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1.
Davis W , Narra R , Mintz ED , 2018. Cholera. Curr Epidemiol Rep 5: 303–315.
-
2.
Ali M , Nelson AR , Lopez AL , Sack DA , 2015. Updated global burden of cholera in endemic countries. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003832.
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3.
WHO , 2018. Cholera, 2018. Weekly Epidemiological Record. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
4.
Rajasingham A , Harvey B , Taye Y , Kamwaga S , Martinsen A , Sirad M , Aden M , Gallagher K , Handzel T , 2020. Improved chlorination and rapid water quality assessment in response to an outbreak of acute watery diarrhea in Somali Region, Ethiopia. J Water Sanit Hyg Dev 10: 596–602.
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WHO , 2020. GTFCC Cholera App. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available at: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.cholera&hl=en_US&gl=US. Accessed June 21, 2021.
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7.
Tang JY , Izenty BI , Nur’Izzati AJ , Masran SR , Yeo CC , Roslan A , Abu Bakar CA , 2013. Survivability of Vibrio cholerae O1 in cooked rice, coffee, and tea. Int J Food Sci 2013: 581648.
-
8.
Makukutu CA , Guthrie RK , 1986. Behavior of Vibrio cholerae in hot foods. Appl Environ Microbiol 52: 824–831.
-
9.
DuBois AE , Sinkala M , Kalluri P , Makasa-Chikoya M , Quick RE , 2006. Epidemic cholera in urban Zambia: hand soap and dried fish as protective factors. Epidemiol Infect 134: 1226–1230.
-
10.
St Louis ME , Porter JD , Helal A , Drame K , Hargrett-Bean N , Wells JG , Tauxe RV , 1990. Epidemic cholera in West Africa: the role of food handling and high-risk foods. Am J Epidemiol 131: 719–728.
-
11.
Dinede G , Abagero A , Tolosa T , 2020. Cholera outbreak in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a case-control study. PLoS One 15: e0235440.
-
12.
Yikii G HA , Odindo R , Kakaire CN , Challa AB , 2019. Knowledge, attitudes, and practice (KAP) from baseline data of acute watery diarrhoea (AWD)/cholera among adults (15–49) in the Somali Region of Ethiopia. Texila Int J Pub Health 7.
-
13.
Sugimoto JD et al., 2014. Household transmission of Vibrio cholerae in Bangladesh. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e3314.
-
14.
Weil AA et al., 2014. Bacterial shedding in household contacts of cholera patients in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 91: 738–742.
-
15.
Brockett S , Wolfe MK , Hamot A , Appiah GD , Mintz ED , Lantagne D , 2020. Associations among water, sanitation, and hygiene, and food exposures and typhoid fever in case-control studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 103: 1020–1031.
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16.
Lantagne D , Yates T , 2018. Household water treatment and cholera control. J Infect Dis 218: S147–S153.
-
17.
Snow J , 1856. Cholera and the water supply in the south districts of London in 1854. J Public Health Sanit Rev 2: 239–257.
-
18.
Wolfe M , Kaur M , Yates T , Woodin M , Lantagne D , 2018. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between water, sanitation, and hygiene exposures and cholera in case-control studies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 99: 534–545.
-
19.
Nelson EJ , Harris JB , Morris JG Jr , Calderwood SB , Camilli A , 2009. Cholera transmission: the host, pathogen and bacteriophage dynamic. Nat Rev Microbiol 7: 693–702.
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Food as a Driver of a Cholera Epidemic in Jijiga, Ethiopia—June 2017
William W. Davis
William W. Davis
Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Yusuf Mohammed
Yusuf Mohammed
WHO, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;
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Ismail Abdilahi
Ismail Abdilahi
WHO, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;
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Sunkyung Kim
Sunkyung Kim
Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Ali Abdi Salah
Ali Abdi Salah
Somali Regional Health Bureau, Jijiga, Ethiopia;
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Jarred McAteer
Jarred McAteer
Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
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Aschalew Abayneh
Aschalew Abayneh
Ethiopia Public Health Institute, Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;
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Beyene Moges
Beyene Moges
Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;
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Kathleen Gallagher
Kathleen Gallagher
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Eric Mintz
Eric Mintz
Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;
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ABSTRACT.
We conducted a case-control study to identify risk and protective factors during a cholera outbreak in Jijiga, Ethiopia, in June 2017. A case-patient was defined as anyone > 5 years old with at least three loose stools in 24 hours who was admitted to a cholera treatment center in Jijiga on or after June 16, 2017. Two controls were matched to each case by type of residency (rural or urban) and age group. We enrolled 55 case-patients and 102 controls from June 16 to June 23, 2017. Identified risk factors for cholera were male sex, eating cold food, and eating food outside the home. Eating hot food was protective, as was reported handwashing after defecation; no other reported water, sanitation, and hygiene factors were associated with cholera risk. Recommendations included continuing messaging about safe food handling practices at home, the dangers of consuming meals prepared away from home, and the importance of hand hygiene practices.
Author Notes
Authors’ addresses: William W. Davis, Sunkyung Kim, Jarred McAteer, and Eric Mintz, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, E-mails: lyo0@cdc.gov, kimx803@gmail.com, jarred.mcateer@gmail.com, and ericdmintz@gmail.com. Yusuf Mohammed and Ismail Abdilahi, WHO, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, E-mails: zakyu88@yahoo.co and ismailabdilahi8@gmail.com. Ali Abdi Salah, Somali Regional Health Bureau, Jijiga, Ethiopia, E-mail: guurre2009@gmail.com. Aschalew Abayneh, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, E-mail: ascheabay@gmail.com. Beyene Moges, Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, E-mail: beyemoges@gmail.com. Kathleen Gallagher, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, E-mail: kxg7@cdc.gov.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Davis W , Narra R , Mintz ED , 2018. Cholera. Curr Epidemiol Rep 5: 303–315.
-
2.
Ali M , Nelson AR , Lopez AL , Sack DA , 2015. Updated global burden of cholera in endemic countries. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003832.
-
3.
WHO , 2018. Cholera, 2018. Weekly Epidemiological Record. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
4.
Rajasingham A , Harvey B , Taye Y , Kamwaga S , Martinsen A , Sirad M , Aden M , Gallagher K , Handzel T , 2020. Improved chlorination and rapid water quality assessment in response to an outbreak of acute watery diarrhea in Somali Region, Ethiopia. J Water Sanit Hyg Dev 10: 596–602.
-
5.
WHO , 2005. The Treatment of Diarrhoea: A Manual for Physicians and Other Senior Health Workers, 4th rev. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
-
6.
WHO , 2020. GTFCC Cholera App. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available at: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.cholera&hl=en_US&gl=US. Accessed June 21, 2021.
-
7.
Tang JY , Izenty BI , Nur’Izzati AJ , Masran SR , Yeo CC , Roslan A , Abu Bakar CA , 2013. Survivability of Vibrio cholerae O1 in cooked rice, coffee, and tea. Int J Food Sci 2013: 581648.
-
8.
Makukutu CA , Guthrie RK , 1986. Behavior of Vibrio cholerae in hot foods. Appl Environ Microbiol 52: 824–831.
-
9.
DuBois AE , Sinkala M , Kalluri P , Makasa-Chikoya M , Quick RE , 2006. Epidemic cholera in urban Zambia: hand soap and dried fish as protective factors. Epidemiol Infect 134: 1226–1230.
-
10.
St Louis ME , Porter JD , Helal A , Drame K , Hargrett-Bean N , Wells JG , Tauxe RV , 1990. Epidemic cholera in West Africa: the role of food handling and high-risk foods. Am J Epidemiol 131: 719–728.
-
11.
Dinede G , Abagero A , Tolosa T , 2020. Cholera outbreak in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a case-control study. PLoS One 15: e0235440.
-
12.
Yikii G HA , Odindo R , Kakaire CN , Challa AB , 2019. Knowledge, attitudes, and practice (KAP) from baseline data of acute watery diarrhoea (AWD)/cholera among adults (15–49) in the Somali Region of Ethiopia. Texila Int J Pub Health 7.
-
13.
Sugimoto JD et al., 2014. Household transmission of Vibrio cholerae in Bangladesh. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e3314.
-
14.
Weil AA et al., 2014. Bacterial shedding in household contacts of cholera patients in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 91: 738–742.
-
15.
Brockett S , Wolfe MK , Hamot A , Appiah GD , Mintz ED , Lantagne D , 2020. Associations among water, sanitation, and hygiene, and food exposures and typhoid fever in case-control studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 103: 1020–1031.
-
16.
Lantagne D , Yates T , 2018. Household water treatment and cholera control. J Infect Dis 218: S147–S153.
-
17.
Snow J , 1856. Cholera and the water supply in the south districts of London in 1854. J Public Health Sanit Rev 2: 239–257.
-
18.
Wolfe M , Kaur M , Yates T , Woodin M , Lantagne D , 2018. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between water, sanitation, and hygiene exposures and cholera in case-control studies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 99: 534–545.
-
19.
Nelson EJ , Harris JB , Morris JG Jr , Calderwood SB , Camilli A , 2009. Cholera transmission: the host, pathogen and bacteriophage dynamic. Nat Rev Microbiol 7: 693–702.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 198 | 198 | 43 |
| Full Text Views | 393 | 393 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 173 | 173 | 0 |