ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
GBD 2016 Diarrhoeal Disease Collaborators , 2018. Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoea in 195 countries: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Infect Dis 18: 1211–1228.
-
2.
Ruiz J , 2002. Diarrea ¿Una enfermedad de poca monta? Enferm Emerg 4: 152–153.
-
3.
Benmessaoud R et al., 2015. Aetiology, epidemiology and clinical characteristics of acute moderate-to-severe diarrhoea in children under 5 years of age hospitalized in a referral paediatric hospital in Rabat, Morocco. J Med Microbiol 64: 84–92.
-
4.
Nhampossa T et al., 2015. Diarrheal disease in rural Mozambique: burden, risk factors and etiology of diarrheal disease among children aged 0–59 months seeking care at health facilities. PLoS One 10: e0119824.
-
5.
Jiang ZD , DuPont HL , 2017. Etiology of travellers’ diarrhea. J Travel Med 24 (Suppl 1): S13–S16.
-
6.
Dolatabadi RK , 2021. The prevalence of adherent-invasive Escherichia coli and its association with inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Med 8: 730243.
-
7.
López-Siles M , CamprubÃ-Font C , Gómez Del Pulgar EM , Sabat Mir M , Busquets D , Sanz Y , Martinez-Medina M , 2022. Prevalence, abundance, and virulence of adherent-invasive Escherichia coli in ulcerative colitis, colorectal cancer, and coeliac disease. Front Immunol 13: 748839.
-
8.
de Mello Santos AC , Fernandes Santos F , Silva RM , Tardelli Gomes TA , 2020. Diversity of hybrid- and hetero-pathogenic Escherichia coli and their potential implication in more severe diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 10: 339.
-
9.
Riveros M , Garcia W , Garcia C , Durand D , Mercado E , Ruiz J , Ochoa TJ , 2017. Molecular and phenotypic characterization of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from bacteremic children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 97: 1329–1336.
-
10.
Ruiz J , de Julian R , Olivares S-V , Mensa L , Puyol L , Puente S , Lopez MC , Baquero M , Vila J , Gascón J , 2008. Detection of the eae gene in Escherichia coli isolates causing traveller’s diarrhoea both in atypical EPEC and in non-EPEC, non-EHEC isolates. British Travel Health Assoc J 12: 47–48.
-
11.
Mandomando I et al., 2020. Escherichia coli ST131 clones harbouring AggR and AAF/V fimbriae causing bacteremia in Mozambican children: emergence of new variant of fimH27 subclone. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14: e0008274.
-
12.
Mirhoseini A , Amani J , Nazarian S , 2018. Review on pathogenicity mechanism of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and vaccines against it. Microb Pathog 117: 162–169.
-
13.
Nataro JP , Kaper JB , 1998. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Clin Microbiol Rev 11: 142–201.
-
14.
Guerra JA , Romero-Herazo YC , Arzuza O , Gómez-Duarte OG , 2014. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli clinical isolates from northern Colombia, South America. BioMed Res Int 2014: 236260.
-
15.
Rivera FP , Medina AM , Aldasoro E , Sangil A , Ochoa TJ , Gascón J , Vila J , Ruiz J , 2013. Genotypic characterization of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains causing traveler’s diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol 51: 633–635.
-
16.
Svennerholm AM , Qadri F , Lundgren A , Kaim J , Rahman Bhuiyan T , Akhtar M , Maier N , Louis Bourgeois A , Walker RI , 2022. Induction of mucosal and systemic immune responses against the common O78 antigen of an oral inactivated ETEC vaccine in Bangladeshi children and infants. Vaccine 40: 380–389.
-
17.
Michie KA , Boysen A , Low HH , Møller-Jensen J , Löwe J , 2014. LeoA, B and C from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are bacterial dynamins. PLoS One 9: e107211.
-
18.
McWilliams BD , Torres AG , 2014. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli adhesins. Microbiol Spectr 2: EHEC-0003-2013.
-
19.
Medina AM et al., 2015. Comparative analysis of antimicrobial resistance in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolates from two paediatric cohort studies in Lima, Peru. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 109: 493–502.
-
20.
Walk ST , Alm EW , Gordon DM , Ram JL , Toranzos GA , Tiedje JM , Whittam TS , 2009. Cryptic lineages of the genus Escherichia. Appl Environ Microbiol 75: 6534–6544.
-
21.
Del Canto F et al., 2011. Distribution of classical and nonclassical virulence genes in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolates from Chilean children and tRNA gene screening for putative insertion sites for genomic islands. J Clin Microbiol 49: 3198–3203.
-
22.
Ruiz J et al., 2002. Differences in virulence factors among clinical isolates of Escherichia coli causing cystitis and pyelonephritis in women and prostatitis in men. J Clin Microbiol 40: 4445–4449.
-
23.
Vidal RM et al., 2019. Colonization factors among enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolates from children with moderate-to-severe diarrhea and from matched controls in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13: e0007037.
-
24.
Lee T et al., 2021. Safety and immunogenicity of intramuscularly administered CS6 subunit vaccine with a modified heat-labile enterotoxin from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Vaccine 39: 5548–5556.
-
25.
Zeinalzadeh N , Salmanian AH , Goujani G , Amani J , Ahangari G , Akhavian A , Jafari M , 2017. A chimeric protein of CFA/I, CS6 subunits and LTB/STa toxoid protects immunized mice against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Microbiol Immunol 61: 272–279.
-
26.
Higginson EE , Sayeed MA , Pereira Dias J , Shetty V , Ballal M , Srivastava SK , Willis I , Qadri F , Dougan G , Mutreja A , 2022. Microbiome profiling of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) carriers highlights signature differences between symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. mBio 13: e0015722.
-
27.
Ochoa TJ et al., 2009. High frequency of antimicrobial drug resistance of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in infants in Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 296–301.
-
28.
Barletta F , Ochoa TJ , Mercado E , Ruiz J , Ecker L , Lopez G , Mispireta M , Gil AI , Lanata CF , Cleary TG , 2011. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for enteropathogenic Escherichia coli: a tool for investigation of asymptomatic versus symptomatic infections. Clin Infect Dis 53: 1223–1229.
-
29.
Jansson L , Tobias J , Jarefjäll C , Lebens M , Svennerholm AM , Teneberg S , 2009. Sulfatide recognition by colonization factor antigen CS6 from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. PLoS One 4: e4487.
-
30.
Von Mentzer A , Zalem D , Chrienova Z , Teneberg S , 2020. Colonization factor CS30 from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli binds to sulfatide in human and porcine small intestine. Virulence 11: 381–390.
-
31.
Yang C et al., 2021. Genomic epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli from outpatients with diarrhea in Shenzhen, China, 2015–2020. Front Microbiol 12: 732068.
-
32.
Rivera FP et al., 2010. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from Peruvian children. J Clin Microbiol 48: 3198–3203.
-
33.
Ruiz-Perez F , Nataro JP , 2014. Bacterial serine proteases secreted by the autotransporter pathway: classification, specificity, and role in virulence. Cell Mol Life Sci 71: 745–770.
-
34.
Roy K , Kansal R , Bartels SR , Hamilton DJ , Shaaban S , Fleckenstein JM , 2011. Adhesin degradation accelerates delivery of heat-labile toxin by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 286: 29771–29779.
-
35.
Leach S , Lundgren A , Carlin N , Löfstrand M , Svennerholm AM , 2017. Cross-reactivity and avidity of antibody responses induced in humans by the oral inactivated multivalent enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) vaccine ETVAX. Vaccine 35: 3966–3973.
-
36.
Zhang W , Sack DA , 2015. Current progress in developing subunit vaccines against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-associated diarrhea. Clin Vaccine Immunol 22: 983–991.
-
37.
Nandre RM , Ruan X , Duan Q , Sack DA , Zhang W , 2016. Antibodies derived from an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) adhesin tip MEFA (multiepitope fusion antigen) against adherence of nine ETEC adhesins: CFA/I, CS1, CS2, CS3, CS4, CS5, CS6, CS21 and EtpA. Vaccine 34: 3620–3625.
-
38.
Rendón MA , Saldaña Z , Erdem AL , Monteiro-Neto V , Vázquez A , Kaper JB , Puente JL , Girón JA , 2007. Commensal and pathogenic Escherichia coli use a common pilus adherence factor for epithelial cell colonization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 10637–10642.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1316 | 1062 | 255 |
| Full Text Views | 2093 | 232 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 221 | 20 | 1 |
Colonizing and Virulence Factors in Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli from Peru
Fulton P. Rivera
Fulton P. Rivera
Laboratorio de Enfermedades Entéricas, Nutrición y Resistencia Antimicrobiana, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CientÃfica del Sur, Lima, Peru;
Search for other papers by Fulton P. Rivera in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CientÃfica del Sur, Lima, Peru;
Search for other papers by Fulton P. Rivera in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Anicia Medina
Anicia Medina
Laboratorio de Enfermedades Entéricas, Nutrición y Resistencia Antimicrobiana, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;
Search for other papers by Anicia Medina in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Anicia Medina in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Maribel Riveros
Maribel Riveros
Laboratorio de Enfermedades Entéricas, Nutrición y Resistencia Antimicrobiana, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;
Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemática, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima, Peru;
Laboratorio de InfectologÃa Pediátrica, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;
Search for other papers by Maribel Riveros in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;
Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemática, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima, Peru;
Laboratorio de InfectologÃa Pediátrica, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;
Search for other papers by Maribel Riveros in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Theresa J. Ochoa
Theresa J. Ochoa
Laboratorio de Enfermedades Entéricas, Nutrición y Resistencia Antimicrobiana, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;
Laboratorio de InfectologÃa Pediátrica, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;
University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas;
Search for other papers by Theresa J. Ochoa in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Laboratorio de InfectologÃa Pediátrica, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;
University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas;
Search for other papers by Theresa J. Ochoa in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Maria J. Pons
Maria J. Pons
Grupo de Enfermedades Emergentes y Reemergentes, Universidad CientÃfica del Sur, Lima, Peru
Search for other papers by Maria J. Pons in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Maria J. Pons in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Joaquim Ruiz
Joaquim Ruiz
Grupo de Enfermedades Emergentes y Reemergentes, Universidad CientÃfica del Sur, Lima, Peru
Search for other papers by Joaquim Ruiz in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Joaquim Ruiz in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
ABSTRACT.
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) ranks among the most relevant diarrheagenic pathogens. Efforts to design vaccines to fight ETEC have been focused on colonizing factors (CFs) and atypical virulence factors (AVF). An effective vaccine must account for differences in the regional prevalence of these CFs and AVFs to be truly effective in a given area. In the present study, the presence of 16 CFs and 9 AVFs, as well as the heat-stable (ST) variants (STh or STp), was established by polymerase chain reaction in 205 Peruvian ETEC isolates (120 from diarrhea cases and 85 from healthy controls). Ninety-nine (48.3%) isolates were heat-labile, 63 (30.7%) ST, and 43 (21.0%) presented both toxins. Of ST isolates, 59 (28.8%) possessed STh, 30 (14.6%) STp, five (2.4%) both STh and STp, and 12 (5.8%) were not amplified for any variant tested. The presence of CFs was associated with diarrhea (P < 0.0001). The presence of eatA as well as concomitant presence of CSI, CS3, and CS21 and of C5 and C6 was statistically related to diarrhea cases. The present results suggests that, if effective, a vaccine considering CS6, CS20, and CS21, together with EtpA, would provide protection against 64.4% of the isolates analyzed, whereas the addition of CS12 and EAST1 would lead to 83.9% coverage. Large studies are needed to establish both the ideal candidates to be considered to develop a vaccine effective in the area, and continuous surveillance is needed to detect displacement of circulating isolates that may compromise future vaccines.
Author Notes
Authors’ addresses: Fulton Rivera, Laboratorio de Enfermedades Entéricas, Nutrición y Resistencia Antimicrobiana, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru, and Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CientÃfica del Sur, Lima, Peru, E-mail: fulton.rivera@upch.pe. Anicia Medina, Laboratorio de Enfermedades Entéricas, Nutrición y Resistencia Antimicrobiana, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru, E-mail: anicia.medina.p@upch.pe. Maribel Riveros, Laboratorio de Enfermedades Entéricas, Nutrición y Resistencia Antimicrobiana, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemática, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima, Peru, and Laboratorio de InfectologÃa Pediátrica, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru, E-mail: maribel.riveros@upch.pe. Theresa Ochoa, Laboratorio de Enfermedades Entéricas, Nutrición y Resistencia Antimicrobiana, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru, Laboratorio de InfectologÃa Pediátrica, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru, and University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, E-mail: theresa.ochoa@upch.pe. Maria Pons and Joaquim Ruiz, Grupo de Enfermedades Emergentes y Reemergentes, Universidad CientÃfica del Sur, Lima, Peru, E-mails: ma.pons.cas@gmail.com and joruiz.trabajo@gmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
GBD 2016 Diarrhoeal Disease Collaborators , 2018. Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoea in 195 countries: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Infect Dis 18: 1211–1228.
-
2.
Ruiz J , 2002. Diarrea ¿Una enfermedad de poca monta? Enferm Emerg 4: 152–153.
-
3.
Benmessaoud R et al., 2015. Aetiology, epidemiology and clinical characteristics of acute moderate-to-severe diarrhoea in children under 5 years of age hospitalized in a referral paediatric hospital in Rabat, Morocco. J Med Microbiol 64: 84–92.
-
4.
Nhampossa T et al., 2015. Diarrheal disease in rural Mozambique: burden, risk factors and etiology of diarrheal disease among children aged 0–59 months seeking care at health facilities. PLoS One 10: e0119824.
-
5.
Jiang ZD , DuPont HL , 2017. Etiology of travellers’ diarrhea. J Travel Med 24 (Suppl 1): S13–S16.
-
6.
Dolatabadi RK , 2021. The prevalence of adherent-invasive Escherichia coli and its association with inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Med 8: 730243.
-
7.
López-Siles M , CamprubÃ-Font C , Gómez Del Pulgar EM , Sabat Mir M , Busquets D , Sanz Y , Martinez-Medina M , 2022. Prevalence, abundance, and virulence of adherent-invasive Escherichia coli in ulcerative colitis, colorectal cancer, and coeliac disease. Front Immunol 13: 748839.
-
8.
de Mello Santos AC , Fernandes Santos F , Silva RM , Tardelli Gomes TA , 2020. Diversity of hybrid- and hetero-pathogenic Escherichia coli and their potential implication in more severe diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 10: 339.
-
9.
Riveros M , Garcia W , Garcia C , Durand D , Mercado E , Ruiz J , Ochoa TJ , 2017. Molecular and phenotypic characterization of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from bacteremic children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 97: 1329–1336.
-
10.
Ruiz J , de Julian R , Olivares S-V , Mensa L , Puyol L , Puente S , Lopez MC , Baquero M , Vila J , Gascón J , 2008. Detection of the eae gene in Escherichia coli isolates causing traveller’s diarrhoea both in atypical EPEC and in non-EPEC, non-EHEC isolates. British Travel Health Assoc J 12: 47–48.
-
11.
Mandomando I et al., 2020. Escherichia coli ST131 clones harbouring AggR and AAF/V fimbriae causing bacteremia in Mozambican children: emergence of new variant of fimH27 subclone. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14: e0008274.
-
12.
Mirhoseini A , Amani J , Nazarian S , 2018. Review on pathogenicity mechanism of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and vaccines against it. Microb Pathog 117: 162–169.
-
13.
Nataro JP , Kaper JB , 1998. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Clin Microbiol Rev 11: 142–201.
-
14.
Guerra JA , Romero-Herazo YC , Arzuza O , Gómez-Duarte OG , 2014. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli clinical isolates from northern Colombia, South America. BioMed Res Int 2014: 236260.
-
15.
Rivera FP , Medina AM , Aldasoro E , Sangil A , Ochoa TJ , Gascón J , Vila J , Ruiz J , 2013. Genotypic characterization of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains causing traveler’s diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol 51: 633–635.
-
16.
Svennerholm AM , Qadri F , Lundgren A , Kaim J , Rahman Bhuiyan T , Akhtar M , Maier N , Louis Bourgeois A , Walker RI , 2022. Induction of mucosal and systemic immune responses against the common O78 antigen of an oral inactivated ETEC vaccine in Bangladeshi children and infants. Vaccine 40: 380–389.
-
17.
Michie KA , Boysen A , Low HH , Møller-Jensen J , Löwe J , 2014. LeoA, B and C from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are bacterial dynamins. PLoS One 9: e107211.
-
18.
McWilliams BD , Torres AG , 2014. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli adhesins. Microbiol Spectr 2: EHEC-0003-2013.
-
19.
Medina AM et al., 2015. Comparative analysis of antimicrobial resistance in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolates from two paediatric cohort studies in Lima, Peru. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 109: 493–502.
-
20.
Walk ST , Alm EW , Gordon DM , Ram JL , Toranzos GA , Tiedje JM , Whittam TS , 2009. Cryptic lineages of the genus Escherichia. Appl Environ Microbiol 75: 6534–6544.
-
21.
Del Canto F et al., 2011. Distribution of classical and nonclassical virulence genes in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolates from Chilean children and tRNA gene screening for putative insertion sites for genomic islands. J Clin Microbiol 49: 3198–3203.
-
22.
Ruiz J et al., 2002. Differences in virulence factors among clinical isolates of Escherichia coli causing cystitis and pyelonephritis in women and prostatitis in men. J Clin Microbiol 40: 4445–4449.
-
23.
Vidal RM et al., 2019. Colonization factors among enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolates from children with moderate-to-severe diarrhea and from matched controls in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13: e0007037.
-
24.
Lee T et al., 2021. Safety and immunogenicity of intramuscularly administered CS6 subunit vaccine with a modified heat-labile enterotoxin from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Vaccine 39: 5548–5556.
-
25.
Zeinalzadeh N , Salmanian AH , Goujani G , Amani J , Ahangari G , Akhavian A , Jafari M , 2017. A chimeric protein of CFA/I, CS6 subunits and LTB/STa toxoid protects immunized mice against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Microbiol Immunol 61: 272–279.
-
26.
Higginson EE , Sayeed MA , Pereira Dias J , Shetty V , Ballal M , Srivastava SK , Willis I , Qadri F , Dougan G , Mutreja A , 2022. Microbiome profiling of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) carriers highlights signature differences between symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. mBio 13: e0015722.
-
27.
Ochoa TJ et al., 2009. High frequency of antimicrobial drug resistance of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in infants in Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81: 296–301.
-
28.
Barletta F , Ochoa TJ , Mercado E , Ruiz J , Ecker L , Lopez G , Mispireta M , Gil AI , Lanata CF , Cleary TG , 2011. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for enteropathogenic Escherichia coli: a tool for investigation of asymptomatic versus symptomatic infections. Clin Infect Dis 53: 1223–1229.
-
29.
Jansson L , Tobias J , Jarefjäll C , Lebens M , Svennerholm AM , Teneberg S , 2009. Sulfatide recognition by colonization factor antigen CS6 from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. PLoS One 4: e4487.
-
30.
Von Mentzer A , Zalem D , Chrienova Z , Teneberg S , 2020. Colonization factor CS30 from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli binds to sulfatide in human and porcine small intestine. Virulence 11: 381–390.
-
31.
Yang C et al., 2021. Genomic epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli from outpatients with diarrhea in Shenzhen, China, 2015–2020. Front Microbiol 12: 732068.
-
32.
Rivera FP et al., 2010. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from Peruvian children. J Clin Microbiol 48: 3198–3203.
-
33.
Ruiz-Perez F , Nataro JP , 2014. Bacterial serine proteases secreted by the autotransporter pathway: classification, specificity, and role in virulence. Cell Mol Life Sci 71: 745–770.
-
34.
Roy K , Kansal R , Bartels SR , Hamilton DJ , Shaaban S , Fleckenstein JM , 2011. Adhesin degradation accelerates delivery of heat-labile toxin by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 286: 29771–29779.
-
35.
Leach S , Lundgren A , Carlin N , Löfstrand M , Svennerholm AM , 2017. Cross-reactivity and avidity of antibody responses induced in humans by the oral inactivated multivalent enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) vaccine ETVAX. Vaccine 35: 3966–3973.
-
36.
Zhang W , Sack DA , 2015. Current progress in developing subunit vaccines against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-associated diarrhea. Clin Vaccine Immunol 22: 983–991.
-
37.
Nandre RM , Ruan X , Duan Q , Sack DA , Zhang W , 2016. Antibodies derived from an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) adhesin tip MEFA (multiepitope fusion antigen) against adherence of nine ETEC adhesins: CFA/I, CS1, CS2, CS3, CS4, CS5, CS6, CS21 and EtpA. Vaccine 34: 3620–3625.
-
38.
Rendón MA , Saldaña Z , Erdem AL , Monteiro-Neto V , Vázquez A , Kaper JB , Puente JL , Girón JA , 2007. Commensal and pathogenic Escherichia coli use a common pilus adherence factor for epithelial cell colonization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 10637–10642.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 1316 | 1062 | 255 |
| Full Text Views | 2093 | 232 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 221 | 20 | 1 |