Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , 2023. Final cumulative maps and data for 1999–2021. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/westnile/statsmaps/cumMapsData.html. Accessed February 7, 2023.
Ludwig GV , Calle PP , Mangiafico JA , Raphael BL , Danner DK , Hile JA , Clippinger TL , Smith JF , Cook RA , McNamara T , 2002. An outbreak of West Nile virus in a New York City captive wildlife population. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67: 67–75.
Cox-Witton K et al., 2014. Emerging infectious diseases in free-ranging wildlife-Australian zoo based wildlife hospitals contribute to national surveillance. PLoS One 9: e95127.
Gibbs EP , 2005. Emerging zoonotic epidemics in the interconnected global community. Vet Rec 157: 673–679.
Lucero DE , Carlson TC , Delisle J , Poindexter S , Jones TF , Moncayo AC , 2016. Spatiotemporal co-occurrence of Flanders and West Nile Viruses within Culex populations in Shelby County, Tennessee. J Med Entomol 53: 526–532.
Lanciotti RS , Kerst AJ , Nasci RS , Godsey MS , Mitchell CJ , Savage HM , Komar N , Panella NA , Allen BC , Volpe KE , 2000. Rapid detection of West Nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 38: 4066–4071.
Gubler DJ , Campbell GL , Nasci R , Komar N , Petersen L , Roehrig JT , 2000. West Nile virus in the United States: guidelines for detection, prevention, and control. Viral Immunol 13: 469–475.
Redig PT , Tully TN , Ritchie BW , Roy AF , Baudena MA , Chang GJ , 2011. Effect of West Nile virus DNA-plasmid vaccination on response to live virus challenge in red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis). Am J Vet Res 72: 1065–1070.
Lohse M , Bolger AM , Nagel A , Fernie AR , Lunn JE , Stitt M , Usadel B , 2012. RobiNA: a user-friendly, integrated software solution for RNA-Seq-based transcriptomics. Nucleic Acids Res 40: W622-7.
Simpson JT , Wong K , Jackman SD , Schein JE , Jones SJ , Birol I , 2009. ABySS: a parallel assembler for short read sequence data. Genome Res 19: 1117–1123.
Langmead B , Salzberg SL , 2012. Fast gapped-read alignment with Bowtie 2. Nat Methods 9: 357–359.
Robinson JT , Thorvaldsdottir H , Winckler W , Guttman M , Lander ES , Getz G , Mesirov JP , 2011. Integrative genomics viewer. Nat Biotechnol 29: 24–26.
Tamura K , Peterson D , Peterson N , Stecher G , Nei M , Kumar S , 2011. MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol 28: 2731–2739.
Anthony SJ , Maan N , Maan S , Sutton G , Attoui H , Mertens PP , 2009. Genetic and phylogenetic analysis of the non-structural proteins NS1, NS2 and NS3 of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV). Virus Res 145: 211–219.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , 2023. ArboNET National Arbovirus Surveillance System. Available at: https://wwwn.cdc.gov/arbonet/maps/ADB_Diseases_Map/index.html. Accessed February 7, 2023.
Mecham JO , Dean VC , 1988. Protein coding assignment for the genome of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus. J Gen Virol 69: 1255–1262.
Stewart M et al., 2015. Characterization of a second open reading frame in genome segment 10 of bluetongue virus. J Gen Virol 96: 3280–3293.
Chenna R , Sugawara H , Koike T , Lopez R , Gibson TJ , Higgins DG , Thompson JD , 2003. Multiple sequence alignment with the Clustal series of programs. Nucleic Acids Res 31: 3497–3500.
Maclachlan NJ , Zientara S , Wilson WC , Richt JA , Savini G , 2019. Bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses: recent developments with these globally re-emerging arboviral infections of ruminants. Curr Opin Virol 34: 56–62.
Howerth EW , Nemeth NM , Ryser-Degiorgis M-P , Terio K , Mcaloose D & St. Leger J Pathology of Wildlife and Zoo Animals. New York, NY: Elsevier, 149–184.
McLean RGUS , Bourne D , Komar N , Mackenzie JS , Barrett ADT & Deubel V Japanese Encephalitis and West Nile Viruses. Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany: Springer, 271–308.
Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study College of Veterinary Medicine , 2020. SCWDS Briefs. 35: 1–7.
Elbers AR , Koenraadt CJ , Meiswinkel R , 2015. Mosquitoes and Culicoides biting midges: vector range and the influence of climate change. Rev Sci Tech 34: 123–137.
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On August 30, 2017, one of five bontebok in a mixed-species exhibit at the Nashville Zoo at Grassmere exhibited acute hind-limb ataxia and altered demeanor. Pathological examination demonstrated meningoencephalitis and spinal myelitis. Coinfection of West Nile virus (WNV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) was revealed by quantitative real-time and traditional reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction assays and virus isolation/whole genome sequencing from brain tissue, respectively. Whole genome sequencing was conducted for EHDV. Mosquito testing from September 19 to October 13, 2017, demonstrated a higher WNV infection rate in mosquitoes at the zoo compared with the rest of Nashville-Davidson County. EHDV is endemic in wild white-tailed deer (family Cervidae) in Tennessee, and the prevalence in wildlife depends on environmental influences. This case illustrates the potential susceptibility of exotic zoo animals to endemic domestic arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) and reinforces the importance of cooperative antemortem and postmortem surveillance strategies among human, wildlife, and domestic animal health agencies.
Financial support: Thomas Moore was supported by the Infectious Disease Fellowship Program administered by the Association of Public Health Laboratories (APHL) and funded by the CDC.
Authors’ addresses: Abelardo Moncayo, Thomas Moore, and John Dunn, Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, TN, E-mails: abelardo.moncayo@tn.gov, tcmoore07@gmail.com, and john.dunn@tn.gov. Nathan Bopp, Diana Fernandez, Steve Widen, and Patricia Aguilar, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, E-mails: nebopp@utmb.edu, dpfernan@utmb.edu, sgwiden@utmb.edu, and pvaguila@utmb.edu. Heather Robertson and Margarita Woc Colburn, Zoo and Exotic Animal Pathology Service Nashville Zoo at Grassmere, Nashville, TN, E-mails: hrobertson@nashvillezoo.org and mwoccolburn@nashvillezoo.org. Justin Stilwell and Rita McManamon, Infectious Diseases Laboratory and Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, E-mails: stilwellj@uga.edu and ritamcm@uga.edu.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , 2023. Final cumulative maps and data for 1999–2021. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/westnile/statsmaps/cumMapsData.html. Accessed February 7, 2023.
Ludwig GV , Calle PP , Mangiafico JA , Raphael BL , Danner DK , Hile JA , Clippinger TL , Smith JF , Cook RA , McNamara T , 2002. An outbreak of West Nile virus in a New York City captive wildlife population. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67: 67–75.
Cox-Witton K et al., 2014. Emerging infectious diseases in free-ranging wildlife-Australian zoo based wildlife hospitals contribute to national surveillance. PLoS One 9: e95127.
Gibbs EP , 2005. Emerging zoonotic epidemics in the interconnected global community. Vet Rec 157: 673–679.
Lucero DE , Carlson TC , Delisle J , Poindexter S , Jones TF , Moncayo AC , 2016. Spatiotemporal co-occurrence of Flanders and West Nile Viruses within Culex populations in Shelby County, Tennessee. J Med Entomol 53: 526–532.
Lanciotti RS , Kerst AJ , Nasci RS , Godsey MS , Mitchell CJ , Savage HM , Komar N , Panella NA , Allen BC , Volpe KE , 2000. Rapid detection of West Nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 38: 4066–4071.
Gubler DJ , Campbell GL , Nasci R , Komar N , Petersen L , Roehrig JT , 2000. West Nile virus in the United States: guidelines for detection, prevention, and control. Viral Immunol 13: 469–475.
Redig PT , Tully TN , Ritchie BW , Roy AF , Baudena MA , Chang GJ , 2011. Effect of West Nile virus DNA-plasmid vaccination on response to live virus challenge in red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis). Am J Vet Res 72: 1065–1070.
Lohse M , Bolger AM , Nagel A , Fernie AR , Lunn JE , Stitt M , Usadel B , 2012. RobiNA: a user-friendly, integrated software solution for RNA-Seq-based transcriptomics. Nucleic Acids Res 40: W622-7.
Simpson JT , Wong K , Jackman SD , Schein JE , Jones SJ , Birol I , 2009. ABySS: a parallel assembler for short read sequence data. Genome Res 19: 1117–1123.
Langmead B , Salzberg SL , 2012. Fast gapped-read alignment with Bowtie 2. Nat Methods 9: 357–359.
Robinson JT , Thorvaldsdottir H , Winckler W , Guttman M , Lander ES , Getz G , Mesirov JP , 2011. Integrative genomics viewer. Nat Biotechnol 29: 24–26.
Tamura K , Peterson D , Peterson N , Stecher G , Nei M , Kumar S , 2011. MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol 28: 2731–2739.
Anthony SJ , Maan N , Maan S , Sutton G , Attoui H , Mertens PP , 2009. Genetic and phylogenetic analysis of the non-structural proteins NS1, NS2 and NS3 of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV). Virus Res 145: 211–219.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , 2023. ArboNET National Arbovirus Surveillance System. Available at: https://wwwn.cdc.gov/arbonet/maps/ADB_Diseases_Map/index.html. Accessed February 7, 2023.
Mecham JO , Dean VC , 1988. Protein coding assignment for the genome of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus. J Gen Virol 69: 1255–1262.
Stewart M et al., 2015. Characterization of a second open reading frame in genome segment 10 of bluetongue virus. J Gen Virol 96: 3280–3293.
Chenna R , Sugawara H , Koike T , Lopez R , Gibson TJ , Higgins DG , Thompson JD , 2003. Multiple sequence alignment with the Clustal series of programs. Nucleic Acids Res 31: 3497–3500.
Maclachlan NJ , Zientara S , Wilson WC , Richt JA , Savini G , 2019. Bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses: recent developments with these globally re-emerging arboviral infections of ruminants. Curr Opin Virol 34: 56–62.
Howerth EW , Nemeth NM , Ryser-Degiorgis M-P , Terio K , Mcaloose D & St. Leger J Pathology of Wildlife and Zoo Animals. New York, NY: Elsevier, 149–184.
McLean RGUS , Bourne D , Komar N , Mackenzie JS , Barrett ADT & Deubel V Japanese Encephalitis and West Nile Viruses. Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany: Springer, 271–308.
Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study College of Veterinary Medicine , 2020. SCWDS Briefs. 35: 1–7.
Elbers AR , Koenraadt CJ , Meiswinkel R , 2015. Mosquitoes and Culicoides biting midges: vector range and the influence of climate change. Rev Sci Tech 34: 123–137.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 799 | 799 | 33 |
Full Text Views | 160 | 160 | 1 |
PDF Downloads | 149 | 149 | 2 |