Author:
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Slogrove LA, Powis KM, Johnson LF, Stover J, Mahy M, 2020. Estimates of the global population of children who are HIV-exposed and uninfected, 2000–18: a modelling study. Lancet Glob Health 8: e67–e75.
-
2.
Evans C, Jones CE, Prendergast AJ, 2016. HIV-exposed, uninfected infants: new global challenges in the era of paediatric HIV elimination. Lancet Infect Dis 16: e92–e107.
-
3.
Rupérez M et al., 2017. Maternal HIV infection is an important health determinant in non-HIV-infected infants. AIDS 31: 1545–1553.
-
4.
Yeganeh N et al., 2018. Infectious morbidity, mortality and nutrition in HIV-exposed, uninfected, formula-fed infants: results from the HPTN 040/PACTG 1043 trial. Pediatr Infect Dis 37: 1271–1278.
-
5.
Tchakoute CT et al., 2018. Breastfeeding mitigates the effects of maternal HIV on infant infectious morbidity in the option B+ era. AIDS 32: 2383–2391.
-
6.
Goetghebuer T et al., 2019. Initiation of antiretroviral therapy before pregnancy reduces the risk of infection-related hospitalization in human immunodeficiency virus-exposed uninfected infants born in a high-income country. Clin Infect Dis 68: 1193–1203.
-
7.
Lane C, Adair L, Bobrow E, Ndayisaba GF, Asiimwe A, Mugwaneza P, 2021. Longitudinal interrelationship between HIV viral suppression, maternal weight change, breastfeeding, and length in HIV-exposed and uninfected infants participating in the Kabeho study in Kigali, Rwanda. Ann Epidemiol 53: 1–6.e1.
-
8.
le Roux SM, Abrams EJ, Donald KA, Brittain K, Phillips TK, Zerbe A, le Roux DM, Kroon M, Myer L, 2020. Infectious morbidity of breastfed, HIV-exposed uninfected infants under conditions of universal antiretroviral therapy in South Africa: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 4: 220–231.
-
9.
Anderson K et al., 2021. Increased infectious-cause hospitalization among infants who are HIV-exposed uninfected compared with HIV-unexposed. AIDS 35: 2327–2339.
-
10.
Slogrove AL, Esser MM, Cotton MF, Speert DP, Kollmann TR, Singer J, Bettinger JA, 2017. A prospective cohort study of common childhood infections in South African HIV-exposed uninfected and HIV-unexposed infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 36: e38–e44.
-
11.
le Roux SM, Abrams EJ, Donald KA, Brittain K, Phillips TK, Zerbe A, le Roux DM, Kroon M, Myer L, 2019. Growth trajectories of breastfed HIV-exposed uninfected and HIV-unexposed children under conditions of universal maternal antiretroviral therapy: a prospective study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 3: 234–244.
-
12.
Aizire J et al., 2020. Decreased growth among antiretroviral drug and HIV-exposed uninfected versus unexposed children in Malawi and Uganda. AIDS 34: 215–225.
-
13.
Lane CE, Widen EM, Collins SM, Young SL, 2020. HIV-exposed, uninfected infants in Uganda experience poorer growth and body composition trajectories than HIV-unexposed infants. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 85: 138–147.
-
14.
Rotheram-Borus MJ, Wynn A, Stewart J, Almirol E, Weichle TW, Tubert J, Tomlinson M, 2021. Outcomes of HIV-exposed but uninfected children in South Africa over 5 years. AIDS 35: 347–349.
-
15.
Evans C et al., 2021. Mortality, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission, and growth in children exposed to HIV in rural Zimbabwe. Clin Infect Dis 72: 586–594.
-
16.
Kapito-Tembo AP et al., 2021. Growth and neurodevelopment outcomes in HIV-, tenofovir-, and efavirenz-exposed breastfed infants in the PMTCT Option B+ program in Malawi. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 86: 81–90.
-
17.
Nyemba DC, Kalk E, Madlala HP, Malaba TR, Slogrove AL, Davies MA, Boulle A, Myer L, Powis KM, 2021. Lower birth weight-for-age and length-for-age z-scores in infants with in-utero HIV and ART exposure: a prospective study in Cape Town, South Africa. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 21: 354.
-
18.
Liotta G et al., 2015. Elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection: the drug resource enhancement against AIDS and malnutrition model. Int J Environ Res Public Health 12: 13224–13239.
-
19.
Floridia M et al., 2017. Tuberculosis case finding with combined rapid point-of-care assays (Xpert MTB/RIF and determine TB LAM) in HIV-positive individuals starting antiretroviral therapy in mozambique. Clin Infect Dis 65: 1878–1883.
-
20.
Ciccacci F, Tolno VT, Doro Altan AM, Liotta G, Orlando S, Mancinelli S, Palombi L, Marazzi MC, 2019. Noncommunicable diseases burden and risk factors in a cohort of HIV+ elderly patients in Malawi. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 35: 1106–1111.
-
21.
National Immunization Schedule , 2018. Malawi Recommended Routine Immunization. Available at: http://www.vacfa.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/images/210/Immunization_Schedules/Malawi.pdf. Accessed January 10, 2022.
-
22.
Ministry of Health and Population, Malawi 4th Edition of the Malawi Guidelines for Clinical Management of HIV in Children and Adults. Available at: https://differentiatedservicedelivery.org/Portals/0/adam/Content/xc8bFLkQfECqbTEpxM8C9Q/File/Malawi%20Clinical%20HIV%20Guidelines%202019%20Addendumversion%208.1.pdf. Accessed January 10, 2022.
-
23.
Ministry of Health and Population, Malawi , 2019. 2019 Policy Updates: Addendum to the 4th Edition of the Malawi Integrated Guidelines and Standard Operating Procedures for Clinical HIV Services. Available at: https://differentiatedservicedelivery.org/Portals/0/adam/Content/yb4xSSLvE0SW98_z7wTm_w/File/Malawi%20Clinical%20HIV%20Guidelines%202018%20(1).pdf. Accessed January 10, 2022.
-
24.
World Health Organisation , 2016. Guideline: Updates on HIV and Infant Feeding. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549707. Accessed December 28, 2021.
-
25.
WHO Anthro Survey Analyzer and other tools. Available at: https://www.who.int/toolkits/child-growth-standards/software. Accessed December 23, 2021.
-
26.
Zar HJ et al., 2020. Diagnosis and management of community-acquired pneumonia in children: South African Thoracic Society guidelines. Afr J Thorac Crit Care Med 13: 26.
-
27.
Brahmbhatt H et al., 2006. Mortality in HIV-infected and uninfected children of HIV-infected and uninfected mothers in rural Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 41: 504–508.
-
28.
Shapiro RL et al., 2007. Infant morbidity, mortality, and breast milk immunological profiles among breast-feeding HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women in Botswana. J Inf Disp 196: 562–569.
-
29.
Marinda E, Humphrey JH, Iliff P, Mutasa K, Nathoo KJ, Piwoz EG, Moulton LH, Salama P, Ward BJ; ZVITAMBO Study Group , 2007. Child mortality according to maternal and infant HIV status in Zimbabwe. Pediatr Infect Dis J 26: 519–526.
-
30.
Arikawa S, Rollins N, Newell ML, Becquet R, 2016. Mortality risk and associated factors in HIV-exposed, uninfected children. Trop Med Int Health 21: 720–734.
-
31.
Landes M, van Lettow M, Chan AK, Mayuni I, Schouten EJ, Bedell RA, 2012. Mortality and health outcomes of HIV-exposed and unexposed children in a PMTCT cohort in Malawi. PLoS One 7: e47337.
-
32.
Koyanagy A, Humphrey JH, Ntozini R, Nathoo K, Moulton LH, Iliff P, Mutasa K, Ruff A, Ward B; ZVITAMBO Study Group , 2011. Morbidity among human immunodeficiency virus-exposed but uninfected, human immunodeficiency virus-unexposed infants in Zimbabwe before availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Pediatr Infect Dis J 30: 45–51.
-
33.
von Mollendorf C et al., 2015. Increased risk for and mortality from invasive pneumococcal disease in HIV-exposed but uninfected infants aged < 1 year in South Africa, 2009–2013. Clin Infect Dis 60: 1346–1356.
-
34.
Patel MR, Mushavi A, Balachandra S, Shambira G, Nyakura J, Mugurungi O, Kilmarx PH, Rivadeneira E, Dinh TH, 2020. HIV-exposed uninfected infant morbidity and mortality within a nationally representative prospective cohort of mother–infant pairs in Zimbabwe. AIDS 34: 1339–1346.
-
35.
Ndirangu J, Newell ML, Thorne C, Bland R, 2012. Treating HIV-infected mothers reduces under 5 years mortality rates to levels seen in children of HIV-uninfected mothers in rural South Africa. Antivir Ther 17: 81–90.
-
36.
Liotta G et al., 2013. Reduction of maternal mortality with highly active antiretroviral therapy in a large cohort of HIV-infected pregnant women in Malawi and Mozambique. PLoS One 8: e71653.
-
37.
Kim H-Y, Dobra A, Tanser F, 2020. Migration and first-year maternal mortality among HIV-positive postpartum women: a population-based longitudinal study in rural South Africa. PLoS Med 17: e1003085.
-
38.
Papathakis PC, Rollins NC, Chantry CJ, Bennish ML, Brown KH, 2007. Micronutrient status during lactation in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected South African women during the first 6 mo after delivery. Am J Clin Nutr 85: 182–192.
-
39.
Slogrove A et al., 2012. HIV-exposed uninfected infants are at increased risk for severe infections in the first year of life. J Trop Pediatr 58: 505–508.
-
40.
Kourtis AP, Wiener J, Kayira D, Chasela C, Ellington SR, Hyde L, Hosseinipour M, van der Horst C, Jamieson DJ, 2013. Health outcomes of HIV-exposed uninfected African infants. AIDS 27: 749–759.
-
41.
Neary J et al., 2022. Higher prevalence of stunting and poor growth outcomes in HIV-exposed uninfected than HIV-unexposed infants in Kenya. AIDS 36: 605–610.
-
42.
Ruck C, Reikie BA, Marchant A, Kollmann TR, Kakkar F, 2016. Linking susceptibility to infectious diseases to immune system abnormalities among HIV-exposed uninfected infants. Front Immunol 7: 310.
-
43.
Garcia-Knight MA et al., 2015. Altered memory T-Cell responses to bacillus Calmette-Guerin and tetanus toxoid vaccination and altered cytokine responses to polyclonal stimulation in HIV-exposed uninfected Kenyan infants. PLoS One 10: e0143043.
-
44.
Fowler MG et al., 2022. Growth deficits in antiretroviral and HIV-exposed uninfected versus unexposed children in Malawi and Uganda persist through 60 months of age. AIDS 36: 573–582.
-
45.
Bengtson AM et al., 2022. Relationship between pre-pregnancy maternal body mass index and infant weight trajectories in HIV-exposed and HIV-unexposed infants. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 36: 536–547.
-
46.
Evans C, Chasekwa B, Rukobo S, Govha M, Mutasa K, Ntozini R, Humphrey JH, Prendergast AJ, 2020. Inflammation, cytomegalovirus and the growth hormone axis in HIV-exposed uninfected Zimbabwean infants. AIDS 34: 2045–2050.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 6067 | 3880 | 302 |
| Full Text Views | 387 | 33 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 156 | 33 | 0 |
A 12-month Prospective Study of HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected Women and Their Infants in Malawi: Comparative Analysis of Clinical Events and Infant Growth
Marco Floridia
Marco Floridia
Istituto Superiore di Sanità , National Center for Global Health, Rome, Italy;
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Stefano Orlando
Stefano Orlando
Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy;
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Mauro Andreotti
Mauro Andreotti
Istituto Superiore di Sanità , National Center for Global Health, Rome, Italy;
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Robert Mphwere
Robert Mphwere
DREAM Program, Community of S. Egidio, Blantyre, Malawi;
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Thom Kavalo
Thom Kavalo
DREAM Program, Community of S. Egidio, Blantyre, Malawi;
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Fausto Ciccacci
Fausto Ciccacci
Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome, Italy;
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Paola Scarcella
Paola Scarcella
Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy;
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Maria Cristina Marazzi
Maria Cristina Marazzi
Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA University, Rome, Italy
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Marina Giuliano
Marina Giuliano
Istituto Superiore di Sanità , National Center for Global Health, Rome, Italy;
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ABSTRACT.
Few studies have compared clinical outcomes in HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) and HIV-unexposed uninfected (HUU) infants in the current scenario of universal and lifelong maternal antiretroviral therapy (ART). HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected Malawian women receiving ART and their breastfed infants were followed for 12 months postpartum, analyzing the rates of infectious and noninfectious events and assessing infant growth at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months. The cohorts included 227 mothers (70 HIV-negative, 157 HIV-positive) and 235 infants (72 HUU, 163 HEU). No maternal or infant deaths occurred during follow-up. HIV-negative women were less likely to complete follow-up (48.6% versus 91.1%). Mothers with and without HIV had similar rates of both infectious and noninfectious events per person-month. Infants who were HEU, compared with HUU, had higher rates of events of any type, lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI), and noninfectious events. HEU had lower body mass index (BMI) at 6 weeks but did not differ from HUU in all anthropometric measures at 6 and 12 months; in growth between 6 weeks and 12 months; and in occurrence of stunting, underweight, and wasting at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months. During the first year of life, infants who were HEU, compared with HUU, showed a transiently lower BMI and an increased risk of LRTI.
Author Notes
Financial support: This work was supported by a grant to the Istituto Superiore di Sanità from the Italian Agency for Cooperation and Development through the Global Fund 5% Initiative (grant no. AID 011141/03/04) and is an Italy Independent Activity in the scope of EDCTP2 recorded as Participant State Initiated Activity (PSIA 2019-2072). The funding body had no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data or in writing of the manuscript. The corresponding author had full access to all study data and final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication.
Availability of data and materials: The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Disclosure: Ethical approval was obtained from the National Health Research Committee in Malawi (approval no. 2085), and written informed consent was obtained from all women participating in the study and from all the parents and/or legal guardians of the infants included in the study.
Authors’ addresses: Marco Floridia, Mauro Andreotti, and Marina Giuliano, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , National Center for Global Health, Rome, Italy, E-mails: marco.floridia@iss.it, mauro.andreotti@iss.it, and marina.giuliano@iss.it. Stefano Orlando and Paola Scarcella, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy, E-mails: stefano.orlando@dreamsantegidio.net and paola.scarcella@uniroma2.it. Robert Mphwere and Thom Kavalo, DREAM Program, Community of S. Egidio, Blantyre, Malawi, E-mails: robertmphwere@gmail.com and thomkavalo123@gmail.com. Fausto Ciccacci, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome, Italy, E-mail: fausto.ciccacci@unicamillus.org. Maria Cristina Marazzi, Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA University, Rome, Italy, E-mail: marazzi@lumsa.it.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Slogrove LA, Powis KM, Johnson LF, Stover J, Mahy M, 2020. Estimates of the global population of children who are HIV-exposed and uninfected, 2000–18: a modelling study. Lancet Glob Health 8: e67–e75.
-
2.
Evans C, Jones CE, Prendergast AJ, 2016. HIV-exposed, uninfected infants: new global challenges in the era of paediatric HIV elimination. Lancet Infect Dis 16: e92–e107.
-
3.
Rupérez M et al., 2017. Maternal HIV infection is an important health determinant in non-HIV-infected infants. AIDS 31: 1545–1553.
-
4.
Yeganeh N et al., 2018. Infectious morbidity, mortality and nutrition in HIV-exposed, uninfected, formula-fed infants: results from the HPTN 040/PACTG 1043 trial. Pediatr Infect Dis 37: 1271–1278.
-
5.
Tchakoute CT et al., 2018. Breastfeeding mitigates the effects of maternal HIV on infant infectious morbidity in the option B+ era. AIDS 32: 2383–2391.
-
6.
Goetghebuer T et al., 2019. Initiation of antiretroviral therapy before pregnancy reduces the risk of infection-related hospitalization in human immunodeficiency virus-exposed uninfected infants born in a high-income country. Clin Infect Dis 68: 1193–1203.
-
7.
Lane C, Adair L, Bobrow E, Ndayisaba GF, Asiimwe A, Mugwaneza P, 2021. Longitudinal interrelationship between HIV viral suppression, maternal weight change, breastfeeding, and length in HIV-exposed and uninfected infants participating in the Kabeho study in Kigali, Rwanda. Ann Epidemiol 53: 1–6.e1.
-
8.
le Roux SM, Abrams EJ, Donald KA, Brittain K, Phillips TK, Zerbe A, le Roux DM, Kroon M, Myer L, 2020. Infectious morbidity of breastfed, HIV-exposed uninfected infants under conditions of universal antiretroviral therapy in South Africa: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 4: 220–231.
-
9.
Anderson K et al., 2021. Increased infectious-cause hospitalization among infants who are HIV-exposed uninfected compared with HIV-unexposed. AIDS 35: 2327–2339.
-
10.
Slogrove AL, Esser MM, Cotton MF, Speert DP, Kollmann TR, Singer J, Bettinger JA, 2017. A prospective cohort study of common childhood infections in South African HIV-exposed uninfected and HIV-unexposed infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 36: e38–e44.
-
11.
le Roux SM, Abrams EJ, Donald KA, Brittain K, Phillips TK, Zerbe A, le Roux DM, Kroon M, Myer L, 2019. Growth trajectories of breastfed HIV-exposed uninfected and HIV-unexposed children under conditions of universal maternal antiretroviral therapy: a prospective study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 3: 234–244.
-
12.
Aizire J et al., 2020. Decreased growth among antiretroviral drug and HIV-exposed uninfected versus unexposed children in Malawi and Uganda. AIDS 34: 215–225.
-
13.
Lane CE, Widen EM, Collins SM, Young SL, 2020. HIV-exposed, uninfected infants in Uganda experience poorer growth and body composition trajectories than HIV-unexposed infants. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 85: 138–147.
-
14.
Rotheram-Borus MJ, Wynn A, Stewart J, Almirol E, Weichle TW, Tubert J, Tomlinson M, 2021. Outcomes of HIV-exposed but uninfected children in South Africa over 5 years. AIDS 35: 347–349.
-
15.
Evans C et al., 2021. Mortality, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission, and growth in children exposed to HIV in rural Zimbabwe. Clin Infect Dis 72: 586–594.
-
16.
Kapito-Tembo AP et al., 2021. Growth and neurodevelopment outcomes in HIV-, tenofovir-, and efavirenz-exposed breastfed infants in the PMTCT Option B+ program in Malawi. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 86: 81–90.
-
17.
Nyemba DC, Kalk E, Madlala HP, Malaba TR, Slogrove AL, Davies MA, Boulle A, Myer L, Powis KM, 2021. Lower birth weight-for-age and length-for-age z-scores in infants with in-utero HIV and ART exposure: a prospective study in Cape Town, South Africa. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 21: 354.
-
18.
Liotta G et al., 2015. Elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection: the drug resource enhancement against AIDS and malnutrition model. Int J Environ Res Public Health 12: 13224–13239.
-
19.
Floridia M et al., 2017. Tuberculosis case finding with combined rapid point-of-care assays (Xpert MTB/RIF and determine TB LAM) in HIV-positive individuals starting antiretroviral therapy in mozambique. Clin Infect Dis 65: 1878–1883.
-
20.
Ciccacci F, Tolno VT, Doro Altan AM, Liotta G, Orlando S, Mancinelli S, Palombi L, Marazzi MC, 2019. Noncommunicable diseases burden and risk factors in a cohort of HIV+ elderly patients in Malawi. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 35: 1106–1111.
-
21.
National Immunization Schedule , 2018. Malawi Recommended Routine Immunization. Available at: http://www.vacfa.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/images/210/Immunization_Schedules/Malawi.pdf. Accessed January 10, 2022.
-
22.
Ministry of Health and Population, Malawi 4th Edition of the Malawi Guidelines for Clinical Management of HIV in Children and Adults. Available at: https://differentiatedservicedelivery.org/Portals/0/adam/Content/xc8bFLkQfECqbTEpxM8C9Q/File/Malawi%20Clinical%20HIV%20Guidelines%202019%20Addendumversion%208.1.pdf. Accessed January 10, 2022.
-
23.
Ministry of Health and Population, Malawi , 2019. 2019 Policy Updates: Addendum to the 4th Edition of the Malawi Integrated Guidelines and Standard Operating Procedures for Clinical HIV Services. Available at: https://differentiatedservicedelivery.org/Portals/0/adam/Content/yb4xSSLvE0SW98_z7wTm_w/File/Malawi%20Clinical%20HIV%20Guidelines%202018%20(1).pdf. Accessed January 10, 2022.
-
24.
World Health Organisation , 2016. Guideline: Updates on HIV and Infant Feeding. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549707. Accessed December 28, 2021.
-
25.
WHO Anthro Survey Analyzer and other tools. Available at: https://www.who.int/toolkits/child-growth-standards/software. Accessed December 23, 2021.
-
26.
Zar HJ et al., 2020. Diagnosis and management of community-acquired pneumonia in children: South African Thoracic Society guidelines. Afr J Thorac Crit Care Med 13: 26.
-
27.
Brahmbhatt H et al., 2006. Mortality in HIV-infected and uninfected children of HIV-infected and uninfected mothers in rural Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 41: 504–508.
-
28.
Shapiro RL et al., 2007. Infant morbidity, mortality, and breast milk immunological profiles among breast-feeding HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women in Botswana. J Inf Disp 196: 562–569.
-
29.
Marinda E, Humphrey JH, Iliff P, Mutasa K, Nathoo KJ, Piwoz EG, Moulton LH, Salama P, Ward BJ; ZVITAMBO Study Group , 2007. Child mortality according to maternal and infant HIV status in Zimbabwe. Pediatr Infect Dis J 26: 519–526.
-
30.
Arikawa S, Rollins N, Newell ML, Becquet R, 2016. Mortality risk and associated factors in HIV-exposed, uninfected children. Trop Med Int Health 21: 720–734.
-
31.
Landes M, van Lettow M, Chan AK, Mayuni I, Schouten EJ, Bedell RA, 2012. Mortality and health outcomes of HIV-exposed and unexposed children in a PMTCT cohort in Malawi. PLoS One 7: e47337.
-
32.
Koyanagy A, Humphrey JH, Ntozini R, Nathoo K, Moulton LH, Iliff P, Mutasa K, Ruff A, Ward B; ZVITAMBO Study Group , 2011. Morbidity among human immunodeficiency virus-exposed but uninfected, human immunodeficiency virus-unexposed infants in Zimbabwe before availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Pediatr Infect Dis J 30: 45–51.
-
33.
von Mollendorf C et al., 2015. Increased risk for and mortality from invasive pneumococcal disease in HIV-exposed but uninfected infants aged < 1 year in South Africa, 2009–2013. Clin Infect Dis 60: 1346–1356.
-
34.
Patel MR, Mushavi A, Balachandra S, Shambira G, Nyakura J, Mugurungi O, Kilmarx PH, Rivadeneira E, Dinh TH, 2020. HIV-exposed uninfected infant morbidity and mortality within a nationally representative prospective cohort of mother–infant pairs in Zimbabwe. AIDS 34: 1339–1346.
-
35.
Ndirangu J, Newell ML, Thorne C, Bland R, 2012. Treating HIV-infected mothers reduces under 5 years mortality rates to levels seen in children of HIV-uninfected mothers in rural South Africa. Antivir Ther 17: 81–90.
-
36.
Liotta G et al., 2013. Reduction of maternal mortality with highly active antiretroviral therapy in a large cohort of HIV-infected pregnant women in Malawi and Mozambique. PLoS One 8: e71653.
-
37.
Kim H-Y, Dobra A, Tanser F, 2020. Migration and first-year maternal mortality among HIV-positive postpartum women: a population-based longitudinal study in rural South Africa. PLoS Med 17: e1003085.
-
38.
Papathakis PC, Rollins NC, Chantry CJ, Bennish ML, Brown KH, 2007. Micronutrient status during lactation in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected South African women during the first 6 mo after delivery. Am J Clin Nutr 85: 182–192.
-
39.
Slogrove A et al., 2012. HIV-exposed uninfected infants are at increased risk for severe infections in the first year of life. J Trop Pediatr 58: 505–508.
-
40.
Kourtis AP, Wiener J, Kayira D, Chasela C, Ellington SR, Hyde L, Hosseinipour M, van der Horst C, Jamieson DJ, 2013. Health outcomes of HIV-exposed uninfected African infants. AIDS 27: 749–759.
-
41.
Neary J et al., 2022. Higher prevalence of stunting and poor growth outcomes in HIV-exposed uninfected than HIV-unexposed infants in Kenya. AIDS 36: 605–610.
-
42.
Ruck C, Reikie BA, Marchant A, Kollmann TR, Kakkar F, 2016. Linking susceptibility to infectious diseases to immune system abnormalities among HIV-exposed uninfected infants. Front Immunol 7: 310.
-
43.
Garcia-Knight MA et al., 2015. Altered memory T-Cell responses to bacillus Calmette-Guerin and tetanus toxoid vaccination and altered cytokine responses to polyclonal stimulation in HIV-exposed uninfected Kenyan infants. PLoS One 10: e0143043.
-
44.
Fowler MG et al., 2022. Growth deficits in antiretroviral and HIV-exposed uninfected versus unexposed children in Malawi and Uganda persist through 60 months of age. AIDS 36: 573–582.
-
45.
Bengtson AM et al., 2022. Relationship between pre-pregnancy maternal body mass index and infant weight trajectories in HIV-exposed and HIV-unexposed infants. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 36: 536–547.
-
46.
Evans C, Chasekwa B, Rukobo S, Govha M, Mutasa K, Ntozini R, Humphrey JH, Prendergast AJ, 2020. Inflammation, cytomegalovirus and the growth hormone axis in HIV-exposed uninfected Zimbabwean infants. AIDS 34: 2045–2050.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 6067 | 3880 | 302 |
| Full Text Views | 387 | 33 | 0 |
| PDF Downloads | 156 | 33 | 0 |