Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Kotloff KL , 2017. The burden and etiology of diarrheal illness in developing countries. Pediatr Clin North Am 64: 799–814.
-
2.
Troeger C et al., 2018. Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoea in 195 countries: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Infect Dis 18: 1211–1228.
-
3.
Reiner RC et al., 2020. Mapping geographical inequalities in childhood diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–2017: Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 395: 1779–1801.
-
4.
Ugboko HU , Nwinyi OC , Oranusi SU , Oyewale JO , 2020. Childhood diarrhoeal diseases in developing countries. Heliyon 6: e03690.
-
5.
Platts-Mills JA et al., 2015. Pathogen-specific burdens of community diarrhoea in developing countries: a multisite birth cohort study (MAL-ED). Lancet Glob Health 3: e564–e575.
-
6.
Kotloff KL et al., 2013. Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study. Lancet 382: 209–222.
-
7.
Kotloff KL et al., 2012. The Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) of diarrheal disease in infants and young children in developing countries: epidemiologic and clinical methods of the case/control study. Clin Infect Dis 55 (Suppl 4): S232–S245.
-
8.
Oppong TB , Yang H , 2020. Enteric pathogens associated with gastroenteritis among children younger than 5 years in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiol Infect 148: 1–9.
-
9.
Manouana GP et al., 2021. Prevalence of pathogens in young children presenting to hospital with diarrhea from Lambaréné, Gabon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 105: 254–260.
-
10.
Koko J , Ambara JP , Ategbo S , Gahouma D , 2013. Epidemiology of acute bacterial diarrhea in children in Libreville, Gabon. Arch Pediatr 20: 432–433.
-
11.
Lekana-Douki SE , Kombila-Koumavor C , Nkoghe D , Drosten C , Drexler JF , Leroy EM , 2015. Molecular epidemiology of enteric viruses and genotyping of rotavirus A, adenovirus and astrovirus among children under 5 years old in Gabon. Int J Infect Dis 34: 90–95.
-
12.
Lekana-Douki SE , Behillil S , Enouf V , Leroy EM , Berthet N , 2018. Detection of human bocavirus-1 in both nasal and stool specimens from children under 5 years old with influenza-like illnesses or diarrhea in Gabon. BMC Res Notes 11: 495.
-
13.
Mabika R , Oyegue Liabagui S , Mounioko F , Serge Ely D , Delis A , Moussavou M , Lekana-Douki J , Souza A , Yala J-F , 2020. Etiology and biodistribution of enterobacteria and parasites, and their associated environmental risk factors among children under 5 years old with diarrhea in East-Central Gabon. Ann Clin Med Microbiol 5: 1–13.
-
14.
Oyegue-Liabagui SL , Ndjangangoye NK , Kouna LC , Lekolo GM , Mounioko F , Kwedi Nolna S , Lekana-Douki JB , 2020. Molecular prevalence of intestinal parasites infections in children with diarrhea in Franceville, southeast of Gabon. BMC Infect Dis 20: 350.
-
15.
Mabika R , Liabagui S , Kenguele H , Mounioko F , Souza A , Yala J-F , 2021. Molecular prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of diarrheagenic E. coli in children under 5 years old in the city of Koula-Moutou, East-Central Gabon. Open J Med Microbiol 11: 157–175.
-
16.
Ndjangangoye NK , Lekana-Douki SE , Lekolo GM , Mve-Ella OB , Oyegue-Liabagui SL , Lekana-Douki JB , 2021. High prevalence and prolonged shedding with enteric viruses among children with acute diarrhea in Franceville, southeast of Gabon. J Clin Virol Plus 1: 100046.
-
17.
World Health Organization , 2017. Diarrhoeal Disease: Key Facts. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diarrhoeal-disease. Accessed October 23, 2022.
-
18.
Heim A , Ebnet C , Harste G , Pring-Akerblom P , 2003. Rapid and quantitative detection of human adenovirus DNA by real-time PCR. J Med Virol 70: 228–239.
-
19.
Hoehne M , Schreier E , 2006. Detection of norovirus genogroup I and II by multiplex real-time RT-PCR using a 3'-minor groove binder-DNA probe. BMC Infect Dis 6: 69.
-
20.
Logan C , O’Leary JJ , O’Sullivan N , 2006. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR for detection of rotavirus and adenovirus as causative agents of acute viral gastroenteritis in children. J Clin Microbiol 44: 3189–3195.
-
21.
Logan C , O’Leary JJ , O’Sullivan N , 2007. Real-time reverse transcription PCR detection of norovirus, sapovirus and astrovirus as causative agents of acute viral gastroenteritis. J Virol Methods 146: 36–44.
-
22.
Sjöling Å , Sadeghipoorjahromi L , Novak D , Tobias J , 2015. Detection of major diarrheagenic bacterial pathogens by multiplex PCR panels. Microbiol Res 172: 34–40.
-
23.
Appelbee AJ , Frederick LM , Heitman TL , Olson ME , 2003. Prevalence and genotyping of Giardia duodenalis from beef calves in Alberta, Canada. Vet Parasitol 112: 289–294.
-
24.
Suzuki J , Kobayashi S , Murata R , Tajima H , Hashizaki F , Yanagawa Y , Takeuchi T , 2008. A survey of amoebic infections and differentiation of an Entamoeba histolytica-like variant (JSK2004) in nonhuman primates by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction. J Zoo Wildl Med 39: 370–379.
-
25.
Li Y , Cao B , Liu B , Liu D , Gao Q , Peng X , Wu J , Bastin DA , Feng L , Wang L , 2009. Molecular detection of all 34 distinct O-antigen forms of Shigella. J Med Microbiol 58: 69–81.
-
26.
Casalino M , Latella MC , Prosseda G , Colonna B , 2003. CadC is the preferential target of a convergent evolution driving enteroinvasive Escherichia coli toward a lysine decarboxylase-defective phenotype. Infect Immun 71: 5472–5479.
-
27.
Tao J , Wang L , Liu D , Li Y , Bastin DA , Geng Y , Feng L , 2005. Molecular analysis of Shigella boydii O1 O-antigen gene cluster and its PCR typing. Can J Microbiol 51: 387–392.
-
28.
Operario DJ et al., 2017. Etiology of severe acute watery diarrhea in children in the Global Rotavirus Surveillance Network using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. J Infect Dis 216: 220–227.
-
29.
Araujo JM , Tabarelli GF , Aranda KR , Fabbricotti SH , Fagundes-Neto U , Mendes CM , Scaletsky IC , 2007. Typical enteroaggregative and atypical enteropathogenic types of Escherichia coli are the most prevalent diarrhea-associated pathotypes among Brazilian children. J Clin Microbiol 45: 3396–3399.
-
30.
Ochoa TJ , Barletta F , Contreras C , Mercado E , 2008. New insights into the epidemiology of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102: 852–856.
-
31.
Hernandes RT , Elias WP , Vieira MAM , Gomes TAT , 2009. An overview of atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 297: 137–149.
-
32.
Nair GB et al., 2010. Emerging trends in the etiology of enteric pathogens as evidenced from an active surveillance of hospitalized diarrhoeal patients in Kolkata, India. Gut Pathog 2: 4.
-
33.
Ochoa TJ , Contreras CA , 2011. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection in children. Curr Opin Infect Dis 24: 478–483.
-
34.
Bonkoungou IJO , Haukka K , Österblad M , Hakanen AJ , Traoré AS , Barro N , Siitonen A , 2013. Bacterial and viral etiology of childhood diarrhea in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. BMC Pediatr 13: 36.
-
35.
Squire SA , Ryan U , 2017. Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Africa: current and future challenges. Parasit Vectors 10: 195.
-
36.
Li LL , Liu N , Humphries EM , Yu JM , Li S , Lindsay BR , Stine OC , Duan ZJ , 2016. Aetiology of diarrhoeal disease and evaluation of viral-bacterial coinfection in children under 5 years old in China: a matched case-control study. Clin Microbiol Infect 22: 381.e9–381.e16.
-
37.
Zhang SX et al., 2016. Impact of co-infections with enteric pathogens on children suffering from acute diarrhea in southwest. China 5: 64.
-
38.
Shrivastava AK , Kumar S , Mohakud NK , Suar M , Sahu PS , 2017. Multiple etiologies of infectious diarrhea and concurrent infections in a pediatric outpatient-based screening study in Odisha, India. Gut Pathog 9: 16.
-
39.
Stockmann C et al., 2017. Detection of 23 gastrointestinal pathogens among children who present with diarrhea. J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc 6: 231–238.
-
40.
Liu J et al., 2016. Use of quantitative molecular diagnostic methods to identify causes of diarrhoea in children: a reanalysis of the GEMS case-control study. Lancet 388: 1291–1301.
-
41.
Andersson M , Kabayiza JC , Elfving K , Nilsson S , Msellem MI , Mårtensson A , Björkman A , Bergström T , Lindh M , 2018. Coinfection with enteric pathogens in East African children with acute gastroenteritis: associations and interpretations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 98: 1566–1570.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 503 | 503 | 46 |
| Full Text Views | 197 | 197 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 167 | 167 | 1 |
Molecular Prevalence of Diarrheal Pathogens in Children with Acute Diarrhea in Southeastern Gabon
Nal Kennedy Ndjangangoye
Nal Kennedy Ndjangangoye
Unité d’Evolution, Epidémiologie et Résistances Parasitaires, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon;
Unité Émergence des Maladies Virales, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon;
Ecole Doctorale Régionale d’Afrique Centrale en Infectiologie Tropicale, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku, Franceville, Gabon;
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Unité Émergence des Maladies Virales, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon;
Ecole Doctorale Régionale d’Afrique Centrale en Infectiologie Tropicale, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku, Franceville, Gabon;
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Sonia Etenna Lekana-Douki
Sonia Etenna Lekana-Douki
Unité Émergence des Maladies Virales, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon;
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Sandrine Lydie Oyegue-Liabagui
Sandrine Lydie Oyegue-Liabagui
Unité d’Evolution, Epidémiologie et Résistances Parasitaires, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon;
Ecole Doctorale Régionale d’Afrique Centrale en Infectiologie Tropicale, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku, Franceville, Gabon;
Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku, Franceville, Gabon;
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Ecole Doctorale Régionale d’Afrique Centrale en Infectiologie Tropicale, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku, Franceville, Gabon;
Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku, Franceville, Gabon;
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Lady Charlene Kouna
Lady Charlene Kouna
Unité d’Evolution, Epidémiologie et Résistances Parasitaires, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon;
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Kerry Ance Ndong Ndong
Kerry Ance Ndong Ndong
Unité d’Evolution, Epidémiologie et Résistances Parasitaires, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon;
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Richard Onanga
Richard Onanga
Unité de Recherche et d’Analyses Médicales, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon;
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Jean Bernard Lekana-Douki
Jean Bernard Lekana-Douki
Unité d’Evolution, Epidémiologie et Résistances Parasitaires, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon;
Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médecine Tropicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université des Sciences de la Santé, Libreville, Gabon
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Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médecine Tropicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université des Sciences de la Santé, Libreville, Gabon
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ABSTRACT.
Diarrheal diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in infants and young children, particularly in sub-Saharan countries. In Gabon, there are few data on the prevalence of diarrheal pathogens in children. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of diarrheal pathogens in children with diarrhea in southeastern Gabon. Stool samples (n = 284) from Gabonese children 0 to 15 years of age with acute diarrhea were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction targeting 17 diarrheal pathogens. At least one pathogen was detected in 75.7% of samples (n = 215). Coinfection with multiple pathogens was observed in 44.7% of patients (n = 127). Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli was the most commonly detected pathogen (30.6%, n = 87), followed by adenovirus (26.4%, n = 75), rotavirus (16.9%, n = 48), Shigella sp. (16.5%, n = 47), Giardia duodenalis (14.4%, n = 41), norovirus GII (7.0%, n = 20), sapovirus (5.6%, n = 16), Salmonella enterica (4.9%, n = 14), astrovirus (4.6%, n = 13), Campylobacter jejuni/coli (4.6%, n = 13), bocavirus (2.8%, n = 8), and norovirus GI (2.8%, n = 8). Our study provides useful information on the possible causes of diarrheal diseases affecting children in southeastern Gabon. A similar study with a control group of healthy children is needed to assess the burden of the disease attributed to each pathogen.
- Supplemental Materials (PDF 36 KB)
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was funded by the Central Africa Clinical Research Network, a regional network of excellence supported by the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP).
Disclaimer: The funder has no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. This study was approved by the Gabonese National Ethics Committee (Prot No. 0020/2015/SG/CNE).
Authors’ addresses: Nal Kennedy Ndjangangoye, Unité d’Evolution, Epidémiologie et Résistances Parasitaires, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon, Unité Émergence des Maladies Virales, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon, and Ecole Doctorale Régionale d’Afrique Centrale en Infectiologie Tropicale, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku, Franceville, Gabon, E-mail: nndjangangoye@gmail.com. Sonia Etenna Lekana-Douki, Unité Émergence des Maladies Virales, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon, E-mail: s_lekana@yahoo.fr. Sandrine Lydie Oyegue-Liabagui, Unité d’Evolution, Epidémiologie et Résistances Parasitaires, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon, Ecole Doctorale Régionale d’Afrique Centrale en Infectiologie Tropicale, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku, Franceville, Gabon, and Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku, Franceville, Gabon, E-mail: lyds_ass@yahoo.fr. Lady Charlene Kouna and Kerry Ance Ndong Ndong, Unité d’Evolution, Epidémiologie et Résistances Parasitaires, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon, E-mails: charleneklc@gmail.com and kerryndong14@gmail.com. Richard Onanga, Unité de Recherche et d’Analyses Médicales, Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon, E-mail: onangar@yahoo.com. Jean Bernard Lekana-Douki, Unité d’Evolution, Epidémiologie et Résistances Parasitaires, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon, and Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médecine Tropicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université des Sciences de la Santé, Libreville, Gabon, E-mail: lekana_jb@yahoo.fr.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Kotloff KL , 2017. The burden and etiology of diarrheal illness in developing countries. Pediatr Clin North Am 64: 799–814.
-
2.
Troeger C et al., 2018. Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoea in 195 countries: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Infect Dis 18: 1211–1228.
-
3.
Reiner RC et al., 2020. Mapping geographical inequalities in childhood diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–2017: Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 395: 1779–1801.
-
4.
Ugboko HU , Nwinyi OC , Oranusi SU , Oyewale JO , 2020. Childhood diarrhoeal diseases in developing countries. Heliyon 6: e03690.
-
5.
Platts-Mills JA et al., 2015. Pathogen-specific burdens of community diarrhoea in developing countries: a multisite birth cohort study (MAL-ED). Lancet Glob Health 3: e564–e575.
-
6.
Kotloff KL et al., 2013. Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study. Lancet 382: 209–222.
-
7.
Kotloff KL et al., 2012. The Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) of diarrheal disease in infants and young children in developing countries: epidemiologic and clinical methods of the case/control study. Clin Infect Dis 55 (Suppl 4): S232–S245.
-
8.
Oppong TB , Yang H , 2020. Enteric pathogens associated with gastroenteritis among children younger than 5 years in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiol Infect 148: 1–9.
-
9.
Manouana GP et al., 2021. Prevalence of pathogens in young children presenting to hospital with diarrhea from Lambaréné, Gabon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 105: 254–260.
-
10.
Koko J , Ambara JP , Ategbo S , Gahouma D , 2013. Epidemiology of acute bacterial diarrhea in children in Libreville, Gabon. Arch Pediatr 20: 432–433.
-
11.
Lekana-Douki SE , Kombila-Koumavor C , Nkoghe D , Drosten C , Drexler JF , Leroy EM , 2015. Molecular epidemiology of enteric viruses and genotyping of rotavirus A, adenovirus and astrovirus among children under 5 years old in Gabon. Int J Infect Dis 34: 90–95.
-
12.
Lekana-Douki SE , Behillil S , Enouf V , Leroy EM , Berthet N , 2018. Detection of human bocavirus-1 in both nasal and stool specimens from children under 5 years old with influenza-like illnesses or diarrhea in Gabon. BMC Res Notes 11: 495.
-
13.
Mabika R , Oyegue Liabagui S , Mounioko F , Serge Ely D , Delis A , Moussavou M , Lekana-Douki J , Souza A , Yala J-F , 2020. Etiology and biodistribution of enterobacteria and parasites, and their associated environmental risk factors among children under 5 years old with diarrhea in East-Central Gabon. Ann Clin Med Microbiol 5: 1–13.
-
14.
Oyegue-Liabagui SL , Ndjangangoye NK , Kouna LC , Lekolo GM , Mounioko F , Kwedi Nolna S , Lekana-Douki JB , 2020. Molecular prevalence of intestinal parasites infections in children with diarrhea in Franceville, southeast of Gabon. BMC Infect Dis 20: 350.
-
15.
Mabika R , Liabagui S , Kenguele H , Mounioko F , Souza A , Yala J-F , 2021. Molecular prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of diarrheagenic E. coli in children under 5 years old in the city of Koula-Moutou, East-Central Gabon. Open J Med Microbiol 11: 157–175.
-
16.
Ndjangangoye NK , Lekana-Douki SE , Lekolo GM , Mve-Ella OB , Oyegue-Liabagui SL , Lekana-Douki JB , 2021. High prevalence and prolonged shedding with enteric viruses among children with acute diarrhea in Franceville, southeast of Gabon. J Clin Virol Plus 1: 100046.
-
17.
World Health Organization , 2017. Diarrhoeal Disease: Key Facts. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diarrhoeal-disease. Accessed October 23, 2022.
-
18.
Heim A , Ebnet C , Harste G , Pring-Akerblom P , 2003. Rapid and quantitative detection of human adenovirus DNA by real-time PCR. J Med Virol 70: 228–239.
-
19.
Hoehne M , Schreier E , 2006. Detection of norovirus genogroup I and II by multiplex real-time RT-PCR using a 3'-minor groove binder-DNA probe. BMC Infect Dis 6: 69.
-
20.
Logan C , O’Leary JJ , O’Sullivan N , 2006. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR for detection of rotavirus and adenovirus as causative agents of acute viral gastroenteritis in children. J Clin Microbiol 44: 3189–3195.
-
21.
Logan C , O’Leary JJ , O’Sullivan N , 2007. Real-time reverse transcription PCR detection of norovirus, sapovirus and astrovirus as causative agents of acute viral gastroenteritis. J Virol Methods 146: 36–44.
-
22.
Sjöling Å , Sadeghipoorjahromi L , Novak D , Tobias J , 2015. Detection of major diarrheagenic bacterial pathogens by multiplex PCR panels. Microbiol Res 172: 34–40.
-
23.
Appelbee AJ , Frederick LM , Heitman TL , Olson ME , 2003. Prevalence and genotyping of Giardia duodenalis from beef calves in Alberta, Canada. Vet Parasitol 112: 289–294.
-
24.
Suzuki J , Kobayashi S , Murata R , Tajima H , Hashizaki F , Yanagawa Y , Takeuchi T , 2008. A survey of amoebic infections and differentiation of an Entamoeba histolytica-like variant (JSK2004) in nonhuman primates by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction. J Zoo Wildl Med 39: 370–379.
-
25.
Li Y , Cao B , Liu B , Liu D , Gao Q , Peng X , Wu J , Bastin DA , Feng L , Wang L , 2009. Molecular detection of all 34 distinct O-antigen forms of Shigella. J Med Microbiol 58: 69–81.
-
26.
Casalino M , Latella MC , Prosseda G , Colonna B , 2003. CadC is the preferential target of a convergent evolution driving enteroinvasive Escherichia coli toward a lysine decarboxylase-defective phenotype. Infect Immun 71: 5472–5479.
-
27.
Tao J , Wang L , Liu D , Li Y , Bastin DA , Geng Y , Feng L , 2005. Molecular analysis of Shigella boydii O1 O-antigen gene cluster and its PCR typing. Can J Microbiol 51: 387–392.
-
28.
Operario DJ et al., 2017. Etiology of severe acute watery diarrhea in children in the Global Rotavirus Surveillance Network using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. J Infect Dis 216: 220–227.
-
29.
Araujo JM , Tabarelli GF , Aranda KR , Fabbricotti SH , Fagundes-Neto U , Mendes CM , Scaletsky IC , 2007. Typical enteroaggregative and atypical enteropathogenic types of Escherichia coli are the most prevalent diarrhea-associated pathotypes among Brazilian children. J Clin Microbiol 45: 3396–3399.
-
30.
Ochoa TJ , Barletta F , Contreras C , Mercado E , 2008. New insights into the epidemiology of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102: 852–856.
-
31.
Hernandes RT , Elias WP , Vieira MAM , Gomes TAT , 2009. An overview of atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 297: 137–149.
-
32.
Nair GB et al., 2010. Emerging trends in the etiology of enteric pathogens as evidenced from an active surveillance of hospitalized diarrhoeal patients in Kolkata, India. Gut Pathog 2: 4.
-
33.
Ochoa TJ , Contreras CA , 2011. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection in children. Curr Opin Infect Dis 24: 478–483.
-
34.
Bonkoungou IJO , Haukka K , Österblad M , Hakanen AJ , Traoré AS , Barro N , Siitonen A , 2013. Bacterial and viral etiology of childhood diarrhea in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. BMC Pediatr 13: 36.
-
35.
Squire SA , Ryan U , 2017. Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Africa: current and future challenges. Parasit Vectors 10: 195.
-
36.
Li LL , Liu N , Humphries EM , Yu JM , Li S , Lindsay BR , Stine OC , Duan ZJ , 2016. Aetiology of diarrhoeal disease and evaluation of viral-bacterial coinfection in children under 5 years old in China: a matched case-control study. Clin Microbiol Infect 22: 381.e9–381.e16.
-
37.
Zhang SX et al., 2016. Impact of co-infections with enteric pathogens on children suffering from acute diarrhea in southwest. China 5: 64.
-
38.
Shrivastava AK , Kumar S , Mohakud NK , Suar M , Sahu PS , 2017. Multiple etiologies of infectious diarrhea and concurrent infections in a pediatric outpatient-based screening study in Odisha, India. Gut Pathog 9: 16.
-
39.
Stockmann C et al., 2017. Detection of 23 gastrointestinal pathogens among children who present with diarrhea. J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc 6: 231–238.
-
40.
Liu J et al., 2016. Use of quantitative molecular diagnostic methods to identify causes of diarrhoea in children: a reanalysis of the GEMS case-control study. Lancet 388: 1291–1301.
-
41.
Andersson M , Kabayiza JC , Elfving K , Nilsson S , Msellem MI , Mårtensson A , Björkman A , Bergström T , Lindh M , 2018. Coinfection with enteric pathogens in East African children with acute gastroenteritis: associations and interpretations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 98: 1566–1570.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 503 | 503 | 46 |
| Full Text Views | 197 | 197 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 167 | 167 | 1 |