ProCite
RefWorks
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BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
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Bunge EM , Hoet B , Chen L , Lienert F , Weidenthaler H , Baer LR , Steffen R , 2022. The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox—a potential threat? A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 16: e0010141.
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Nguyen PY , Ajisegiri WS , Costantino V , Chughtai AA , MacIntyre CR , 2021. Re-emergence of human monkeypox and declining population immunity in the context of urbanization, Nigeria, 2017–2020. Emerg Infect Dis 4: 1007–1014.
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11.
Durski KN , McCollum AM , Nakazawa Y , Petersen BW , Reynolds MG , Briand S , Djingarey MH , Olson V , Damon IK , Khalakdina A , 2018. Emergence of monkeypox—west and central Africa, 1970–2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 67: 306–310.
-
12.
Huhn GD , Bauer AM , Yorita K , Graham MB , Sejvar J , Likos A , Damon IK , Reynolds MG , Kuehnert MJ , 2005. Clinical characteristics of human monkeypox, and risk factors for severe disease. Clin Infect Dis 41: 1742–1751.
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13.
Alakunle EF , Okeke MI , 2022. Monkeypox virus: a neglected zoonotic pathogen spreads globally. Nat Rev Microbiol 20: 507–508.
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14.
Liu X , Zhu Z , He Y , Lim JW , Lane B , Wang H , Peng Q , Sun L , Lu H , 2022. Monkeypox claims new victims: the outbreak in men who have sex with men. Infect Dis Poverty 11: 84.
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15.
Thornhill JP et al., 2022. Monkeypox virus infection in humans across 16 countries—April–June 2022. N Engl J Med 387: 679–691.
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16.
Ladnyi ID , Jezek Z , Fenner F , Henderson DA , Arita I , Fenner F , Henderson DA , Arita I , Jezek Z & Ladnyi ID Smallpox and Its Eradication. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1287–1319.
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Clinical Considerations for Monkeypox in Children and Adolescents. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/clinicians/pediatric.html. Accessed November 21, 2022.
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Cabanillas B , Valdelvira R , Akdis CA , 2022. Monkeypox outbreak in Europe, UK, North America, and Australia: a changing trend of a zoonotic disease. Allergy 77: 2284–2286.
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20.
Girometti N et al., 2022. Demographic and clinical characteristics of confirmed human monkeypox virus cases in individuals attending a sexual health centre in London, UK: an observational analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 22: 1321–1328.
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21.
Zachariou M , 2022. Monkeypox: symptoms seen in London sexual health clinics differ from previous outbreaks, study finds. BMJ 378: o1659.
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22.
Mulka L , Cassell J , 2022. The changing face of monkeypox. BMJ 378: o1990.
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23.
Antinori A et al., 2022. Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of four cases of monkeypox support transmission through sexual contact, Italy. Euro Surveill 27: 2200421.
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Monkeypox: Clinical Recognition. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/clinicians/clinical recognition.html. Accessed November 21, 2022.
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31.
Riaz MMA , Ahmad U , Mohan A , dos Santos Costa AC , Khan H , Babar MS , Hasan MM , Essar MY , Zil-E-Ali A , 2021. Global impact of vaccine nationalism during COVID-19 pandemic. Trop Med Health 49: 101.
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Guagliardo SAJ et al., 2020. Asymptomatic orthopoxvirus circulation in humans in the wake of a monkeypox outbreak among chimpanzees in Cameroon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 102: 206–212.
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The Lancet , 2018. Monkeypox contacts: a puzzling problem. Lancet 392: 986.
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| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2272 | 1207 | 381 |
| Full Text Views | 505 | 208 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 307 | 36 | 0 |
Public Health Challenges in the Context of the Global Spread of Mpox Infections
Manju Rahi
Manju Rahi
Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India;
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India;
National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India;
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Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India;
National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India;
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PubMed
Sam Joy
Sam Joy
Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India;
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Amit Sharma
Amit Sharma
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India;
National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India;
Molecular Medicine, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India;
Molecular Medicine, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
Search for other papers by Amit Sharma in
Current site
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PubMed
ABSTRACT.
The declaration of the ongoing mpox (formerly monkeypox) outbreak by the WHO as a public health emergency of international concern has put global attention on mpox disease. As of December 4, 2022, a total of 80,221 mpox cases had been confirmed from 110 countries, with a major proportion of cases being reported from previously non-endemic countries. The current global emergence and spread of the disease has highlighted the challenges and the need for efficient public health preparedness and response. There are several challenges posed in the current mpox outbreak, ranging from epidemiological factors to diagnostic and socio-ethnic issues. These challenges may be circumvented with proper intervention measures such as strengthening surveillance, robust diagnostics, clinical management plans, intersectoral collaboration, firm prevention plans, capacity building, addressing stigma and discrimination against vulnerable groups, and ensuring equitable access to treatments and vaccines. To address the above challenges in the wake of the current outbreak, it is essential to understand the gaps and plug them with effective countermeasures.
Author Notes
Authors’ addresses: Manju Rahi, Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India, and National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India, E-mail: drmanjurahi@gmail.com. Sam Joy, Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India, E-mail: drjoysam@gmail.com. Amit Sharma, Molecular Medicine, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India, National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India, and Molecular Medicine, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India, E-mail: amit.icgeb@gmail.com.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
World Health Organization Health Topics: Smallpox. Available at: https://www.who.int/health-topics/smallpox#tab=tab_1. Accessed November 21, 2022.
-
2.
World Health Organization Fact Sheets: Monkeypox. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/monkeypox. Accessed November 21, 2022.
-
3.
World Health Organization Monkeypox: Experts Give Virus Variants New Names. Available at: https://www.who.int/news/item/12-08-2022-monkeypox--experts-give-virus-variants-new-names. Accessed February 23, 2023.
-
4.
Bunge EM , Hoet B , Chen L , Lienert F , Weidenthaler H , Baer LR , Steffen R , 2022. The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox—a potential threat? A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 16: e0010141.
-
5.
World Health Organization Monkeypox—The United States of America. Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/monkeypox--the-united-states-of-america. Accessed February 23, 2023.
-
6.
Sklenovská N , Van Ranst M , 2018. Emergence of monkeypox as the most important orthopoxvirus infection in humans. Front Public Health 6: 241.
-
7.
World Health Organization Director-General’s Statement. Available at: https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-statement-on-the-press-conference-following-IHR-emergency-committee-regarding-the-multi--country-outbreak-of-monkeypox--23-july-2022. Accessed February 23, 2023.
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8.
World Health Organization News: WHO Director-General Declares the Ongoing Monkeypox Outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Available at: https://www.who.int/europe/news/item/23-07-2022-who-director-general-declares-the-ongoing-monkeypox-outbreak-a-public-health-event-of-international-concern#:∼:text=%C2%A9-,WHO%20Director%2DGeneral%20declares%20the%20ongoing%20monkeypox%20outbreak%20a,Health%20Emergency%20of%20International%20Concern&text=On%20July%2023%2C%20the%20WHO,of%20International%20Concern%20(PHEIC). Accessed November 21, 2022.
-
9.
World Health Organization 2022 Mpox (Monkeypox) Outbreak: Global Trends. Available at: https://worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io/mpx_global/. Accessed November 21, 2022.
-
10.
Nguyen PY , Ajisegiri WS , Costantino V , Chughtai AA , MacIntyre CR , 2021. Re-emergence of human monkeypox and declining population immunity in the context of urbanization, Nigeria, 2017–2020. Emerg Infect Dis 4: 1007–1014.
-
11.
Durski KN , McCollum AM , Nakazawa Y , Petersen BW , Reynolds MG , Briand S , Djingarey MH , Olson V , Damon IK , Khalakdina A , 2018. Emergence of monkeypox—west and central Africa, 1970–2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 67: 306–310.
-
12.
Huhn GD , Bauer AM , Yorita K , Graham MB , Sejvar J , Likos A , Damon IK , Reynolds MG , Kuehnert MJ , 2005. Clinical characteristics of human monkeypox, and risk factors for severe disease. Clin Infect Dis 41: 1742–1751.
-
13.
Alakunle EF , Okeke MI , 2022. Monkeypox virus: a neglected zoonotic pathogen spreads globally. Nat Rev Microbiol 20: 507–508.
-
14.
Liu X , Zhu Z , He Y , Lim JW , Lane B , Wang H , Peng Q , Sun L , Lu H , 2022. Monkeypox claims new victims: the outbreak in men who have sex with men. Infect Dis Poverty 11: 84.
-
15.
Thornhill JP et al., 2022. Monkeypox virus infection in humans across 16 countries—April–June 2022. N Engl J Med 387: 679–691.
-
16.
Ladnyi ID , Jezek Z , Fenner F , Henderson DA , Arita I , Fenner F , Henderson DA , Arita I , Jezek Z & Ladnyi ID Smallpox and Its Eradication. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1287–1319.
-
17.
World Health Organization , 2022. Disease Outbreak News: Multi-Country Monkeypox Outbreak: Situation Update. Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON393. Accessed November 21, 2022.
-
18.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Clinical Considerations for Monkeypox in Children and Adolescents. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/clinicians/pediatric.html. Accessed November 21, 2022.
-
19.
Cabanillas B , Valdelvira R , Akdis CA , 2022. Monkeypox outbreak in Europe, UK, North America, and Australia: a changing trend of a zoonotic disease. Allergy 77: 2284–2286.
-
20.
Girometti N et al., 2022. Demographic and clinical characteristics of confirmed human monkeypox virus cases in individuals attending a sexual health centre in London, UK: an observational analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 22: 1321–1328.
-
21.
Zachariou M , 2022. Monkeypox: symptoms seen in London sexual health clinics differ from previous outbreaks, study finds. BMJ 378: o1659.
-
22.
Mulka L , Cassell J , 2022. The changing face of monkeypox. BMJ 378: o1990.
-
23.
Antinori A et al., 2022. Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of four cases of monkeypox support transmission through sexual contact, Italy. Euro Surveill 27: 2200421.
-
24.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Monkeypox: Clinical Recognition. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/clinicians/clinical recognition.html. Accessed November 21, 2022.
-
25.
Patel A et al., 2022. Clinical features and novel presentations of human monkeypox in a central London centre during the 2022 outbreak: descriptive case series. BMJ 378: e072410.
-
26.
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India Guidelines for Management of Monkeypox Disease. Available at: https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/Guidelines%20for%20Management%20of%20Monkeypox%20Disease.pdf. Accessed November 21, 2022.
-
27.
Alakunle E , Moens U , Nchinda G , Okeke MI , 2020. Monkeypox virus in Nigeria: infection biology, epidemiology, and evolution. Viruses 12: 1257.
-
28.
Quarleri J , Delpino MV , Galvan V , 2022. Monkeypox: considerations for the understanding and containment of the current outbreak in non-endemic countries. Geroscience 44: 2095–2103.
-
29.
Brito AF et al., 2022. Global disparities in SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance. Nat Commun 13: 7003.
-
30.
Zarocostas J , 2022. Monkeypox PHEIC decision hoped to spur the world to act. Lancet 400: 347.
-
31.
Riaz MMA , Ahmad U , Mohan A , dos Santos Costa AC , Khan H , Babar MS , Hasan MM , Essar MY , Zil-E-Ali A , 2021. Global impact of vaccine nationalism during COVID-19 pandemic. Trop Med Health 49: 101.
-
32.
Guagliardo SAJ et al., 2020. Asymptomatic orthopoxvirus circulation in humans in the wake of a monkeypox outbreak among chimpanzees in Cameroon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 102: 206–212.
-
33.
The Lancet , 2018. Monkeypox contacts: a puzzling problem. Lancet 392: 986.
-
34.
Ogoina D , Mohammed A , Yinka-Ogunleye A , Ihekweazu C , 2022. A case of suicide during the 2017 monkeypox outbreak in Nigeria. IJID Regions. 3: 226–227.
-
35.
United Nations Monkeypox: UNAIDS ‘Concerned’ about Stigmatizing Language against LGTBI People. Available at: https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/05/1118762. Accessed November 21, 2022.
-
36.
Tambo E , Al-Nazawi AM , 2022. Combating the global spread of poverty-related monkeypox outbreaks and beyond. Infect Dis Poverty 11: 80.
-
37.
World Health Organization , 2022. Clinical Management and Infection Prevention and Control for Monkeypox: Interim Rapid Response Guidance. Available: https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1432076/retrieve. Accessed November 21, 2022.
-
38.
Dubois ME , Slifka MK , 2008. Retrospective analysis of monkeypox infection. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 592–599.
-
39.
World Health Organization Second Meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) (IHR) Emergency Committee Regarding the Multi-Country Outbreak of Monkeypox. Available at: https://www.who.int/news/item/23-07-2022-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-(ihr)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-multi-country-outbreak-of-monkeypox. Accessed November 21, 2022.
-
40.
Sherwat A , Brooks JT , Birnkrant D , Kim P , 2022. Tecovirimat and the treatment of monkeypox—past, present, and future considerations. N Engl J Med 387: 579–581.
-
41.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Clinical Guidance: Information for Healthcare Providers: Tecovirimat (TPOXX) for Treatment of Mpox. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/clinicians/obtaining-tecovirimat.html. Accessed November 21, 2022.
-
42.
World Health Organization 2022. Vaccines and Immunization for Monkeypox: Interim Guidance. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1461005/retrieve. Accessed November 21, 2022.
-
43.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Mpox: Infection Control. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/clinicians/infection-control-home.html#hand-hygiene. Accessed November 21, 2022.
-
44.
Reynolds MG , Doty JB , McCollum AM , Olson VA , Nakazawa Y , 2019. Monkeypox re-emergence in Africa: a call to expand the concept and practice of One Health. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 17: 129–139.
-
45.
Seang S , Burrel S , Todesco E , Leducq V , Monsel G , Le Pluart D , Cordevant C , Pourcher V , Palich R , 2022. Evidence of human-to-dog transmission of monkeypox virus. Lancet 400: 658–659.
-
46.
Kurpiers LA , Schulte-Herbrüggen B , Ejotre I , Reeder DM & Angelici F Problematic Wildlife. New York, NY: Springer, 507–551.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 2272 | 1207 | 381 |
| Full Text Views | 505 | 208 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 307 | 36 | 0 |