World Health Organization , 2022. Vector-Borne Diseases. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases. Accessed May 26, 2022.
Colón-González FJ , Sewe MO , Tompkins AM , Sjödin H , Casallas A , Rocklöv J , Caminade C , Lowe R , 2021. Projecting the risk of mosquito-borne diseases in a warmer and more populated world: a multi-model, multi-scenario intercomparison modelling study. Lancet Planet Health 5: e404–e414.
Kolimenakis A , Heinz S , Wilson ML , Winkler V , Yakob L , Michaelakis A , Papachristos D , Richardson C , Horstick O , 2021. The role of urbanisation in the spread of Aedes mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit—a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15: e0009631.
Thongsripong P , Hyman JM , Kapan DD , Bennett SN , 2021. Human–mosquito contact: a missing link in our understanding of mosquito-borne disease transmission dynamics. Ann Entomol Soc Am 114: 397–414.
Monroe A , Moore S , Okumu F , Kiware S , Lobo NF , Koenker H , Sherrard-Smith E , Gimnig J , Killeen GF , 2020. Methods and indicators for measuring patterns of human exposure to malaria vectors. Malar J 19: 207.
Wong J , Bayoh N , Olang G , Killeen GF , Hamel MJ , Vulule JM , Gimnig JE , 2013. Standardizing operational vector sampling techniques for measuring malaria transmission intensity: evaluation of six mosquito collection methods in western Kenya. Malar J 12: 143.
Althubaiti A , 2016. Information bias in health research: definition, pitfalls, and adjustment methods. J Multidiscip Healthc 9: 211–217.
Aerts C , Revilla M , Duval L , Paaijmans K , Chandrabose J , Cox H , Sicuri E , 2020. Understanding the role of disease knowledge and risk perception in shaping preventive behavior for selected vector-borne diseases in Guyana. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14: e0008149.
Cordioli M et al., 2014. A comparison between self-reported and GIS-based proxies of residential exposure to environmental pollution in a case-control study on lung cancer. Spat Spatio-Temporal Epidemiol 9: 37–45.
Llerena K , Park SG , McCarthy JM , Couture SM , Bennett ME , Blanchard JJ , 2013. The Motivation and Pleasure Scale–Self-Report (MAP-SR): reliability and validity of a self-report measure of negative symptoms. Compr Psychiatry 54: 568–574.
Harder H , Shilling VM , May SF , Cella D , Schmid P , Fallowfield LJ , 2020. The development and initial evaluation of the Diarrhoea Management Diary (DMD) in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 183: 629–638.
Jones AV et al., 2017. GWAS of self-reported mosquito bite size, itch intensity and attractiveness to mosquitoes implicates immune-related predisposition loci. Hum Mol Genet 26: 1391–1406.
Thongsripong P , Qu Z , Yukich JO , Hyman JM , Wesson DM , 2020. An investigation of human-mosquito contact using surveys and its application in assessing dengue viral transmission risk. J Med Entomol 57: 1942–1954.
Brown JA , Larson KL , Lerman SB , Cocroft A , Hall SJ , 2021. Resident perceptions of mosquito problems are more influenced by landscape factors than mosquito abundance. Sustainability 13: 11533.
Gaillard B , Simard F , Dormont L , Jay-Robert P , D’Abadie de Lurbe D , Etienne M , Baudin A , Raude J , 2019. Is perceived exposure to mosquitoes associated with actual exposure? Results from studies in high-risk and low-risk geographic areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 101: 976–979.
Mulla MS , Thavara U , Tawatsin A , Kong-Ngamsuk W , Chompoosri J , 2001. Mosquito burden and impact on the poor: measures and costs for personal protection in some communities in Thailand. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 17: 153–159.
Carrieri M , Bellini R , MacCaferri S , Gallo L , Maini S , Celli G , 2008. Tolerance thresholds for Aedes albopictus and Aedes caspius in Italian urban areas. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 24: 377–386.
Lee GO et al., 2021. A dengue outbreak in a rural community in northern coastal Ecuador: an analysis using unmanned aerial vehicle mapping. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15: e0009679.
Echegaray F et al., 2021. Adapting rapid diagnostic tests to detect historical dengue virus infections. Front Immunol 12: 703887.
Márquez S , Lee GO , Andrade P , Zuniga J , Trueba G , Eisenberg JN , Coloma J , 2022. A chikungunya outbreak in a dengue-endemic region in rural northern coastal Ecuador. Am J Trop Med Hyg 107: 1226–1233.
Talbot B et al., 2021. Determinants of Aedes mosquito density as an indicator of arbovirus transmission risk in three sites affected by co-circulation of globally spreading arboviruses in Colombia, Ecuador and Argentina. Parasit Vectors 14: 482.
Hartung C , Lerer A , Anokwa Y , Tseng C , Brunette W , Borriello G , 2010. Open Data Kit: tools to build information services for developing regions. Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development. December 13–16, 2010, London, United Kingdom, 1–12.
Stolwijk AM , Straatman H , Zielhuis GA , 1999. Studying seasonality by using sine and cosine functions in regression analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health 53: 235–238.
Peng Z , Simons FER , 1998. A prospective study of naturally acquired sensitization and subsequent desensitization to mosquito bites and concurrent antibody responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 101: 284–286.
Paz-Soldán VA et al., 2015. Dengue knowledge and preventive practices in Iquitos, Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 93: 1330–1337.
Kelly AM , 2001. The minimum clinically significant difference in visual analogue scale pain score does not differ with severity of pain. Emerg Med J 18: 205–207.
Stewart WF , Lipton RB , Kolodner K , 2003. Migraine disability assessment (MIDAS) score: relation to headache frequency, pain intensity, and headache symptoms. Headache 43: 258–265.
Birring SS , Prudon B , Carr AJ , Singh SJ , Morgan MDL , Pavord I , 2003. Development of a symptom specific health status measure for patients with chronic cough: Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ). Thorax 58: 339–343.
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Mosquito-borne diseases are a global burden; however, current methods of evaluating human–mosquito contact rates are expensive and time consuming. Validated surveys of self-reported mosquito bites may be an inexpensive way to determine mosquito presence and bite exposure level in an area, but this remains untested. In this study, a survey of self-reported mosquito bites was validated against household mosquito abundance from six communities in Esmeraldas, Ecuador. From February 2021 to July 2022, households were interviewed monthly, and five questions were used to ask participants how often they were bitten by mosquitoes at different times during the day. At the same time, adult mosquitoes were collected using a Prokopack aspirator. Species were identified and counted. Survey responses were compared with the total number of mosquitoes found in the home using negative binomial regression. More frequent self-reported mosquito bites were significantly associated with higher numbers of collected adult mosquitoes. These associations were driven by the prevalence of the dominant genera, Culex. These results suggest that surveys of perceived mosquito bites relate to actual mosquito presence, making them a potentially useful tool for determining the impact of vector–control interventions on community perceptions of risk but less useful for assessing the risk of nondominant species such as Aedes aegypti. Further work is needed to examine the robustness of these results in other contexts.
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Authors’ addresses: Brian Glover, Hannah Van Wyk, and Joseph N.S. Eisenberg, Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, E-mails: gloverba@umich.edu, hcvw@umich.edu, and jnse@umich.edu. Gwenyth O. Lee, Global Health Institute, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, E-mail: gwenyth.lee@globalhealth.rutgers.edu. Oscar Suing, Varsovia Cevallos, and Patricio Ponce, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Vectoriales, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Quito, Ecuador, E-mails: oscarsuing@gmail.com, vcevallos@inspi.gob.ec, and wponce@inspi.gob.ec. Josefina Coloma and Thein-An Ha, Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, E-mails: colomaj@berkeley.edu and thienanha@berkeley.edu. Panpim Thongsripong, Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, E-mails: tpanpim@gmail.com and colomaj@berkeley.edu. Amy C. Morrison, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, E-mail: amy.aegypti@gmail.com.
World Health Organization , 2022. Vector-Borne Diseases. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases. Accessed May 26, 2022.
Colón-González FJ , Sewe MO , Tompkins AM , Sjödin H , Casallas A , Rocklöv J , Caminade C , Lowe R , 2021. Projecting the risk of mosquito-borne diseases in a warmer and more populated world: a multi-model, multi-scenario intercomparison modelling study. Lancet Planet Health 5: e404–e414.
Kolimenakis A , Heinz S , Wilson ML , Winkler V , Yakob L , Michaelakis A , Papachristos D , Richardson C , Horstick O , 2021. The role of urbanisation in the spread of Aedes mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit—a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15: e0009631.
Thongsripong P , Hyman JM , Kapan DD , Bennett SN , 2021. Human–mosquito contact: a missing link in our understanding of mosquito-borne disease transmission dynamics. Ann Entomol Soc Am 114: 397–414.
Monroe A , Moore S , Okumu F , Kiware S , Lobo NF , Koenker H , Sherrard-Smith E , Gimnig J , Killeen GF , 2020. Methods and indicators for measuring patterns of human exposure to malaria vectors. Malar J 19: 207.
Wong J , Bayoh N , Olang G , Killeen GF , Hamel MJ , Vulule JM , Gimnig JE , 2013. Standardizing operational vector sampling techniques for measuring malaria transmission intensity: evaluation of six mosquito collection methods in western Kenya. Malar J 12: 143.
Althubaiti A , 2016. Information bias in health research: definition, pitfalls, and adjustment methods. J Multidiscip Healthc 9: 211–217.
Aerts C , Revilla M , Duval L , Paaijmans K , Chandrabose J , Cox H , Sicuri E , 2020. Understanding the role of disease knowledge and risk perception in shaping preventive behavior for selected vector-borne diseases in Guyana. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14: e0008149.
Cordioli M et al., 2014. A comparison between self-reported and GIS-based proxies of residential exposure to environmental pollution in a case-control study on lung cancer. Spat Spatio-Temporal Epidemiol 9: 37–45.
Llerena K , Park SG , McCarthy JM , Couture SM , Bennett ME , Blanchard JJ , 2013. The Motivation and Pleasure Scale–Self-Report (MAP-SR): reliability and validity of a self-report measure of negative symptoms. Compr Psychiatry 54: 568–574.
Harder H , Shilling VM , May SF , Cella D , Schmid P , Fallowfield LJ , 2020. The development and initial evaluation of the Diarrhoea Management Diary (DMD) in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 183: 629–638.
Jones AV et al., 2017. GWAS of self-reported mosquito bite size, itch intensity and attractiveness to mosquitoes implicates immune-related predisposition loci. Hum Mol Genet 26: 1391–1406.
Thongsripong P , Qu Z , Yukich JO , Hyman JM , Wesson DM , 2020. An investigation of human-mosquito contact using surveys and its application in assessing dengue viral transmission risk. J Med Entomol 57: 1942–1954.
Brown JA , Larson KL , Lerman SB , Cocroft A , Hall SJ , 2021. Resident perceptions of mosquito problems are more influenced by landscape factors than mosquito abundance. Sustainability 13: 11533.
Gaillard B , Simard F , Dormont L , Jay-Robert P , D’Abadie de Lurbe D , Etienne M , Baudin A , Raude J , 2019. Is perceived exposure to mosquitoes associated with actual exposure? Results from studies in high-risk and low-risk geographic areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 101: 976–979.
Mulla MS , Thavara U , Tawatsin A , Kong-Ngamsuk W , Chompoosri J , 2001. Mosquito burden and impact on the poor: measures and costs for personal protection in some communities in Thailand. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 17: 153–159.
Carrieri M , Bellini R , MacCaferri S , Gallo L , Maini S , Celli G , 2008. Tolerance thresholds for Aedes albopictus and Aedes caspius in Italian urban areas. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 24: 377–386.
Lee GO et al., 2021. A dengue outbreak in a rural community in northern coastal Ecuador: an analysis using unmanned aerial vehicle mapping. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15: e0009679.
Echegaray F et al., 2021. Adapting rapid diagnostic tests to detect historical dengue virus infections. Front Immunol 12: 703887.
Márquez S , Lee GO , Andrade P , Zuniga J , Trueba G , Eisenberg JN , Coloma J , 2022. A chikungunya outbreak in a dengue-endemic region in rural northern coastal Ecuador. Am J Trop Med Hyg 107: 1226–1233.
Talbot B et al., 2021. Determinants of Aedes mosquito density as an indicator of arbovirus transmission risk in three sites affected by co-circulation of globally spreading arboviruses in Colombia, Ecuador and Argentina. Parasit Vectors 14: 482.
Hartung C , Lerer A , Anokwa Y , Tseng C , Brunette W , Borriello G , 2010. Open Data Kit: tools to build information services for developing regions. Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development. December 13–16, 2010, London, United Kingdom, 1–12.
Stolwijk AM , Straatman H , Zielhuis GA , 1999. Studying seasonality by using sine and cosine functions in regression analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health 53: 235–238.
Peng Z , Simons FER , 1998. A prospective study of naturally acquired sensitization and subsequent desensitization to mosquito bites and concurrent antibody responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 101: 284–286.
Paz-Soldán VA et al., 2015. Dengue knowledge and preventive practices in Iquitos, Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 93: 1330–1337.
Kelly AM , 2001. The minimum clinically significant difference in visual analogue scale pain score does not differ with severity of pain. Emerg Med J 18: 205–207.
Stewart WF , Lipton RB , Kolodner K , 2003. Migraine disability assessment (MIDAS) score: relation to headache frequency, pain intensity, and headache symptoms. Headache 43: 258–265.
Birring SS , Prudon B , Carr AJ , Singh SJ , Morgan MDL , Pavord I , 2003. Development of a symptom specific health status measure for patients with chronic cough: Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ). Thorax 58: 339–343.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 1091 | 880 | 70 |
Full Text Views | 361 | 170 | 2 |
PDF Downloads | 163 | 18 | 1 |