ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
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Zotero
EndNote
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Campo Polanco L, Gutiérrez LA, Cardona Arias J, 2014. Diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection: meta-analysis on evaluation of conventional parasitological methods (1980–2013). Rev Esp Salud Pública 88: 581–600.
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Mabbott NA, 2018. The influence of parasite infections on host immunity to co-infection with other pathogens. Front Immunol 9: 2579.
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Anuradha R, Munisankar S, Bhootra Y, Dolla C, Kumaran P, Nutman TB, Babu S, 2017. Modulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific humoral immune responses is associated with Strongyloides stercoralis co-infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11: e0005569.
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George PJ, Pavan Kumar N, Jaganathan J, Dolla C, Kumaran P, Nair D, Banurekha VV, Shen K, Nutman TB, Babu S, 2015. Modulation of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines in active and latent tuberculosis by coexistent Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 95: 822–828.
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Kumar NP, Kathamuthu GR, Moideen K, Banurekha VV, Nair D, Fay MP, Nutman TB, Babu S, 2020. Strongyloides stercoralis coinfection is associated with greater disease severity, higher bacterial burden, and elevated plasma matrix metalloproteinases in pulmonary tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 222: 1021–1026.
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Sikalengo G et al., 2018. Distinct clinical characteristics and helminth co-infections in adult tuberculosis patients from urban compared to rural Tanzania. Infect Dis Poverty 7: 24.
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22.
Resende Co T, Hirsch CS, Toossi Z, Dietze R, Ribeiro-Rodrigues R, 2007. Intestinal helminth co-infection has a negative impact on both anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis immunity and clinical response to tuberculosis therapy. Clin Exp Immunol 147: 45–52.
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Neto LM, Oliveira Rde V, Totino PR, Sant’Anna FM, Coelho Vde O, Rolla VC, Zanini GM, 2009. Enteroparasitosis prevalence and parasitism influence in clinical outcomes of tuberculosis patients with or without HIV co-infection in a reference hospital in Rio de Janeiro (2000–2006). Braz J Infect Dis 13: 427–432.
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Elias D, Britton S, Aseffa A, Engers H, Akuffo H, 2008. Poor immunogenicity of BCG in helminth infected population is associated with increased in vitro TGF-β production. Vaccine 26: 3897–3902.
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Montresor A et al., 2020. The global progress of soil-transmitted helminthiases control in 2020 and World Health Organization targets for 2030. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14: e0008505.
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Diefenbach-Elstob T, Guernier-Cambert V, Gula B, Dowi R, Pelowa D, Pomat W, Rush C, Plummer D, McBryde E, Warner J, 2019. Spatial distribution of tuberculosis in a rural region of Western Province, Papua New Guinea. Western Pac Surveill Response J 10: 31–38.
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Seroepidemiology of Strongyloides spp. Infection in Balimo, Western Province, Papua New Guinea
Jessica Scott
Jessica Scott
College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia;
Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia;
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Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia;
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Theophilus I. Emeto
Theophilus I. Emeto
College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia;
Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia;
World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Vector-Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia;
World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Vector-Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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Wayne Melrose
Wayne Melrose
College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia;
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Jeffrey Warner
Jeffrey Warner
College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia;
Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia;
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Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia;
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Catherine Rush
Catherine Rush
College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia;
Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia;
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Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia;
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ABSTRACT.
Strongyloidiasis in Papua New Guinea (PNG) is poorly understood. There have been limited surveys describing the levels of endemicity in some regions of PNG, but in the Western Province, its occurrence and level of burden are unknown. This study aimed to determine the seroepidemiology of Strongyloides spp. seropositivity within a community located in the Balimo region of the Western Province. Plasma samples were collected from 120 adult participants and were subjected to anti-IgG Strongyloides spp. serological testing. Logistical regression analyses were performed to identify relationships between strongyloidiasis and attributes of sociodemography. In this cross-sectional cohort study, 22.5% (27/120; 95% CI: 15.9–30.8%) of participants were seropositive for strongyloidiasis. Participants with higher body mass indices were less likely to be seropositive for Strongyloides spp. infection (odds ratio [OR] = 0.85, P value = 0.008), and in the multivariable analysis, increasing units of age (adjusted OR [aOR] = 0.93, P value = 0.048) and participants ≤ 40 years old were associated with a decreased likelihood of Strongyloides spp. seropositivity (aOR = 0.07, P value = 0.034). The results from this study indicate that the occurrence of strongyloidiasis is high in the Western Province, PNG, and age is a determining factor of seroreactivity. This study provides evidence of endemic strongyloidiasis in this community and raises questions as to the impact of this neglected disease and other intestinal parasites on disease burden and comorbidities.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was funded through research grants awarded by HOT NORTH, Research Australia, and James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
Authors’ addresses: Jessica Scott, Jeffrey Warner, and Catherine Rush, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia, and Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia, E-mails: jessica.scott2@my.jcu.edu.au, jeffrey.warner@jcu.edu.au, and catherine.rush@jcu.edu.au. Theophilus Emeto, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia, and World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Vector-Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia, E-mail: theophilus.emeto@jcu.edu.au. Wayne Melrose, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia, E-mail: wayne.melrose@jcu.edu.au.
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Nutman TB, 2017. Human infection with Strongyloides stercoralis and other related Strongyloides species. Parasitology 144: 263–273.
-
2.
Buonfrate D et al., 2020. The global prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Pathogens 9: 468.
-
3.
Ashford RW, Barnish G, Viney ME, 1992. Strongyloides fuelleborni kellyi: infection and disease in Papua New Guinea. Parasitol Today 8: 314–318.
-
4.
Kline K, McCarthy JS, Pearson M, Loukas A, Hotez PJ, 2013. Neglected tropical diseases of Oceania: review of their prevalence, distribution, and opportunities for control. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e1755.
-
5.
Olsen A, van Lieshout L, Marti H, Polderman T, Polman K, Steinmann P, Stothard R, Thybo S, Verweij JJ, Magnussen P, 2009. Strongyloidiasis – the most neglected of the neglected tropical diseases? Trans R Soc 103: 967–972.
-
6.
Tamarozzi F, Martello E, Giorli G, Fittipaldo A, Staffolani S, Montresor A, Bisoffi Z, Buonfrate D, 2019. Morbidity associated with chronic Strongyloides stercoralis infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 100: 1305–1311.
-
7.
Keiser PB, Nutman TB, 2004. Strongyloides stercoralis in the immunocompromised population. Clin Microbiol Rev 17: 208–217.
-
8.
Bradbury RS, 2021. Strongyloides fuelleborni kellyi in New Guinea: neglected, ignored and unexplored. Microbiol Aust 42: 169–172.
-
9.
Kelly A, Little MD, Voge M, 1976. Strongyloides fulleborni-like infections in man in Papua New Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 25: 694–699.
-
10.
Barnish G, Ashford RW, 1989. Strongyloides cf. fuelleborni and hookworm in Papua New Guinea: patterns of infection within the community. Trans R Soc 83: 684–688.
-
11.
Shield JM, Hide RL, Harvey PW, Vrbova H, Tulloch J, 1987. Hookworm (Necator americanus) and Strongyloides fuelleborni–like prevalence and egg count with age in highlands fringe people of Papua New Guinea. P N G Med J 30: 21–26.
-
12.
Ashford RW, Vince JD, Gratten MA, Bana-Koiri J, 1979. Strongyloides infection in a mid-mountain Papua New Guinea community: results of an epidemiological survey. P N G Med J 22: 128–135.
-
13.
Ashford RW, Hall AJ, Babona D, 1981. Distribution and abundance of intestinal helminths in man in western Papua New Guinea with special reference to Strongyloides. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 75: 269–279.
-
14.
Shield JM, 1986. Hookworm, Strongyloides and other intestinal helminths in children admitted to hospital in Lae, Papua New Guinea. P N G Med J 29: 225–231.
-
15.
King SE, Mascie-Taylor CGN, 2004. Strongyloides fuelleborni kellyi and other intestinal helminths in children from Papua New Guinea: associations with nutritional status and socioeconomic factors. P N G Med J 47: 181–191.
-
16.
Campo Polanco L, Gutiérrez LA, Cardona Arias J, 2014. Diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection: meta-analysis on evaluation of conventional parasitological methods (1980–2013). Rev Esp Salud Pública 88: 581–600.
-
17.
Mabbott NA, 2018. The influence of parasite infections on host immunity to co-infection with other pathogens. Front Immunol 9: 2579.
-
18.
Anuradha R, Munisankar S, Bhootra Y, Dolla C, Kumaran P, Nutman TB, Babu S, 2017. Modulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific humoral immune responses is associated with Strongyloides stercoralis co-infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 11: e0005569.
-
19.
George PJ, Pavan Kumar N, Jaganathan J, Dolla C, Kumaran P, Nair D, Banurekha VV, Shen K, Nutman TB, Babu S, 2015. Modulation of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines in active and latent tuberculosis by coexistent Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 95: 822–828.
-
20.
Kumar NP, Kathamuthu GR, Moideen K, Banurekha VV, Nair D, Fay MP, Nutman TB, Babu S, 2020. Strongyloides stercoralis coinfection is associated with greater disease severity, higher bacterial burden, and elevated plasma matrix metalloproteinases in pulmonary tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 222: 1021–1026.
-
21.
Sikalengo G et al., 2018. Distinct clinical characteristics and helminth co-infections in adult tuberculosis patients from urban compared to rural Tanzania. Infect Dis Poverty 7: 24.
-
22.
Resende Co T, Hirsch CS, Toossi Z, Dietze R, Ribeiro-Rodrigues R, 2007. Intestinal helminth co-infection has a negative impact on both anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis immunity and clinical response to tuberculosis therapy. Clin Exp Immunol 147: 45–52.
-
23.
Neto LM, Oliveira Rde V, Totino PR, Sant’Anna FM, Coelho Vde O, Rolla VC, Zanini GM, 2009. Enteroparasitosis prevalence and parasitism influence in clinical outcomes of tuberculosis patients with or without HIV co-infection in a reference hospital in Rio de Janeiro (2000–2006). Braz J Infect Dis 13: 427–432.
-
24.
Elias D, Britton S, Aseffa A, Engers H, Akuffo H, 2008. Poor immunogenicity of BCG in helminth infected population is associated with increased in vitro TGF-β production. Vaccine 26: 3897–3902.
-
25.
World Health Organization , 2020. Regional Action Framework for Control and Elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases in the Western Pacific. Manila, Philippines: WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific.
-
26.
Graves PM et al., 2013. Lymphatic filariasis in Papua New Guinea: distribution at district level and impact of mass drug administration, 1980 to 2011. Parasit Vectors 6: 7.
-
27.
Cleary E, Hetzel MW, Siba PM, Lau CL, Clements ACA, 2021. Spatial prediction of malaria prevalence in Papua New Guinea: a comparison of Bayesian decision network and multivariate regression modelling approaches for improved accuracy in prevalence prediction. Malar J 20: 269.
-
28.
Montresor A et al., 2020. The global progress of soil-transmitted helminthiases control in 2020 and World Health Organization targets for 2030. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14: e0008505.
-
29.
Diefenbach-Elstob T, Guernier-Cambert V, Gula B, Dowi R, Pelowa D, Pomat W, Rush C, Plummer D, McBryde E, Warner J, 2019. Spatial distribution of tuberculosis in a rural region of Western Province, Papua New Guinea. Western Pac Surveill Response J 10: 31–38.
-
30.
Bisoffi Z et al., 2014. Diagnostic accuracy of five serologic tests for Strongyloides stercoralis infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e2640.
-
31.
Shield J et al., 2021. Seropositivity and geographical distribution of Strongyloides stercoralis in Australia: a study of pathology laboratory data from 2012–2016. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15: e0009160.
-
32.
National Statistical Office , 2012. Papua New Guinea 2011 National Report. Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea: National Statistical Office.
-
33.
Schär F, Trostdorf U, Giardina F, Khieu V, Muth S, Marti H, Vounatsou P, Odermatt P, 2013. Strongyloides stercoralis: global distribution and risk factors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2288.
-
34.
Bearup AJ, Lawrence JJ, 1950. A parasitological survey of five New Guinea villages. Med J Aust 1: 724–732.
-
35.
Ashford RW, Babona D, 1980. The parasites of the Purari people of Gulf Province, Papua New Guinea. P N G Med J 23: 165–168.
-
36.
Van De N, Minh PN, Van Duyet L, Mas-Coma S, 2019. Strongyloidiasis in northern Vietnam: epidemiology, clinical characteristics and molecular diagnosis of the causal agent. Parasit Vectors 12: 515.
-
37.
Diep NTN et al., 2017. Strongyloides stercoralis seroprevalence in Vietnam. Epidemiol Infect 145: 3214–3218.
-
38.
Al-Mekhlafi HM, Nasr NA, Lim YAL, Elyana FN, Sady H, Atroosh WM, Dawaki S, Anuar TS, Noordin R, Mahmud R, 2019. Prevalence and risk factors of Strongyloides stercoralis infection among Orang Asli schoolchildren: new insights into the epidemiology, transmission and diagnosis of strongyloidiasis in Malaysia. Parasitology 146: 1602–1614.
-
39.
Gibson M, Lowe PM, 2020. Considerations in pre-treatment testing for Strongyloides stercoralis in an Australian cohort of 159 patients receiving biological therapies. Australas J Dermatol 61: 378–379.
-
40.
Laoraksawong P, Sanpool O, Rodpai R, Thanchomnang T, Kanarkard W, Maleewong W, Kraiklang R, Intapan PM, 2018. Current high prevalences of Strongyloides stercoralis and Opisthorchis viverrini infections in rural communities in northeast Thailand and associated risk factors. BMC Public Health 18: 940.
-
41.
Andrew M, 2013. Gender and Economic Choice in Papua New Guinea: Results from a Rapid Qualitative Assessment in Sixteen Districts. Papua New Guinea: The World Bank.
-
42.
Water for Women , 2018. Water for Women – Papua New Guinea (World Vision). Available at: https://www.waterforwomenfund.org/en/project/water-for-women-Papua-New-Guinea-World-Vision.aspx. Accessed January 20, 2022.
-
43.
Ashwell H, Barcley L, 2009. Outcome evaluation of community health promotion intervention within a donor funded project climate in Papua New Guinea. Rural Remote Health 9: 1–14.
-
44.
Pham BN, Silas VD, Okely AD, Pomat W, 2021. Measuring wasting and stunting prevalence among children under 5 years of age and associated risk factors in Papua New Guinea: new evidence from the Comprehensive Health and Epidemiological Surveillance System. Front Nutr 8: 622660.
-
45.
McGlynn PJ, Renzaho AM, Pham MD, Toole M, Fisher J, Luchters S, 2018. Critical examination of evidence for the nutritional status of children in Papua New Guinea – a systematic review. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 27: 1–18.
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