledge and risk perception in shaping preventive behavior for selected vector-borne diseases in Guyana. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14: e0008149.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 9.

    Cordioli M et al., 2014. A comparison between self-reported and GIS-based proxies of residential exposure to environmental pollution in a case-control study on lung cancer. Spat Spatio-Temporal Epidemiol 9: 3745.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 10.

    Llerena K , Park SG , McCarthy JM , Couture SM , Bennett ME , Blanchard JJ , 2013. The Motivation and Pleasure Scale–Self-Report (MAP-SR): reliability and validity of a self-report measure of negative symptoms. Compr Psychiatry 54: 568574.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 11.

    Harder H , Shilling VM , May SF , Cella D , Schmid P , Fallowfield LJ , 2020. The development and initial evaluation of the Diarrhoea Management Diary (DMD) in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 183: 629638.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 12.

    Jones AV et al., 2017. GWAS of self-reported mosquito bite size, itch intensity and attractiveness to mosquitoes implicates immune-related predisposition loci. Hum Mol Genet 26: 13911406.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 13.

    Thongsripong P , Qu Z , Yukich JO , Hyman JM , Wesson DM , 2020. An investigation of human-mosquito contact using surveys and its application in assessing dengue viral transmission risk. J Med Entomol 57: 19421954.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 14.

    Brown JA , Larson KL , Lerman SB , Cocroft A , Hall SJ , 2021. Resident perceptions of mosquito problems are more influenced by landscape factors than mosquito abundance. Sustainability 13: 11533.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 15.

    Gaillard B , Simard F , Dormont L , Jay-Robert P , D’Abadie de Lurbe D , Etienne M , Baudin A , Raude J , 2019. Is perceived exposure to mosquitoes associated with actual exposure? Results from studies in high-risk and low-risk geographic areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 101: 976979.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 16.

    Mulla MS , Thavara U , Tawatsin A , Kong-Ngamsuk W , Chompoosri J , 2001. Mosquito burden and impact on the poor: measures and costs for personal protection in some communities in Thailand. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 17: 153159.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 17.

    Carrieri M , Bellini R , MacCaferri S , Gallo L , Maini S , Celli G , 2008. Tolerance thresholds for Aedes albopictus and Aedes caspius in Italian urban areas. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 24: 377386.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 18.

    Lee GO et al., 2021. A dengue outbreak in a rural community in northern coastal Ecuador: an analysis using unmanned aerial vehicle mapping. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15: e0009679.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 19.

    Echegaray F et al., 2021. Adapting rapid diagnostic tests to detect historical dengue virus infections. Front Immunol 12: 703887.

  • 20.

    Márquez S , Lee GO , Andrade P , Zuniga J , Trueba G , Eisenberg JN , Coloma J , 2022. A chikungunya outbreak in a dengue-endemic region in rural northern coastal Ecuador. Am J Trop Med Hyg 107: 12261233.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 21.

    Talbot B et al., 2021. Determinants of Aedes mosquito density as an indicator of arbovirus transmission risk in three sites affected by co-circulation of globally spreading arboviruses in Colombia, Ecuador and Argentina. Parasit Vectors 14: 482.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 22.

    Hartung C , Lerer A , Anokwa Y , Tseng C , Brunette W , Borriello G , 2010. Open Data Kit: tools to build information services for developing regions. Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development. December 13–16, 2010, London, United Kingdom, 112.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 23.

    Stolwijk AM , Straatman H , Zielhuis GA , 1999. Studying seasonality by using sine and cosine functions in regression analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health 53: 235238.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 24.

    Peng Z , Simons FER , 1998. A prospective study of naturally acquired sensitization and subsequent desensitization to mosquito bites and concurrent antibody responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 101: 284286.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 25.

    Paz-Soldán VA et al., 2015. Dengue knowledge and preventive practices in Iquitos, Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 93: 13301337.

  • 26.

    Kelly AM , 2001. The minimum clinically significant difference in visual analogue scale pain score does not differ with severity of pain. Emerg Med J 18: 205207.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 27.

    Stewart WF , Lipton RB , Kolodner K , 2003. Migraine disability assessment (MIDAS) score: relation to headache frequency, pain intensity, and headache symptoms. Headache 43: 258265.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
  • 28.

    Birring SS , Prudon B , Carr AJ , Singh SJ , Morgan MDL , Pavord I , 2003. Development of a symptom specific health status measure for patients with chronic cough: Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ). Thorax 58: 339343.

    • PubMed
    • Search Google Scholar
    • Export Citation
Past two years Past Year Past 30 Days
Abstract Views 1091 880 70
Full Text Views 361 170 2
PDF Downloads 163 18 1
 
 
 
 
Affiliate Membership Banner
 
 
Research for Health Information Banner
 
 
CLOCKSS
 
 
 
Society Publishers Coalition Banner
Save