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    Faccini-Martínez ÁA , Silva-Ramos CR , Santodomingo AM , Ramírez-Hernández A , Costa FB , Labruna MB , Muñoz-Leal S , 2022. Historical overview and update on relapsing fever group Borrelia in Latin America. Parasit Vectors 15: 196.

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    Schwan TG , Schrumpf ME , Hinnebusch BJ , Anderson DE Jr. , Konkel ME , 1996. GlpQ: an antigen for serological discrimination between relapsing fever and Lyme borreliosis. J Clin Microbiol 34: 24832492.

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    Lopez JE , Schrumpf ME , Nagarajan V , Raffel SJ , McCoy BN , Schwan TG , 2010. A novel surface antigen of relapsing fever spirochetes can discriminate between relapsing fever and Lyme borreliosis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 17: 564571.

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    Curtis MW , Krishnavajhala A , Kneubehl AR , Embers ME , Gettings JR , Yabsley MJ , Lopez JE , 2022. Characterization of immunological responses to Borrelia Immunogenic Protein A (BipA), a species-specific antigen for North American tick-borne relapsing fever. Microbiol Spectr 10: e0172221.

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    Vázquez-Guerrero E , Adan-Bante NP , Mercado-Uribe MC , Hernández-Rodríguez C , Villa-Tanaca L , Lopez JE , Ibarra JA , 2019. Case report: a retrospective serological analysis indicating human exposure to tick-borne relapsing fever spirochetes in Sonora, México. PLoS Negl Dis 13: e0007215.

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    Lopez J , Hovius JW , Bergström S , 2021. Pathogenesis of relapsing fever. Curr Issues Mol Biol 42: 519550.

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Case Report: Exposure to Relapsing Fever Group Borreliae in Patients with Undifferentiated Febrile Illness in Mexico

Edwin Vázquez-GuerreroDepartamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico;

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Guadalupe Gordillo-PérezUnidad de Investigación Médica de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico;

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Nora Ríos-SarabiaUnidad de Investigación Médica de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico;

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Job E. LopezDepartment of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas

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J. Antonio IbarraDepartamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico;

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ABSTRACT.

Relapsing fever (RF) borreliosis is a neglected disease in Mexico. A retrospective serological survey using diagnostic antigens GlpQ and BipA from Borrelia turicatae was performed to evaluate human exposure to RF borreliae. Seventy serum samples were used from a cohort of patients with undifferentiated febrile illness in Mexico. Four samples were positive to GlpQ and three to BipA. Results indicate that RF borreliae continue to circulate in regions of Mexico and pose a risk to human health.

Author Notes

Address correspondence to Guadalupe Gordillo-Pérez, Unidad de Investigación Médica de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Colonia Doctores, CP 06720, Alc. Cuauhtémoc, Ciudad de México, México, E-mail: lugope2@yahoo.com.mx or Jose Ibarra, Laboratorio de Genética Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomás 11340, Ciudad de México, México, E-mails: jaig19@gmail.com or jibarrag@ipn.mx

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Financial support: This study was supported by Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado (IPN) through project SIP 2022-0679 to J. A. I. and Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (Grant no. FIS/IMSS/PROT/G13/1192 to G. G.-P). E. V.-G. is doing a PhD at the Ciencias Quimicobiológicas (CQB) program (ENCB-IPN) and is supported by a grant from CONACYT (639935/762224).

Author’s addresses: Edwin Vázquez-Guerrero and Jose Antonio Ibarra, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico, E-mails: edwin.vazquez.guerrero@hotmail.com; jaig19@gmail.com or jibarrag@ipn.mx. Guadalupe Gordillo-Pérez and Nora Ríos-Sarabia, Unidad de Investigación Médica de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico, E-mail: lugope2@yahoo.com.mx; noraisela19@gmail.com. Job E. Lopez, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, E-mail: job.Lopez@bmc.edu.

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