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Schäfermann S, Neci R, Ngah Ndze E, Nyaah F, Basolanduma Pondo V, Heide LI, 2020. Availability, prices and affordability of selected antibiotics and medicines against non-communicable diseases in western Cameroon and northeast DR Congo. PLoS One 15: e0227515.
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Coic L, Sacré P-Y, Dispas A, Karim Sakira A, Fillet M, Marini RD, Hubert P, Ziemons E, 2019. Comparison of hyperspectral imaging techniques for the elucidation of falsified medicines composition. Talanta 198: 457–463.
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Prevalence of Poor Quality Ciprofloxacin and Metronidazole Tablets in Three Cities in Cameroon
Christelle Ange Waffo Tchounga
Christelle Ange Waffo Tchounga
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Liege, CIRM, Vibra-Santé Hub, Liège, Belgium;
Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon;
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Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon;
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Pierre-Yves Sacré
Pierre-Yves Sacré
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Liege, CIRM, Vibra-Santé Hub, Liège, Belgium;
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Patient Ciza Hamuli
Patient Ciza Hamuli
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Liege, CIRM, Vibra-Santé Hub, Liège, Belgium;
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo;
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Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo;
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Rose Ngono Mballa
Rose Ngono Mballa
Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon;
Laboratoire National de Contrôle des Médicaments et Expertise, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Laboratoire National de Contrôle des Médicaments et Expertise, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Charlotte De Bleye
Charlotte De Bleye
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Liege, CIRM, Vibra-Santé Hub, Liège, Belgium;
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Eric Ziemons
Eric Ziemons
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Liege, CIRM, Vibra-Santé Hub, Liège, Belgium;
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Philippe Hubert
Philippe Hubert
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Liege, CIRM, Vibra-Santé Hub, Liège, Belgium;
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Roland Marini Djang’eing’a
Roland Marini Djang’eing’a
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Liege, CIRM, Vibra-Santé Hub, Liège, Belgium;
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ABSTRACT.
Quality is one of the essential components of medicines and needs to be ensured to preserve the population’s health. This can be achieved through post-marketing quality control of medicines and is one of the most important duties of national regulatory authorities. In collaboration with the Cameroonian National Drug Quality Control and Valuation Laboratory, the decision was made to initiate a prevalence study to assess the quality of antiinfective medicines in Cameroon. A total of 150 samples of ciprofloxacin tablets and 142 samples of metronidazole tablets were collected from 76 licensed pharmacies and 75 informal vendors in three cities in Cameroon using a random strategy wherever possible and a mystery shopper approach. Three tests were carried out on each of the samples. Visual inspection allowed to find two falsified samples (0.7%) due to lack of information about the manufacturing company, and five more samples (1.7%) were deemed to be substandard due to flaws in the product. An additional 13 samples (4.5%) failed disintegration testing, and six (2.1%) others failed high-performance liquid chromatography assay testing due to insufficient active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) content. All samples were found to contain some API. A prevalence of 7.9% substandard or falsified (SF) medicines was found. Moreover, the prevalence of outlets selling SF medicines was greater in the informal sector (26.7%) than in the formal sector (2.6%). Although the prevalence of SF medicines found was low, efforts need to be made by national regulatory authorities to monitor the pharmaceutical market more closely.
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Author Notes
Financial support: Research grants from Academy of Research and Higher Education is the federation of French-speaking higher education institutions in Belgium (ARES-CCD) to Christelle WAFFO and Patient CIZA are gratefully acknowledged. LANACOME’ staff is thanked for the precious collaboration in this study. Anonymous reviewers are also kindly acknowledged for their useful comments.
Authors’ addresses: Christelle Ange Waffo Tchounga, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Liege, CIRM, Vibra-Santé Hub, Liège, Belgium, and Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon, E-mail: christellewaffo@yahoo.fr. Pierre-Yves Sacre, Charlotte De Bleye, Eric Ziemons, Philippe Hubert, and Roland Marini Djang’eing’a, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Liege, CIRM, Vibra-Santé Hub, Liège, Belgium, E-mails: pysacre@uliege.be, cdebleye@uliege.be, eziemons@uliege.be, ph.hubert@uliege.be, and rmarini@uliege.be. Patient Ciza Hamuli, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Liege, CIRM, Vibra-Santé Hub, Liège, Belgium, and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo, E-mail: cizapatient@yahoo.fr. Rose Ngono Mballa, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon, and Laboratoire National de Contrôle des Médicaments et Expertise, Yaoundé, Cameroon, E-mail: rngono2002@yahoo.fr.
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BibTeX
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EndNote
-
1.
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11.
Waffo Tchounga CA, Sacre PY, Ciza P, Ngono R, Ziemons E, Hubert P, Marini R, 2021. Composition analysis of falsified chloroquine phosphate samples seized during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Pharm Biomed Anal 194: 113761.
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12.
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13.
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14.
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-
15.
Khuluza F, Kigera S, Heide L, 2017. Low prevalence of substandard and falsified antimalarial and antibiotic medicines in public and faith-based health facilities of southern Malawi. Am J Trop Med Hyg 96: 1124–1135
-
16.
Waffo Tchounga C, Sacré P-Y, Hamuli PC, Mballa RN, Nga NE, Hubert P, Marini R, 2021. Poor-quality medicines in Cameroon: a critical review. Am J Trop Med Hyg 105: 284–294.
-
17.
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-
18.
Schaeffer AJ, 2003. The expanding role of fluoroquinolones. Am J Med 49: 129–147.
-
19.
Sakira AK, Mees C, De Braekeleer K, Delporte C, Yameogo J, Yabre M, Some TI, Van Antwerpen P, Mertens D, Kauffmann JM, 2021. Determination of the quality of metronidazole formulations by near-infrared spectrophotometric analysis. Talanta Open 3: 100027.
-
20.
Ministère de la santé publique, Direction de la pharmacie, du médicament et des laboratoires Liste nationale des médicaments essentiels du Cameroun 2017. Available at: https://dpml.cm/index.php/fr/catalogue/medicaments-essentiels. Accessed August 18, 2021.
-
21.
Schäfermann S, Wemakor E, Hauk C, Heide LI, 2018. Quality of medicines in southern Togo: investigation of antibiotics and of medicines for non-communicable diseases from pharmacies and informal vendors. PLoS One 13: e0207911.
-
22.
Schäfermann S, Neci R, Ngah Ndze E, Nyaah F, Basolanduma Pondo V, Heide LI, 2020. Availability, prices and affordability of selected antibiotics and medicines against non-communicable diseases in western Cameroon and northeast DR Congo. PLoS One 15: e0227515.
-
23.
Coic L, Sacré P-Y, Dispas A, Karim Sakira A, Fillet M, Marini RD, Hubert P, Ziemons E, 2019. Comparison of hyperspectral imaging techniques for the elucidation of falsified medicines composition. Talanta 198: 457–463.
-
24.
World Health Organization Good Pharmacopoeial Practices , 2016. In: WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations. WHO Technical Fiftieth Report Series 996, Geneva, Switzerland. Available at: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/medicines/norms-and-standards/guidelines/distribution/trs966-annex7-who-guidelines-on-the-conduct-of-surveys-of-the-quality-of-medicines.pdf?sfvrsn=4dbb5519_2. Accessed June 17, 2022.
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-
26.
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-
27.
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-
28.
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-
29.
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-
30.
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-
31.
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-
32.
Schäfermann S et al., 2020. Substandard and falsified antibiotics and medicines against noncommunicable diseases in Western Cameroon and Northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Am J Trop Med Hyg 103: 894–908.
-
33.
Petersen A, Held N, Heide L, 2017. Surveillance for falsified and substandard medicines in Africa and Asia by local organizations using the low-cost GPHF Minilab. PLoS One 12: e0184165.
-
34.
Rahman MS, Yoshida N, Tsuboi H, Karmoker JR, Kabir N, Schaefermann S, Akimoto Y, Bhuiyan MA, Reza MS, Kimura K, 2022. A comprehensive analysis of select medicines collected from private drug outlets of Dhaka City, Bangladesh in a simple random survey. Sci Rep 12: 234.
-
35.
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-
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-
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-
39.
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-
40.
Lalani M, Kaur H, Mohammed N, Mailk N, Van Wyk A, Jan S, Kakar RM, Mojadidi KM, Tobie L, 2015. Substandard antimalarials available in Afghanistan: a case for assessing the quality of drugs in resource poor settings. Am J Trop Med Hyg 92: 51–58.
-
41.
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-
42.
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