Buonfrate D et al., 2020. The global prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Pathogens 9: 468.
Page W, Judd J, Bradbury R, 2018. The unique life cycle of Strongyloides stercoralis and implications for public health action. Trop Med Infect Dis 3: 53.
Arthur RP, Shelley WB, 1958. Larva currens: a distinctive variant of cutaneous Larva migrans due to Strongyloides stercoralis. AMA Arch Derm 78: 186–190.
Von Kuster LC, Genta RM, 1988. Cutaneous manifestations of strongyloidiasis. Arch Dermatol 124: 1826–1830.
Smith JD, Goette DK, Odom RB, 1976. Larva currens: cutaneous strongyloidiasis. Arch Dermatol 112: 1161–1163.
Pichard DC, Hensley JR, Williams E, Apolo AB, Klion AD, DiGiovanna JJ, 2014. Rapid development of migratory, linear, and serpiginous lesions in association with immunosuppression. J Am Acad Dermatol 70: 1130–1134.
Merman E, Siddha S, Keystone JS, Al Habeeb A, Ghazarian D, Cy A, Rosen CF, 2016. Cutaneous Strongyloides infection postchemotherapy. J Cutan Med Surg 20: 337–339.
Amer M, Attia M, Ramadan AS, Matout K, 1984. Larva currens and systemic disease. Int J Dermatol 23: 402–403.
Gill GV, Welch E, Bailey JW, Bell DR, Beeching NJ, 2004. Chronic Strongyloides Stercoralis infection in former British Far East prisoners of war. QJM 97: 789–795.
Grove DI, 1980. Strongyloidiasis in Allied ex-prisoners of war in south-east Asia. BMJ 280: 598–601.
Vanhaecke C, Perignon A, Monsel G, Regnier S, Paris L, Caumes E, 2014. Aetiologies of creeping eruption: 78 cases. Br J Dermatol 170: 1166–1169.
Sharifdini M, Kia EB, Ashrafi K, Mirhendi H, Mohebali M, Kamranrashani B, 2014. An analysis of clinical characteristics of Strongyloides stercoralis in 70 indigenous patients in Iran. Iran J Parasitol 9: 155–162.
Magnaval J-F, Mansuy J-M, Villeneuve L, Cassaing S, 2000. A retrospective study of autochthonous strongyloidiasis in Région Midi-Pyrénées (southwestern France). Eur J Epidemiol 16: 179–182.
Genta RM, 1989. Global prevalence of strongyloidiasis: critical review with epidemiologic insights into the prevention of disseminated disease. Rev Infect Dis 11: 755–767.
Asundi A, Beliavsky A, Liu XJ, Akaberi A, Schwarzer G, Bisoffi Z, Requena-Méndez A, Shrier I, Greenaway C, 2019. Prevalence of strongyloidiasis and schistosomiasis among migrants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 7: e236–e248.
Baaten GG, Sonder GJ, van Gool T, Kint JA, van den Hoek A, 2011. Travel-related schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, filariasis, and toxocariasis: the risk of infection and the diagnostic relevance of blood eosinophilia. BMC Infect Dis 11: 84.
Libman MD, MacLean JD, Gyorkos TW, 1993. Screening for schistosomiasis, filariasis, and strongyloidiasis among expatriates returning from the tropics. Clin Infect Dis 17: 353–359.
Boggild AK, Yohanna S, Keystone JS, Kain KC, 2006. Prospective analysis of parasitic infections in Canadian travelers and immigrants. J Travel Med 13: 138–144.
Prendki V, Fenaux P, Durand R, Thellier M, Bouchaud O, 2011. Strongyloidiasis in man 75 years after initial exposure. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 931–932.
Caumes E, 2006. It’s time to distinguish the sign ‘creeping eruption’ from the syndrome ‘cutaneous Larva migrans’. Dermatology 213: 179–181.
Magaña M, Messina M, Bustamante F, Cazarín J, 2004. Gnathostomiasis: clinicopathologic study. Am J Dermatopathol 26: 91–95.
Antolová D, Miterpáková M, Paraličová Z, 2015. Case of human Dirofilaria repens infection manifested by cutaneous Larva migrans syndrome. Parasitol Res 114: 2969–2973.
Robbins K, Khachemoune A, 2010. Cutaneous myiasis: a review of the common types of myiasis: cutaneous myiasis: a review. Int J Dermatol 49: 1092–1098.
Makino T, Mori N, Sugiyama H, Mizawa M, Seki Y, Kagoyama K, Shimizu T, 2014. Creeping eruption due to Spirurina type X larva. Lancet 384: 2082.
Xuan LT, Hung NT, Waikagul J, 2005. Cutaneous fascioliasis: a case report in Vietnam. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72: 508–509.
Sakai R, Higashi K, Ohta M, Sugimoto Y, Ikoma Y, Horiguchi Y, 2006. Creeping hair: an isolated hair burrowing in the uppermost dermis resembling Larva migrans. Dermatology 213: 242–244.
Tanaka H, 1958. Experimental and epidemiological studies on strongyloidiasis of Amami Oshima Island. Jpn J Exp Med 28: 159–182.
Freedman DO, 1991. Experimental infection of human subjects with Strongyloides species. Rev Infect Dis 13: 1221–1226.
Angheben A, Mistretta M, Gobbo M, Bonafini S, Iacovazzi T, Sepe A, Gobbi F, Marocco S, Rossanese A, Bisoffi Z, 2011. Acute strongyloidiasis in Italian tourists returning from southeast Asia. J Travel Med 18: 138–140.
Zubrinich C, Puy R, O’Hehir R, Hew M, 2019. Strongyloides infection as a reversible cause of chronic urticaria. J Asthma Allergy 12: 67–69.
Corsini AC, 1982. Strongyloidiasis and chronic urticaria. Postgrad Med J 58: 247–248.
Salluh JIF, Bozza FA, Pinto TS, Toscano L, Weller PF, Soares M, 2005. Cutaneous periumbilical purpura in disseminated strongyloidiasis in cancer patients: a pathognomonic feature of potentially lethal disease? Braz J Infect Dis 9: 419–424.
Buonfrate D, Requena-Mendez A, Angheben A, Muñoz J, Gobbi F, Van Den Ende J, Bisoffi Z, 2013. Severe strongyloidiasis: a systematic review of case reports. BMC Infect Dis 13: 78.
Link K, Orenstein R, 1999. Bacterial complications of strongyloidiasis: Streptococcus bovis meningitis. South Med J 92: 728–731.
González A, Gallo M, Valls ME, Muñoz J, Puyol L, Pinazo MJ, Mas J, Gascon J, 2010. Clinical and epidemiological features of 33 imported Strongyloides stercoralis infections. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 104: 613–616.
González-Cappa SM, Repetto SA, Lasala MB, Durán PA, 2010. High rate of strongyloidosis infection, out of endemic area, in patients with eosinophilia and without risk of exogenous reinfections. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82: 1088–1093.
Campo Polanco L, Gutiérrez LA, Cardona Arias J, 2014. Diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection: meta-analysis on evaluation of conventional parasitological methods (1980–2013). Rev Esp Salud Publica 88: 581–600.
Requena-Méndez A, Chiodini P, Bisoffi Z, Buonfrate D, Gotuzzo E, Muñoz J, 2013. The laboratory diagnosis and follow up of strongyloidiasis: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2002.
Buonfrate D, Requena-Mendez A, Angheben A, Cinquini M, Cruciani M, Fittipaldo A, Giorli G, Gobbi F, Piubelli C, Bisoffi Z, 2018. Accuracy of molecular biology techniques for the diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection—a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12: e0006229.
Dong MD, Karsenti N, Lau R, Ralevski F, Cheema K, Burton L, Klowak M, Boggild AK, 2016. Strongyloidiasis in Ontario: performance of diagnostic tests over a 14-month period. Travel Med Infect Dis 14: 625–629.
Wikman-Jorgensen PE, Llenas-Garcia J, Shedrawy J, Gascon J, Muñoz J, Bisoffi Z, Requena-Mendez A, 2020. Cost-effectiveness of different strategies for screening and treatment of Strongyloides stercoralis in migrants from endemic countries to the European Union. BMJ Glob Health 5: e002321.
Caumes E, Keystone JS, 2011. Acute strongyloidiasis: a rarity. Chronic strongyloidiasis: a time bomb! J Travel Med 18: 71–72.
Requena-Méndez A, Buonfrate D, Gomez-Junyent J, Zammarchi L, Bisoffi Z, Muñoz J, 2017. Evidence-based guidelines for screening and management of strongyloidiasis in non-endemic countries. Am J Trop Med Hyg 97: 645–652.
Caumes E, Datry A, Mayorga R, Gaxotte P, Danis M, Gentilini M, 1994. Efficacy of ivermectin in the therapy of larva currens. Arch Dermatol 130: 932.
Buonfrate D et al., 2019. Multiple-dose versus single-dose ivermectin for Strongyloides stercoralis infection (Strong Treat 1 to 4): a multicentre, open-label, phase 3, randomised controlled superiority trial. Lancet Infect Dis 19: 1181–1190.
Bisoffi Z, Buonfrate D, Angheben A, Boscolo M, Anselmi M, Marocco S, Monteiro G, Gobbo M, Bisoffi G, Gobbi F, 2011. Randomized clinical trial on ivermectin versus thiabendazole for the treatment of strongyloidiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1254.
Datry A, Hilmarsdottir I, Mayorga-Sagastume R, Lyagoubi M, Gaxotte P, Biligui S, Chodakewitz J, Neu D, Danis M, Gentilini M, 1994. Treatment of Strongyloides stercoralis infection with ivermectin compared with albendazole: results of an open study of 60 cases. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88: 344–345.
Loutfy MR, Wilson M, Keystone JS, Kain KC, 2002. Serology and eosinophil count in the diagnosis and management of strongyloidiasis in a non-endemic area. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66: 749–752.
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Strongyloidiasis is a frequent and often unrecognized parasitic disease because of the frequently asymptomatic nature and lack of sensitivity of diagnostic tests. Under conditions of immunosuppression (particularly systemic corticosteroid treatment), potentially fatal dissemination may occur. Thus, prevention and early diagnosis are important. Larva currens is a rare and pathognomonic cutaneous sign of strongyloidiasis, but is poorly described because of its unpredictable and fleeting occurrence. We report seven imported cases of larva currens seen in Paris between 1990 and 2020. We illustrate the clinical and biological features of this specific but uncommon sign of strongyloidiasis with clinical pictures. There were three males and four females, aged between 29 and 58 years. There were five migrants from endemic countries, one tourist and one expatriate. Digestive disorders were the main extracutaneous signs. All patients had eosinophilia above 0.5 G/L. All cases were confirmed by stool tests. All were cured with ivermectin. The rapidity and the short duration of the creeping eruption distinguish it from other parasitoses. Ivermectin is a treatment of choice. The key point is to think about preventing disseminated strongyloidiasis before giving corticosteroids not only among migrants but also among expatriates and tourists in endemic countries.
Author’s addresses: Yuan Tian and Gentiane Monsel, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France, E-mails: yuan.tian@hotmail.fr and gentian.monsel@aphp.fr. Luc Paris and Martin Danis, Laboratory of Parasitology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France, E-mails: luc.paris@aphp.fr and martindanis21@gmail.com. Eric Caumes, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France, and Institute Pierre Louis Epidemiology and Public Health, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France, E-mail: eric.caumes@aphp.
Buonfrate D et al., 2020. The global prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis infection. Pathogens 9: 468.
Page W, Judd J, Bradbury R, 2018. The unique life cycle of Strongyloides stercoralis and implications for public health action. Trop Med Infect Dis 3: 53.
Arthur RP, Shelley WB, 1958. Larva currens: a distinctive variant of cutaneous Larva migrans due to Strongyloides stercoralis. AMA Arch Derm 78: 186–190.
Von Kuster LC, Genta RM, 1988. Cutaneous manifestations of strongyloidiasis. Arch Dermatol 124: 1826–1830.
Smith JD, Goette DK, Odom RB, 1976. Larva currens: cutaneous strongyloidiasis. Arch Dermatol 112: 1161–1163.
Pichard DC, Hensley JR, Williams E, Apolo AB, Klion AD, DiGiovanna JJ, 2014. Rapid development of migratory, linear, and serpiginous lesions in association with immunosuppression. J Am Acad Dermatol 70: 1130–1134.
Merman E, Siddha S, Keystone JS, Al Habeeb A, Ghazarian D, Cy A, Rosen CF, 2016. Cutaneous Strongyloides infection postchemotherapy. J Cutan Med Surg 20: 337–339.
Amer M, Attia M, Ramadan AS, Matout K, 1984. Larva currens and systemic disease. Int J Dermatol 23: 402–403.
Gill GV, Welch E, Bailey JW, Bell DR, Beeching NJ, 2004. Chronic Strongyloides Stercoralis infection in former British Far East prisoners of war. QJM 97: 789–795.
Grove DI, 1980. Strongyloidiasis in Allied ex-prisoners of war in south-east Asia. BMJ 280: 598–601.
Vanhaecke C, Perignon A, Monsel G, Regnier S, Paris L, Caumes E, 2014. Aetiologies of creeping eruption: 78 cases. Br J Dermatol 170: 1166–1169.
Sharifdini M, Kia EB, Ashrafi K, Mirhendi H, Mohebali M, Kamranrashani B, 2014. An analysis of clinical characteristics of Strongyloides stercoralis in 70 indigenous patients in Iran. Iran J Parasitol 9: 155–162.
Magnaval J-F, Mansuy J-M, Villeneuve L, Cassaing S, 2000. A retrospective study of autochthonous strongyloidiasis in Région Midi-Pyrénées (southwestern France). Eur J Epidemiol 16: 179–182.
Genta RM, 1989. Global prevalence of strongyloidiasis: critical review with epidemiologic insights into the prevention of disseminated disease. Rev Infect Dis 11: 755–767.
Asundi A, Beliavsky A, Liu XJ, Akaberi A, Schwarzer G, Bisoffi Z, Requena-Méndez A, Shrier I, Greenaway C, 2019. Prevalence of strongyloidiasis and schistosomiasis among migrants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 7: e236–e248.
Baaten GG, Sonder GJ, van Gool T, Kint JA, van den Hoek A, 2011. Travel-related schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, filariasis, and toxocariasis: the risk of infection and the diagnostic relevance of blood eosinophilia. BMC Infect Dis 11: 84.
Libman MD, MacLean JD, Gyorkos TW, 1993. Screening for schistosomiasis, filariasis, and strongyloidiasis among expatriates returning from the tropics. Clin Infect Dis 17: 353–359.
Boggild AK, Yohanna S, Keystone JS, Kain KC, 2006. Prospective analysis of parasitic infections in Canadian travelers and immigrants. J Travel Med 13: 138–144.
Prendki V, Fenaux P, Durand R, Thellier M, Bouchaud O, 2011. Strongyloidiasis in man 75 years after initial exposure. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 931–932.
Caumes E, 2006. It’s time to distinguish the sign ‘creeping eruption’ from the syndrome ‘cutaneous Larva migrans’. Dermatology 213: 179–181.
Magaña M, Messina M, Bustamante F, Cazarín J, 2004. Gnathostomiasis: clinicopathologic study. Am J Dermatopathol 26: 91–95.
Antolová D, Miterpáková M, Paraličová Z, 2015. Case of human Dirofilaria repens infection manifested by cutaneous Larva migrans syndrome. Parasitol Res 114: 2969–2973.
Robbins K, Khachemoune A, 2010. Cutaneous myiasis: a review of the common types of myiasis: cutaneous myiasis: a review. Int J Dermatol 49: 1092–1098.
Makino T, Mori N, Sugiyama H, Mizawa M, Seki Y, Kagoyama K, Shimizu T, 2014. Creeping eruption due to Spirurina type X larva. Lancet 384: 2082.
Xuan LT, Hung NT, Waikagul J, 2005. Cutaneous fascioliasis: a case report in Vietnam. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72: 508–509.
Sakai R, Higashi K, Ohta M, Sugimoto Y, Ikoma Y, Horiguchi Y, 2006. Creeping hair: an isolated hair burrowing in the uppermost dermis resembling Larva migrans. Dermatology 213: 242–244.
Tanaka H, 1958. Experimental and epidemiological studies on strongyloidiasis of Amami Oshima Island. Jpn J Exp Med 28: 159–182.
Freedman DO, 1991. Experimental infection of human subjects with Strongyloides species. Rev Infect Dis 13: 1221–1226.
Angheben A, Mistretta M, Gobbo M, Bonafini S, Iacovazzi T, Sepe A, Gobbi F, Marocco S, Rossanese A, Bisoffi Z, 2011. Acute strongyloidiasis in Italian tourists returning from southeast Asia. J Travel Med 18: 138–140.
Zubrinich C, Puy R, O’Hehir R, Hew M, 2019. Strongyloides infection as a reversible cause of chronic urticaria. J Asthma Allergy 12: 67–69.
Corsini AC, 1982. Strongyloidiasis and chronic urticaria. Postgrad Med J 58: 247–248.
Salluh JIF, Bozza FA, Pinto TS, Toscano L, Weller PF, Soares M, 2005. Cutaneous periumbilical purpura in disseminated strongyloidiasis in cancer patients: a pathognomonic feature of potentially lethal disease? Braz J Infect Dis 9: 419–424.
Buonfrate D, Requena-Mendez A, Angheben A, Muñoz J, Gobbi F, Van Den Ende J, Bisoffi Z, 2013. Severe strongyloidiasis: a systematic review of case reports. BMC Infect Dis 13: 78.
Link K, Orenstein R, 1999. Bacterial complications of strongyloidiasis: Streptococcus bovis meningitis. South Med J 92: 728–731.
González A, Gallo M, Valls ME, Muñoz J, Puyol L, Pinazo MJ, Mas J, Gascon J, 2010. Clinical and epidemiological features of 33 imported Strongyloides stercoralis infections. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 104: 613–616.
González-Cappa SM, Repetto SA, Lasala MB, Durán PA, 2010. High rate of strongyloidosis infection, out of endemic area, in patients with eosinophilia and without risk of exogenous reinfections. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82: 1088–1093.
Campo Polanco L, Gutiérrez LA, Cardona Arias J, 2014. Diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection: meta-analysis on evaluation of conventional parasitological methods (1980–2013). Rev Esp Salud Publica 88: 581–600.
Requena-Méndez A, Chiodini P, Bisoffi Z, Buonfrate D, Gotuzzo E, Muñoz J, 2013. The laboratory diagnosis and follow up of strongyloidiasis: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2002.
Buonfrate D, Requena-Mendez A, Angheben A, Cinquini M, Cruciani M, Fittipaldo A, Giorli G, Gobbi F, Piubelli C, Bisoffi Z, 2018. Accuracy of molecular biology techniques for the diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection—a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12: e0006229.
Dong MD, Karsenti N, Lau R, Ralevski F, Cheema K, Burton L, Klowak M, Boggild AK, 2016. Strongyloidiasis in Ontario: performance of diagnostic tests over a 14-month period. Travel Med Infect Dis 14: 625–629.
Wikman-Jorgensen PE, Llenas-Garcia J, Shedrawy J, Gascon J, Muñoz J, Bisoffi Z, Requena-Mendez A, 2020. Cost-effectiveness of different strategies for screening and treatment of Strongyloides stercoralis in migrants from endemic countries to the European Union. BMJ Glob Health 5: e002321.
Caumes E, Keystone JS, 2011. Acute strongyloidiasis: a rarity. Chronic strongyloidiasis: a time bomb! J Travel Med 18: 71–72.
Requena-Méndez A, Buonfrate D, Gomez-Junyent J, Zammarchi L, Bisoffi Z, Muñoz J, 2017. Evidence-based guidelines for screening and management of strongyloidiasis in non-endemic countries. Am J Trop Med Hyg 97: 645–652.
Caumes E, Datry A, Mayorga R, Gaxotte P, Danis M, Gentilini M, 1994. Efficacy of ivermectin in the therapy of larva currens. Arch Dermatol 130: 932.
Buonfrate D et al., 2019. Multiple-dose versus single-dose ivermectin for Strongyloides stercoralis infection (Strong Treat 1 to 4): a multicentre, open-label, phase 3, randomised controlled superiority trial. Lancet Infect Dis 19: 1181–1190.
Bisoffi Z, Buonfrate D, Angheben A, Boscolo M, Anselmi M, Marocco S, Monteiro G, Gobbo M, Bisoffi G, Gobbi F, 2011. Randomized clinical trial on ivermectin versus thiabendazole for the treatment of strongyloidiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1254.
Datry A, Hilmarsdottir I, Mayorga-Sagastume R, Lyagoubi M, Gaxotte P, Biligui S, Chodakewitz J, Neu D, Danis M, Gentilini M, 1994. Treatment of Strongyloides stercoralis infection with ivermectin compared with albendazole: results of an open study of 60 cases. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88: 344–345.
Loutfy MR, Wilson M, Keystone JS, Kain KC, 2002. Serology and eosinophil count in the diagnosis and management of strongyloidiasis in a non-endemic area. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66: 749–752.
Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|
Abstract Views | 3919 | 1315 | 88 |
Full Text Views | 444 | 29 | 0 |
PDF Downloads | 298 | 30 | 0 |